Provincial Administrations Research Articles

’N Funksionele Ontleding Van Begrote Owerheidsbesteding In Suid-Afrika Vir Die Finansiële Jare 1975/76, 1980/81 En 1985/86

Budgeted government expenditure in South Africa is classified according to various functions for the financial years 1975/76, 1980/81 and 1985/86. Each sub-section of the respective votes of the budgets for the central government, the provincial administrations and the “independent” and “self governing” national states is classified with the aid of the IMF manual on government finance. The changes in the relative positions of government functions are analysed and discussed with the aid of some models endeavouring to explain the growth of the public sector. Reference is also made to international expenditure comparison indices. Functions such as general government services, law and order, education, health and social security, welfare and unclassifiable services (including public debt) maintained or increased their relative positions at the expense of economic services. Surprisingly, the positions of defence and housing and community services deteriorated during the period under examination.

Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943

An estimated seven and a half million people died of starvation and related diseases in China, Vietnam, and India during the last half of the Second World War. This death toll reflected the severity with which the poor were affected by the combination of natural disaster, military imperative, political conflict, economic dislocation, and corruption that caused these famines. But famine mortality is also a function of the effectiveness of the relief system. The famines in China and, to a lesser extent, Vietnam, occurred in times of administrative disruption. During the Bengal famine of 1943, however, the central and provincial administrations were intact, if under strain, as the Japanese army tested the eastern defenses of India. Moreover, the Bengal government had recently revised the instructions for bringing relief to those affected by famine. The possibility of an ordered administrative response to the crisis means that the analysis of this operation provides an opportunity to make a contribution to the general understanding of famine relief.

Friends at Court: Federalism and Provincial Elections on Prince Edward Island

AbstractOnly in Prince Edward Island have voters tended to elect provincial administrations of the same party stripe as the federal government. The authorargues that this has not occurred purely by chance and that, in fact, provincial campaigns have historically revolved around the issue of being “in line” with Ottawa. Presently, support for federal-provincial partisan congruence is rooted in those Islanders who can be characterized as “political animals” as well as in the dominant groups of the Island's social structure. The author concludes that the deviating provincial election of 1982 does not represent a fundamental change in the Islanders’ political orientations.

Les communautés villageoises dans l'Égypte ancienne

This paper discusses a former text published by Aristide Théodoridès. Against the latter's view, it purports to demonstrate the existence and considerable importance of village communities in pharaonic Egypt, by using iconographie and written sources. Those communities acted through local councils and had three main features : 1) within them elements of economic and social cohesion (association of agriculture and crafts, gifts exchanged among the families, and so on) could be found ; 2) they controlled irrigation and the agrarian cycle at the local level; 3) finally they had local governmental, judicial and notarial capacities, under the control of the provincial and central administrations of ancient Egypt.

The Concept of Province-Building: A Critique

AbstractIn the discourse of Canadian political science, the term “province-building” has gained wide currency. Although not often defined explicitly, it denotes the recent evolution of more powerful and competent provincial administrations which aim to manage socioeconomic change in their territories and which are in essential conflict with the central government. In this analysis, the generalizations which constitute province-building are examined and most are found not to be adequately supported by the evidence now available. Some lines of research are indicated and it is suggested that this emotive and misleading concept be abandoned.

The Composition of Connacht in the lordships of Clanricard and Thomond, 1577–1641

The 1560s and 1570s saw the development of a new technique to meet the problem of governing Ireland: the establishment of provincial presidencies in Connacht and Munster, with composition agreements to finance these presidencies. This article re-examines the evidence for, and the nature of, the Connacht composition agreements, with particular reference to the lordships of Clanricard and Thomond, and analyses native reaction to the composition. It places the composition within the context of contemporary arguments about reform strategies for Ireland, and, finally, illustrates that the Composition of Connacht was essentially a form of taxation, and not, as historians have traditionally suggested, an agreement dealing with title to land.English administrative policy in Elizabethan Ireland was influenced by the success of the provincial administrations of Wales and the north of England. This is most clearly reflected in the establishment of provincial presidencies in Connacht and Munster in 1569–70. The driving force behind English schemes for the administration of both provinces was Sir Henry Sidney, a former president of Wales, and lord deputy of Ireland, 1565–71 and 1575–78.

Is the Liberal Party Declining? Liberals, Conservatives, and Provincial Politics 1867-1980

The paper considers the question of what patterns can be identified in the performance of the two major parties in provincial politics since 1867, looking at two criteria: first, the number and proportion of provincial administrations held by each party over the period; and second, the number and proportion of aggregate members in provincial legislatures. The paper goes on to see how these patterns relate to the performance of the two parties in federal politics, and to indicate what predictions can be made about the future performance of the parties in provincial politics based on extrapolations from the patterns indicated.

Ok Tedi--A Gold-Copper Open Pit Development in Papua New Guinea: ABSTRACT

Construction is well under way on Ok Tedi Mining Ltd.'s gold-copper open pit development in Papua New Guinea. Start up is scheduled for mid-1984 at 15,000 tonnes of gold ore per day, expanding to 45,000 tonnes of copper ore per day by 1989. Dramatic price increases for gold, at the time the feasibility study was submitted to the government in November 1979, heightened national expectations and led to further studies to satisfy government requirements, prior to formal agreement to proceed, reached in February 1981. Difficulties encountered in implementing the project, so far, are due to various factors including lengthy financing negotiations, lease of tribal lands, community demands, normal bureaucratic delays, separated national and provincial administrations, and the State's position as regulator and shareholder. The real challenge, however, is physical--remote location, rugged terrain, heavy rainfall, and jungle wilderness. In return, an enlightened agreement between state and company promises adequate returns to both developer and the people of Papua New Guinea. End_of_Article - Last_Page 971------------

The Holland towns and the Dutch-Spanish conflict, 1621-1648

Although the province of Holland surpassed by far the other six Dutch provinces in wealth and population during the Golden Age, there were nevertheless major political episodes in which Holland failed to exercise effective leadership or exert decisive influence. Indeed, it could even occur that a clear majority of the voting members of the province of Holland, with Amsterdam, the Republic's richest and largest city taking the lead, could fail to get its way when the other provinces were split three against three. One highly instructive such episode was the prolonged political battle within the Republic that continued through most of the second Dutch-Spanish war of 1621-1648 over whether or not to accept Spanish proposals for a truce or peace. Although this subject is not much discussed or very familiar today, for a quarter of a century during the Golden Age, it loomed as the most important issue in Dutch life second only to the rivalry between the Counter-Remonstrant and Remonstrant factions. Over many years it was referred to in the deliberations of the Dutch provincial assemblies and city administrations simply as the groote saecke or the groote werck to mark it off from the mass of less significant questions. The problem for the historian is that almost all of the relevant secret resolutions of the States of Holland have been lost. To reconstruct the story, he must rely, for the most part, on the records of the various city councils. While Dutch-Spanish negotiations proceeded almost without break in the years 1621-1628, through various intermediaries, it was only in the winter of 1628-1629, that Philip IV fmally dropped his insistence that the Dutch Republic must make a number of concessions before he would accept a truce. In January 1629, the Spanish king signed a secret authorization for the Archduchess Isabella, governess of the Southern Netherlands, empowering her to conclude a truce of long duration, on the lines of that of 1609, without requiring any concession by the Dutch that did not figure in the earlier truce, and in February, he also authorized her, should there be any difficulty in renewing the terms of 1609, to agree to a simple armi-

Some aspects of Canadian official publishing

A broad review of Canadian official publishing from its beginnings in 1867, and including prior printing activities under earlier provincial administrations. Types of Canadian Government publications are fully identified and are related to the availability of catalogues and indexes. Past experience and current methods of distribution are explained, with a note that distribution policies are presently under review.

Congress in Decline: Bengal, 1930 to 1939

During the twenty years after the First World War, Indian politics were moulded by two main forces, each of which drew strength from the other. Important constitutional changes devolved a range of powers to Indians. But the British did not plan these reforms of 1919 and 1935 as stages by which they would quit India, bag and baggage, but rather as adjustments in the methods of keeping their Indian connection while retaining intact most of its fundamental advantages. At the centre of government in India, the powers of the Raj were increased; in the provinces more and more authority was entrusted to Indians. This system canalized much of Indian political action into the provinces. Moreover, by placing the new provincial administrations upon greatly widened electorates, it gave the Raj a further range of collaborators, selected now for their mastery of vote-gathering. The reforms of 1919 provoked another seminal development. By widening the functions of local government bodies in municipalities and the rural areas, which were to be chosen by the same voters who elected the new provincial councils, they linked the politics of the localities more closely to the politics of the province.

Die Rol van Die Departement van Beplanning en Die Omgewing in Die Beplanning van Stedelike Gebiede in Die Republiek

Abstract THE ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE PLANNING OF URBAN AREAS IN THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA: It is in effect only in this century that the city has developed as the most important place for man to live and work. The result has been the development of an urban civilisation with its own modern culture and approach to living. We have also seen the city developing through various identifiable forms towards the latest tendency of flowing together into the complex form of “megalopolis”, with its many attendant problems. The city is a physical manifestation of the economic and social growth processes and can never be static. One of the biggest problems fa cing the city planners is that there is no single authority in full control of urban development. The Local Authorities and Provincial Administrations are responsible for urban planning but there are limitations when it comes to planning for future actions of Central Government Departments, for example. To help overcome th...

The Preservation of Nature in Germany

IN 1907 the Prussian Ministry of Education instituted the Central Office for the Care of National Monuments. The office is in the old Botanical Museum in Berlin, and it contains, besides other rooms, a library and a large hall for meetings and lectures. The staff includes a director, two naturalists, a lawyer, librarians, and clerks. Associated with the Central Office there are in the provinces of Prussia forty local committees, on which are representatives of the Imperial. Government, the local administration, the agricultural and forestry departments, and the local% universities and museums. The provincial committees are not supported financially by the State; they receive, however, small grants from the provincial administrations for the purpose of working expenses. The aims of the Central Office are:—(1) To discover the existence of natural monuments1 and to investigate and preserve them; (2) to make records of their situations and the conditions of their ownership; (3) to make maps and photographs of them for permanent preservation in the office; (4) to form a collection of all the literature dealing with the dangers threatening such places and their prevention, the laws relating to the ownership of land, and any scientific books discussing in particular the areas reserved or worthy of reservation.

Technical Education in Germany1

GERMAN merchants and manufacturers are alive to the importance of increasing the efficiency of the mechanics and artisans, and of improving the quality of their goods. According to the United States Consul at Hanover, they appear to be resolved that “Made in Germany” shall no longer pass as a term of opprobrium, but be a synonym of excellent materials and good workmanship. A meeting took place recently in Hanover, which is likely to exercise a very important influence in this direction. It was in the nature of a conference, under Governmental sanction and direction, to discuss German trade and manufacturing interests, and to devise plans for their extension and improvement. It was held at the instance of the Prussian Minister of Trade and Commerce, and was presided over by the Oberregierungs President of the Province of Hanover, Count Stolberg. Representatives of the Government from Berlin, the highest officials of the Hanoverian provincial and municipal administrations, leading manufacturers and business men, delegates from the Chamber of Commerce, the manual training and artistic trade schools, and from the working men's trade unions, attended and took part in the deliberations. As a result of the conference, it was unanimously resolved: (1) To establish at once in the city of Hanover advanced lecture courses, in which artisans and apprentices in all trades shall have an opportunity to complete their mechanical education, and be instructed by experts how to install and manage a model workshop, and work and use machines and tools to the greatest advantage. Instruction will also be given in book-keeping, the making and rendering of accounts, the making of estimates of the cost of work and materials, how to conduct business correspondence, drawing, and other practical branches. (2) The supervision and control of the said lecture courses shall be under the direction of a commission composed of representatives from the Imperial, provincial, and municipal administrations, the Chamber of Commerce, the manual and art schools, and from the trade unions. (3) The first course of lectures will be for cabinetmakers, locksmiths, shoemakers and tailors. Those for other trades will follow. (4) A fee for tuition will be exacted from mechanics able to pay, but those unable to pay will be instructed free. Funds for the payment of the tuition of the poor will be provided by the Hanover provincial and municipal Governments. (5) Only mechanics and apprentices will be admitted to the classes whose theoretical and practical knowledge is such as to give promise of success as students. The Commission has power in all cases to decide as to qualification of applicants for admission. (6) Teachers are to be selected by the Commission, and confirmed by the Minister of Trade and Commerce. (7) The cost of the establishment and maintenance of the lectures is to be supplied by the General Government, and that of the province and city of Hanover, together with the trades unions, the Chamber of Commerce, and others interested therein. (8) It is further intended that great care shall be used in teaching apprentices how to obtain the most practical advantages from the knowledge obtained by them in the classes. To this end, the creation of working-men's co-operative societies is to be urged. (9) A permanent exhibition of all power machines and tools used in the small trades is to be established in the Gewerte Halle (Industrial Hall) in Hanover. The machines exhibited there are to be worked by competent mechanics, who, on request, will exhibit their uses and management to all inquirers. In connection with the machine exhibition, there will also be established an exhibition of sample products, in process of manufacture, as well as finished. (10) In order to enable small manufacturers and tradesmen to purchase their raw materials at wholesale prices, and to facilitate the sale of their products, the formation of co-operative stores is to be encouraged. Consul Anderson has been informed that the establishment of these courses of lectures to mechanics is the initial move in a general plan to be in all the main labour centres of Germany, dependent upon the success of this experiment.