Province In Northeast China Research Articles

Impact of Jilin Province Stroke Emergency Maps on Acute Stroke Care Improvement in Northeast China.

Objectives: Stroke burden is especially heavy in northeast China. Facilities with the capacity to perform acute reperfusion therapies for stroke are unevenly dispersed and are especially inadequate in rural areas. The aim of this study was to establish an effective measure to improve stroke emergency care, eventually increasing the capacity for reperfusion therapy in Jilin province, a less developed province in northeast China.Methods: We created the Jilin province Stroke Emergency Maps (JSEM), a regional stroke emergency network. Qualified hospitals in Jilin province were integrated into JSEM according to strict inclusion criteria. With constant evaluation and screening, more qualified hospitals may be enrolled into the JSEM, which is updated and published once per year. Locations of hospitals with the capacity to perform intravenous thrombolysis and emergency mechanical thrombectomy were labeled on the map.Results: After strict evaluation and screening, 19 designated hospitals were integrated into the JSEM in August 2017 (baseline). Following the implementation of the JSEM, 21 more designated hospitals (40 in all) were included in 2018, and 48 more designated hospitals were included in 2019. With the guidance of the JSEM, the rate of intravenous thrombolysis in Jilin province increased remarkably from 3.3% (2017, baseline) and 4.6% (2018) to 5.5% (2019). Mean door-to-needle time decreased from 62 min at baseline (2017) to 45 min 2 years later. The number of mechanical thrombectomy was increased from 457 at baseline (2017) to 749 (2018) and 1,137 (2019) per year, respectively, and mean door-to-puncture time was shortened from 136 to 120 min.Conclusion: The JSEM, a regional stroke emergency network, serves to improve patient care for stroke. The map's publication increased rates of intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy. JSEM effectively connected more qualified designated hospitals, stroke patients and emergency medical service systems in Jilin province.

Social inequality among elderly individuals caused by climate change: Evidence from the migratory elderly of mainland China

Faced with severe and growing social inequality among elderly individuals, a more complete understanding of the interconnection between the seasonal migration of the elderly and climate change is clearly needed. This paper tries to clarify the relation between the seasonal migration of the elderly and climate change from a multidimensional perspective. Our study adds to the research on population aging against the background of climate change. This study shows that climate change has a significant impact on regional population aging and that there are significant internal differences between the distribution and scale of the migratory elderly stemming from unequal environmental conditions. Advanced economic conditions and relatively comfortable environments have put some pressure on social endowment services in the three provinces of Northeast China, especially Liaoning Province. With their complex migration mechanism, the fate of the elderly in mainland China is closely intertwined with climatic factors, individual and socioeconomic conditions, traditional cultural backgrounds, etc. A comparatively advanced economy, well-developed endowment resources, and a comfortable environment will help in the development of regional aging resources. Regional inequality and the pursuit of a meaningful life have created different categories of migratory elderly.

Spatial-temporal characteristics of agricultural climate resources and sterile-type chilling injury in rice growing season in three provinces of Northeast China

Based on daily meteorological data and agro-meteorological data in three provinces of Northeast China during 1981-2017, combined with chilling injury indices, we analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of solar, heat, precipitation resources and sterile-type chilling injury in rice growing season, especially in the booting and flowering stages. In 1981-2017, agriculture climatic resources in rice growing season showed a warming, drying and darkening trend. Accumulated temperature (≥10 ℃) and sunshine hours increased with a rate of 73.5 ℃·d·(10 a)-1 and 17.7 h·(10 a)-1 respectively, while precipitation decreased with a rate of 8.9 mm·(10 a)-1. At the booting stage, agricultural climatic resources showed a warming, drying and dar-kening trend. Daily average temperature increased 0.27 ℃·(10 a)-1 and sunshine hours and preci-pitation decreased 2.06 h·(10 a)-1 and 1.90 mm·(10 a)-1 respectively. At the flowering stage, agricultural climatic resources showed a trend of warming, wetting and darkening. Daily average temperature increased with a rate of 0.12 ℃·(10 a)-1, while sunshine hours decreased with a rate of 0.83 h·(10 a)-1. In contrast to that at the booting stage, precipitation in the flowering stage increased with a rate of 1.35 mm·(10 a)-1. Under the background of climate warming, the frequency and intensity of rice sterile-type chil-ling injury decreased in most regions, with significant inter-decadal fluctuations. During the study period, the frequency and intensity of sterile-type chil-ling injury were the highest in Heilongjiang Province, moderate in Jilin Province, and the lowest in Liaoning Province.

Optimizing Forest Spatial Structure with Neighborhood-Based Indices: Four Case Studies from Northeast China

The fine-scale spatial patterns of trees and their interactions are of paramount importance for controlling the structure and function of forest ecosystems; however, few management techniques can be employed to adjust the structural characteristics of uneven-aged mixed forests. This research provides an accurate, efficient, and impersonal comprehensive thinning index (P-index) for selecting candidate harvesting trees; the index was proposed by weighting the commonly used quantitative indices with respect to stand fine-scale structures, competition status, tree vigor, and tree stability. The applications of the proposed P-index in evaluating and simulating the process of thinning operations were examined using four 1-ha mapped plots with different forest types, namely, natural secondary forest, natural pine-broadleaved mixed forest, natural larch-birch mixed forest, and natural oak forest, which were widely distributed across the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. The results indicated that the proposed P-index could effectively affect the structural differentiations between different forest types and alternative thinning intensities. The marginal benefits of alternative thinning intensities on the integrated forest structure indicated that removing 10% of the trees from the plots might be the optimal thinning intensity from the perspective of optimizing stand structure, in which the P-index values could be increased by approximately 5%–11% for the four tested plots. The main conclusion from this paper was that the proposed P-index could be used as a quantitative tool to manage uneven-aged mixed forests.

Drugs supply and pharmaceutical care management practices at a designated hospital during the COVID-19 epidemic.

The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus that was first detected at the end of December 2019. The epidemic has affected various regions of China in different degrees. As the situations evolve, the COVID-19 had been confirmed in many countries, and made a assessment that it can be characterized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Drugs are the main treatment of COVID-19 patients. Pharmaceutical service offers drug safety ensurance for COVID-19 patients.According to COVID-19 prevention and control policy and requirements, combined with series of diagnosis and treatment plans, pharmacists in the first provincial-level COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment unit in Jilin Province in Northeast China have established the management practices of drug supply and pharmaceutical care from four aspects: personnel, drugs supply management, off-label drug use management and pharmaceutical care. During the outbreak, the pharmaceutical department of THJU completed its assigned workload to ensure drug supply. So far, no nosocomial infections and medication errors have occurred, which has stabilized the mood of the staff and boosted the pharmacists' confidence in fighting the epidemic. For the treatment of COVID-19, pharmacists conducted adverse reaction monitoring and participated in the multidisciplinary consultation of COVID-19. Up to now, the COVID-19 patients admitted to THJU have not shown any new serious adverse reactions and been cured finally. The hospital pharmacy department timely adjusted the work mode, and the formed management practices is a powerful guarantee for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic. This paper summarized the details and practices of drug supply and pharmaceutical services management to provide experience for the people who involving in COVID-19 prevention and contain in other abroad epidemic areas.

Using the Maximal Entropy Modeling Approach to Analyze the Evolution of Sedentary Agricultural Societies in Northeast China.

The emergence of agriculture and the evolution of sedentary societies are among the most important processes in human history. However, although archeologists and social scientists have long been studying these processes, our understanding of them is still limited. This article focuses on the Fuxin area in present-day Liaoning province in Northeast China. A systematic archeological survey we conducted in Fuxin in recent years located sites from five successive stages of the evolution of agricultural sedentary society. We used the principles of Maximal Entropy to study changes in settlement patterns during a long-term local trajectory, from the incipient steps toward a sedentary agricultural way of life to the emergence of complex societies. Based on the detailed data collected in the field, we developed a geo-statistical model based on Maximal Entropy (MaxEnt) that characterizes the locational choices of societies during different periods. This combination of high-resolution information on the location and density of archeological remains, along with a maximal entropy-based statistical model, enabled us to chart the long-term trajectory of the interactions between human societies and their natural environment and to better understand the different stages of the transition to developed sedentary agricultural society.

Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study in Jianping County of Liaoning Province, China.

Background Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) have extrahepatic manifestations and impaired health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of CLD, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study is aimed at assessing HRQOL in patients with HCV infection in the rural areas and identifying factors associated with impairment of HRQOL. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in a county of Liaoning Province in northeast China. HRQOL of patients with HCV infection was assessed using the chronic liver disease questionnaire (CLDQ) and EuroQol-5 dimensions (EQ-5D). Data were transformed to score comparisons of six major CLDQ domains, EQ index, and visual analog scale (VAS). Results A total of 397 (93.4%) subjects, including 67 healthy subjects (HSs), 314 patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), and 16 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) completed the study. The overall quartile CLDQ scores for HSs, patients with CHC, and patients with LC were 6.4 (6.0, 6.7), 5.8 (4.6, 6.4), and 4.1 (3.0, 6.0), respectively. The quartile scores of EQ index for the three groups were 1.0 (1.0, 1.0), 1.0 (0.8, 1.0), and 0.9 (0.6, 1.0), respectively. The median scores of EQ VAS for the three groups were 85.0, 60.0, and 60.0, respectively. Female sex, patients with family history of hepatitis, other comorbid chronic diseases, drinking, and disease duration ≥ 10 years were associated with significant improvement in overall CLDQ scores, and family history of hepatitis and other comorbid chronic diseases were considered predictive factors for EQ index and VAS, respectively. Conclusions Compared with HSs, HCV infection had a greater negative impact on HRQOL in patients with CHC and LC. The significant factors associated with HRQOL include female sex, patients with a family history of hepatitis, other comorbid chronic diseases, drinking, and disease duration ≥ 10 years. Patients with HCV infection in the rural areas should be paid careful attention regarding their HRQOL with proper health education and disease management.

A spatial shift-share decomposition of energy consumption changes in China

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to investigate the changes in the regional energy consumption at the provincial level in China from 2007 to 2016 by introducing a spatial shift-share decomposition approach to measure the neighborhood effect on the regional energy efficiency change through the establishment of a spatial weight matrix considering the geographical and economic proximity. Using this decomposition method, the regional advantage (or disadvantage) in energy efficiency can be revealed, excluding the influence of neighborhood performance in terms of energy efficiency. The results indicate that a shift from energy intensive industrial productions toward the less energy intensive service sector occurs in almost all provinces of China over the period observed; there is significant spatial differentiation on the spatial decomposition of the efficiency change component across provinces, and the changes in energy efficiency in provinces of Jing-Jin-Ji, Yangtze River Delta, Chengdu-Chongqing, Guanzhong Plain, Pan-Pearl River Delta city agglomeration and the three provinces in Northeast China are mainly affected by the neighborhood effect. Our empirical findings suggest that energy policy making should be more concerned about the spatial correlation and coupling effects of energy consumption, especially in the national urban agglomeration of China.

Study on Development Sustainability of Atmospheric Environment in Northeast China by Rough Set and Entropy Weight Method

In order to evaluate the atmospheric environment sustainability in the provinces of Northeast China, this paper has constructed a comprehensive evaluation model based on the rough set and entropy weight methods. This paper first constructs a Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model with a pressure layer, state layer and response layer, as well as an atmospheric environment evaluation system consisting of 17 indicators. Then, this paper obtains the weight of different indicators by using the rough set method and conducts equal-width discrete analysis and clustering analysis by using SPSS software. This paper has found that different discrete methods will end up with different reduction sets and multiple indicators sharing the same weight. Therefore, this paper has further introduced the entropy weight method based on the weight solution determined by rough sets and solved the attribute reduction sets of different layers by using the Rosetta software. Finally, this paper has further proved the rationality of this evaluation model for atmospheric environment sustainability by comparing the results with those of the entropy weight method alone and those of the rough set method alone. The results show that the sustainability level of the atmospheric environment in Northeast China provinces has first improved, and then worsened, with the atmospheric environment sustainability level reaching the highest level of 0.9275 in 2014, while dropping to the lowest level of 0.6027 in 2017. Therefore, future efforts should focus on reducing the pressure layer and expanding the response layer. Based on analysis of the above evaluation results, this paper has further offered recommendations and solutions for the improvement of atmospheric environment sustainability in the three provinces of Northeast China.

Optimal Design of Bioenergy Supply Chains Considering Social Benefits: A Case Study in Northeast China

Bioenergy supply chains can offer social benefits. In most related research, the total number of created jobs is used as the indicator of social benefits. Only a few of them quantify social benefits considering the different impact of economic activities in different locations. In this paper, a new method of measuring the social benefits of bioethanol supply chains is proposed that considers job creation, biomass purchase, and the different impacts of economic activities in different locations. A multi-objective mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to address the optimal design of a bioethanol supply chain that maximizes both economic and social benefits. The ε-constraint method is employed to solve the model and a set of Pareto-optimal solutions is obtained that shows the relationship between the two objectives. The developed model is applied to case studies in Liaoning Province in Northeast China. Actual data are collected as practical as possible for the feasibility and effectiveness of the results. The results show that the bioethanol supply chain can bring about both economic and social benefits in the given area and offers governments a better and more efficient way to create social benefits. The effect of the government subsidy on enterprises’ decisions about economic and social benefits is discussed.

Genesis of the Wulong gold deposit, Liaoning Province, NE China: Constrains from noble gases, radiogenic and stable isotope studies

The Wulong lode deposit contains over 80 tonnes of gold with an average grade of 5.35 g/t. It is one of the largest deposits in Dandong City, Liaoning Province in northeast China. Previous studies on the deposit focused on its geological characteristics, geochemistry, fluid inclusions, and the timing of gold mineralization. However, controversy remains regarding the origin of the ore-forming fluids and metals, and the genesis of the gold deposit. This paper presents zircon U–Pb and pyrite Rb–Sr ages and S, Pb, He, and Ar isotopic results along with quartz H and O isotopic data for all litho-units associated with the deposit. Laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry measurements yielded zircon U–Pb dates for samples of pre-mineralization rocks like granite porphyry dike, the Sanguliu granodiorite, fine-grained diorite, and syn-mineralization diorite, as well as post-mineralization dolerite, and lamprophyre; their emplacement ages are 126 ± 1 Ma, 124 ± 1 Ma, 123 ± 1 Ma, 120 ± 1 Ma, 119 ± 2 Ma, and 115 ± 2 Ma, respectively. The pyrite Rb–Sr isochron age is 119 ± 1 Ma, indicating that both magmatism and mineralization occurred during the Early Cretaceous. The δ18OH2O values of ore-forming hydrothermal fluids from the quartz–polymetallic sulfide vein stage vary from 4.8‰ to 6.5‰, and the δDV-SMOW values are between −67.7‰ and −75.9‰, indicating that the ore-forming fluids were primarily magmatic. The noble gas isotope compositions of fluid inclusions hosted in pyrite suggest that the ore-forming fluids were dominantly derived from crustal sources with minor mantle input. Sulfur isotopic values of pyrite vary between 0.2‰ and 3.5‰, suggesting that S was derived from a homogeneous magmatic source or possibly from fluids derived from the crust. The Pb isotopic compositions of sulfides (207Pb/204Pb = 15.51–15.71, 206Pb/204Pb = 17.35–18.75, 208Pb/204Pb = 38.27–40.03) indicate that the Pb of the Wulong gold deposit is a mixture of crust and mantle components. Geochronological and geochemical data, together with the regional geological history, indicate that Early Cretaceous magmatism and mineralization of the Wulong gold deposit occurred during the rollback of the subducting Paleo-Pacific Plate, which resulted in lithospheric thinning and the destruction of the North China Craton (NCC), which indicates that the deposit is of magmatic–hydrothermal origin.

Trichoderma biodiversity in major ecological systems of China.

An investigation of Trichoderma biodiversity involving a large-scale environmental gradient was conducted to understand the Trichoderma distribution in China. A total of 3,999 isolates were isolated from forestry, grassland, wetland and agriculture ecosystems, and 50 species were identified based on morphological characteristics and sequence analysis of genetic markers. Trichoderma harzianum showed the largest proportion of isolates and the most extensive distribution. Hypocrea semiorbis, T. epimyces, T. konilangbra, T. piluliferum, T. pleurotum, T. pubescens, T. strictipilis, T. hunua, T. oblongisporum and an unidentified species, Trichoderma sp. MA 3642, were first reported in China. Most Trichoderma species were distributed in Jilin and Heilongjiang Provinces in northeast China and the fewest were distributed in Qinghai Province. Based on the division of ecological and geographic factors, forestry ecosystems and low-altitude regions have the greatest species biodiversity of Trichoderma.

Satellite-based prediction of daily SO2 exposure across China using a high-quality random forest-spatiotemporal Kriging (RF-STK) model for health risk assessment

China has been suffered from the severe sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollution in the past decades. The spatiotemporal estimation and health effect assessment of SO2 using two-stage machine learning models have not been performed yet. In this study, a high-quality model named random forest coupled with spatiotemporal Kriging (RF-STK) model was developed to estimate the daily SO2 concentration across the entire China from May 2014 to May 2015 based on the satellite data and geographic covariates. Compared with other statistical methods, the RF-STK model showed the better explanatory performance, with the 10-fold cross-validation R2 = 0.62 (root-mean-square error (RMSE) = 10.36 μg/m3) for daily estimations. The annually mean population-weighted SO2 concentration was estimated to be 30.49 ± 10.83 μg/m3 (mean ± standard deviation). The SO2 levels displayed the remarkably seasonal variation with the peak in winter (47.27 ± 22.64 μg/m3), followed by ones in autumn (28.41 ± 10.41 μg/m3) and spring (25.92 ± 7.95 μg/m3), and in summer (21.33 ± 6.51 μg/m3). At the national scale, only 20.31% of the population lived in the safe regions (population-weighted SO2 concentration < 20 μg/m3). The higher population-weighted SO2 concentrations were mainly concentrated on some provinces of North China Plain (NCP) (e.g., Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong), followed by the provinces of Northeast China, and the lowest one in Hainan (8.31 ± 1.38 μg/m3). The mean all-cause mortalities due to excessive SO2 exposure were estimated to be 131,957 cases, accounting for 0.009% of the whole Chinese population. Among all of the diseases, the mortalities per year were in the order of respiratory disease (RD) (11913 cases) > cardiovascular disease (CVD) (11386 cases) > chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (8112 cases) > cerebrovascular disease (CEVD) (2188 cases). The statistical modelling of SO2 at a national scale provided the valuable data for epidemiological research and air pollution prevention.

Seasonal Surface Runoff Characteristics in the Semiarid Region of Western Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China—A Case of the Alun River Basin

Water resource issues are a challenging area of research in semiarid regions of the world. The objective of the current study was to reveal the main characteristics of seasonal surface runoff for the semiarid western Heilongjiang Province of China. The Alun River Basin, which has hydrological and meteorological characteristics of the local region, was adopted as the study location. A distributed rainfall-runoff combined with snowmelt hydrological model was used to carry out the runoff calculation for the six years (2011–2016). The results indicated that: The mean annual runoff coefficient was 0.34; snowmelt runoff accounted for 2.2% of annual total runoff in 2011–2016; the main part of annual rainfall and runoff was concentrated in the rainy season from June to September, the proportions of rainfall and runoff in this period were 78% and 86% to that of the annual means of 2011–2016; the peak flow represents a decreased trend since 2013, and evidently decreased in 2015 and 2016; less annual precipitation complex with paddy field retention of rainwater and runoff led to the peak flow and annual runoff coefficient in 2016 were obviously lower than that of annual means of 2011–2016. The results are expected to provide the basis for rational development and utilization of surface runoff, and further researches on surface runoff and water resources of the semiarid western Heilongjiang Province of China.

Effects of Habitat Types on Macroinvertebrates Assemblages Structure: Case Study of Sun Island Bund Wetland

Sun Island Bund Wetland (SIBW) is a river floodplain wetland located at the south part of Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. An investigation of the influence of habitat type on macroinvertebrates assemblages structure was conducted in July 2016. Nine (9) sampling sites were selected based on sediment type, water condition, and aquatic vegetation type. Macroinvertebrates attributes including density, biomass, and four diversity indices (Simpson diversity index, Margalef richness index, Shannon-Weiner index, and Pielou evenness index) were assessed. A total of 53 taxa were collected during the study period, with the highest density dominated being from aquatic insects and gastropods. Bellamya purificata and Exopalaemon annandalei were the most dominant among all the species. The results showed that the assemblages structure of macroinvertebrates in different habitats was significantly different. Also, the results with PCA showed that the higher values of invertebrates density, biomass, diversity indices, and species richness had a greater association with the habitat types of silt-humus sediment, closed lentic area, and submerged-flouting-emergent vegetation.

Discovery of Enhydrictis (Mustelidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) cranium in Puwan, Dalian, Northeast China demonstrates repeated intracontinental migration during the Pleistocene

The tribe Lyncodontini (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) was widely distributed in Eurasia during the Plio-Pleistocene. In East Asia, only Eirictis and Oriensictis are known so far. Herein, we describe a new complete cranium of Lyncodontini from Layer 2 of Jinyuan cave of Luotuo Hill, Puwan area of Dalian, Liaoning Province in Northeast China and undertake detailed comparisons with related taxa. The specimen is similar to Oriensictis, especially Oriensictis melina in Locality 1 of Zhoukoudian in tooth morphology and represents the same species of the latter, but the cranial characters are strikingly similar to those of Enhydrictis galictoides from Sardinia. We therefore relegate Oriensictis to a subgenus of Enhydrictis as East Asian members of the clade in the Middle Pleistocene, whereas the subgenus Enhydrictis is endemic to Sardinia. The craniodental characters of E. melina are more derived than those of E. galictoides in many aspects, so it is unlikely to be a direct ancestor to E. galictoides. The Early Pleistocene Martellictis ardea from Saint Vallier probably represents the ancestor group of this genus. This clade immigrated along the Paratethys during the Late Villafranchian. Part of this metapopulation probably dispersed into East Asia during the late Early Pleistocene or early Middle Pleistocene along with other carnivores (e.g. Xenocyon sp. and Panthera youngi) during interglacial period, whereas others dispersed back to Europe during the Middle Pleistocene, as represented by the Sardinia population. The E. melina from Layer 2 of Luotuo Hill is morphologically more derived than the Middle Pleistocene E. nipponica from Japan, thus the age of Layer 2 is possibly not older than Middle Pleistocene.

Empirical decomposition and forecast of peak carbon emissions of five major transportation modes：Taking the three provinces in Northeast China as examples

Empirical decomposition and forecast of peak carbon emissions of five major transportation modes：Taking the three provinces in Northeast China as examples

Network structure and influencing factors of urban human habitat activities in the three provinces of Northeast China：Based on Baidu Post Bar data

Network structure and influencing factors of urban human habitat activities in the three provinces of Northeast China：Based on Baidu Post Bar data

Trends in health resource disparities in primary health care institutions in Liaoning Province in Northeast China

BackgroundThe allocation of health resources in primary health care institutions (PHCI) is crucial to health reform. China has recently implemented many reform measures emphasizing the provision of primary health care services, with equity as one of the major goals. The aim of this study was to analyze the quantity, quality, and distribution of health resources in Liaoning Province from 2005 to 2017.MethodsData were drawn from the annual financial report from 2005 to 2017 and information from the Liaoning Province Department of Statistics. Numbers of beds and physicians were used as indicators of health resources. Capital assets per bed, value of medical equipment per bed, operational space per bed, and number of physicians with different educational levels were used as indicators of quality of health resources. Concentration indices (CI) and Gini coefficients were calculated.ResultsThere was a steady rise in health resources in PHCI. From 2005 to 2017, the quality of health resources improved. The CI of beds showed an overall downward trend, indicating an improvement in the disparity among PHCI. There was a similar trend in the CI of fixed assets per bed. The Gini coefficients of physicians overall and physicians with different educational levels were almost always < 0.3, showing preferred equity status. There was a decreasing trend in the Gini coefficients of PHCI physicians with bachelor’s degrees or higher and physicians with associate’s degrees. The proportion of health resource of PHCI in health system increased from 2005 to 2009, before decreasing from 2009 to 2017 and the percentage of physicians overall and physicians with bachelor’s degrees or higher in PHCI declined after 2011.ConclusionsThere was an improvement in the quantity and quality of health resources in PHCI from 2005 to 2017. The distribution of health resource allocation in PHCI also improved. The findings revealed that the measures for the improvement of PHCI physicians’ educational level has been successful and the measures taken by the government in health reform to strengthen the primary health care system have not been successful.

Research on Innovation Input-Output Efficiency Evaluation of Private Listed Companies in Liaoning Province

In the market economy environment, the level of innovation and development of the private listed companies reflect the local economic development potential to a large extent. Liaoning Province is one of the earliest coastal provinces in China, which is the only coastal and boundary provinces in Northeast China. The innovation ability of private listed companies has greatly promoted and improved the regional economic development. In this paper, the BCC model of data envelopment analysis is used to evaluate the efficiency of input and output of 26 private listed companies in Liaoning Province. The main conclusions are followings. Firstly, the innovation input and output of Liaoning private listed companies is not high in the overall, which did not make the investment resources to maximize the benefits. Secondly, the main factors that resulted a lower output efficiency included corporations putting in too much funds in projects and a diminishing scale returns. Thirdly, innovation efficiency achieving the best DEA was the middle of the scale of non-manufacturing enterprises, these enterprises hadn’t much investments in innovation, but its output benefits were more significant. Finally, in order to improve the efficiency of private investment in listed companies. It put forward countermeasures including private listed companies in Liaoning Province should increase investments in innovation activities, create a good atmosphere of scientific and technological innovation and stimulate the innovative thinking of scientific research personnel.