Provinces In Indonesia Research Articles

Financial Performance and Regional Original Income on Provincial Capital Expenditures in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the effect of financial performance and local revenue on capital expenditure of provinces in Indonesia. Financial performance is proxied by the degree of fiscal decentralized ratio, dependency ratio, and efficiency ratio. This type of research is quantitative research. The study was conducted in provinces in Indonesia using secondary data in the form of data on the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget realization data from 2020 to 2022. The data analysis technique used multiple regression, which was used to test the four hypotheses. The results of this study provide empirical evidence that dependency ratio, efficiency ratio, and local revenue have an effect on capital expenditure, while the degree of fiscal decentralized ratio has no effect on capital expenditure. However, the contribution of the influence of all these independent variables on capital expenditure as the dependent variable is 81.9%, while 18.1% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study.

Unraveling dengue dynamics with data calibration from Palu and Jakarta: Optimizing active surveillance and fogging interventions

Dengue fever is a complex infectious disease driven by multiple factors, including viral dynamics, mosquito behavior, environmental conditions, and human behaviours. The intricate nature of its transmission and outbreaks necessitates an interdisciplinary approach, integrating expertise from fields such as mathematics and public health. In this research, we examine the role of active case finding and mosquito population reduction through fogging in dengue control using a mathematical model approach. Active case finding aims to identify undetected dengue cases, both asymptomatic and symptomatic, which can help prevent further transmission and reduce the likelihood of severe symptoms by enabling earlier treatment. The model was developed using a system of nine-dimensional nonlinear ordinary differential equations. We conducted a mathematical analysis of the equilibria and their stability based on the basic reproduction number (R0). Our analysis shows that the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when R0<1. Furthermore, when R0=1, the model may exhibit backward bifurcation , depending on the death rate induced by dengue. The higher the dengue-induced death rate, the greater the likelihood of backward bifurcation at R0=1. We used dengue incidence data from two Indonesian provinces, Jakarta and Palu, to calibrate the model parameter values. Our global sensitivity analysis on the basic reproduction number indicates that active case findings are more crucial in Palu compared to Jakarta. Conversely, Jakarta is more sensitive to the infection parameter than Palu. Our numerical continuation simulation shows that implementing fogging to control the mosquito population should carefully consider the intensity, timing, and duration of the intervention to achieve a more optimal results.

What determines economic growth in the split province in Indonesia?

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the determinants of economic growth in split provinces of Indonesia, focusing on household consumption, investment, government spending, and taxes. Methodology: The research employs panel data regression analysis using data from 25 split provinces in Indonesia from 2014-2022. The Fixed Effect Model (FEM) was determined as the best model through Chow and Hausman tests. Results: The findings indicate that household consumption, investment, goods and services spending, and taxes have significant positive effects on economic growth in split provinces. Conversely, capital spending shows a significant adverse effect on economic growth. Theoretical contribution: This study contributes to the literature on regional economic growth by providing empirical evidence on the determinants of economic growth, specifically in the context of split provinces in Indonesia. It highlights the differential impacts of various economic factors on newly formed administrative regions. Practical implications: The results suggest local governments should focus on creating a conducive investment climate, optimizing tax collection, and carefully allocating spending to promote economic growth in split provinces. The negative effect of capital spending underscores the need for more effective and efficient use of these funds. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

MENGUNGKAP FAKTA FAKTOR RISIKO DIABETES MELITUS DI INDONESIA

The increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia is influenced by the interaction of internal and external multifactors. The incidence of DM is predicted to continue to increase to reach 578 million in 2030 and 700 million in 2045. This study aimed to analyze factors related to the incidence of diabetes in Indonesia. This research used quantitative methods with a cross sectional approach and uses secondary data taken from the source "Riskesdas 2018". The unit of analysis in this research is 34 provinces in Indonesia. Data was analyzed using scatter plot diagrams. The results of the study showed that smoking habits, lack of physical activity, obesity, and difficulty in accessing primary health care have been shown to contribute to an increased risk of diabetes mellitus. Meanwhile, consumption of sweet foods is not directly related to an increase in diabetes mellitus. Health campaigns targeting smoking behavior, promotion of active lifestyles, education about the dangers of obesity, and improving the accessibility of health services can help reduce the risk of diabetes. Further research is needed to understand more deeply the factors that may contribute to the relationship between consumption of sweet foods that are not directly related to increased diabetes mellitus, as well as to design more effective intervention strategies.

Communication Experiences of Conscious Indonesian Patients Who Underwent Mechanical Breathing in an Intensive Care Unit: A Phenomenological Approach

Background: Mechanical ventilation is equipment used by patients in ICU. These patients may experience stress due to inadequate communication, including psycho-emotional pressure with a tendency to depression, anxiety, and frustration. It is important to facilitate effective communication during mechanical ventilation to monitor these patients. Nursing staff need to understand patients regarding their inability to communicate. The installation of mechanical ventilation is a barrier to nurse-patient communication. The culture in which a person lives has an impact on their health-related attitudes and behaviors. Thus, this study aims to determine the experience of the communication needs of conscious patients with experience of mechanical ventilation in ICU. Methods: The research method uses qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The population in this study were former ICU patients with experience mechanical ventilation who were conscious. The sampling of informants was carried out using a purposive method. This study involved three research informants of various ages. This research was conducted in Yogyakarta, a province of Indonesia. Data collection used in-depth interviews. Data analysis in this study used the Colaizzi method to generate themes. Results: The themes obtained in this study were experience of discomfort disturbance in mechanically ventilated conscious patients; mechanically ventilated patients' communication perceptions; the need for social interaction when mechanically ventilated; and the beliefs experienced by patients while unconscious in ICU. We found a new insight that trusting something the patient has experienced is something that needs to be respected. When patients were unconscious, all participants experienced a spiritual journey that brought them into a state of belief about the dying phase. Conclusion: Communication between patients and nurses is beneficial in providing better nursing care following patient needs. This communication is also needed for patients with mechanical ventilation in ICU. It shows the importance of communication between mechanically ventilated patients and nurses in ICU.

The Prevalence of Stunting in Indonesia: An Examination of the Health, Socioeconomic Status, and Environmental Determinants

Background: Stunting is a significant public health concern in Indonesia. It represents a form of chronic malnutrition that manifests not only as a short stature for one’s age, but also as a profound challenge affecting children’s physical and cognitive development. This study aims to provide more research basis for the government to formulate stunting policies by exploring the ecological factors associated with stunting, consistent with the goal of reducing stunting according to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets by 2030. Methods: Data were collected on stunting and ecological factors from 34 provinces in Indonesia from 2015-18, sourced from Statistics Indonesia and the Ministry of Health. A framework of ecological factors that influence stunting, consisting of health, socioeconomic status, and the environment was developed. A panel data model to test the influence of each ecological factor on stunting was created. Results: Among the 27 independent variables of health, economic status, and environment, the results of this study show that malnutrition, diarrhea, dependency ratio, and hygiene significantly affect the risk of stunting. Meanwhile, antenatal care, nurses, and sanitation have an effect on reducing the risk of stunting. Conclusion: To achieve the SDGs targets associated with malnutrition by 2030, addressing stunting in Indonesia requires a comprehensive and multisectoral approach that addresses the fundamental causes of stunting, including health, socioeconomic status, and environmental factors. Addressing stunting is crucial for Indonesia, not only to improve the health and well-being of its children, but also for the long-term benefits of enhancing educational outcomes and economic productivity.

Binary Logistic Regression Modeling on Household Poverty Status in Bengkulu Province

Binary logistic regression is a statistical method used to analyze the relationship between one or more predictor variables and a binary or dichotomous response variable. Poverty is an issue in every province in Indonesia. One of the provinces with a relatively high poverty rate is Bengkulu Province, ranking seventh in Indonesia with a poverty rate of 14.62%. The Central Bureau of Statistics of Bengkulu Province (2023) explains that efforts to reduce poverty must involve all levels of society. Various government programs and policies in various fields such as health, social, and other areas are continuously being implemented to reduce the number of households classified as poor. Identifying the characteristics of households in Bengkulu Province by poverty status is important to study, as it serves as a reference to ensure that government programs are implemented according to the target. One method that can be used to identify household characteristics is binary logistic regression. This study aims to model the poverty status of households in Bengkulu Province using binary logistic regression and to identify the factors that influence it. The data used are social and economic household data from March 2022. The response variable used is household poverty status (poor and not poor), while the predictor variables include the ownership of toilet facilities, the source of lighting, floor area, family size, and per capita calorie consumption. Modeling is done using binary logistic regression with simultaneous and partial parameter significance tests, as well as model fit tests. The analysis results show that the factors significantly influencing household poverty status in Bengkulu Province are the ownership of toilet facilities, the source of household lighting, floor area, family size, and per capita calorie consumption. The formed binary logistic regression model has a classification accuracy of 89.98% with a sensitivity of 18.34% and a specificity of 98.61%.

Harnessing Biomass and Blue Carbon Potential: Estimating Carbon Stocks in the Vital Wetlands of Eastern Sumatra, Indonesia

Global warming is a critical factor driving climate change, impacting every aspect of life on Earth. The escalating concentration of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, the primary contributor to global warming, necessitates immediate action through effective climate mitigation strategies. This study aimed to quantify the biomass and blue carbon stocks in the eastern coastal mangrove forests of North Sumatra and Aceh Provinces in Indonesia, focusing on key sites in Langkat, Deli Serdang, Batu Bara, Tanjung Balai, and Aceh Tamiang Regencies. We measured carbon stock in three carbon pools: biomass (above and below ground), necromass, and soil. By analyzing tree stands using parameters such as tree height and diameter at breast height within circular plots (7 m in radius, 125 m apart), we gathered fundamental data on forest structure, species composition, and above- and below-ground biomass. Additionally, we collected soil samples at various points and depths, measuring the amount of wood, stems, or branches (necromass) that fell to or died on the forest floor. Data were collected in plots along a line transect, comprising three transects and six circular plots each. Sixteen diverse mangrove species were found, demonstrating rich mangrove biodiversity. The mangrove forests in the five regencies exhibited significant carbon storage potential, with estimated average above-ground carbon ranging from 96 to 356 MgC/ha and average below-ground carbon from 28 to 153 MgC/ha. The estimated average deadwood carbon varied between 50 and 91 MgC/ha, while soil carbon ranged from 1200 to 2500 MgC/ha. These findings underscore the significant carbon storage potential of these mangrove forests, highlighting their importance to global carbon cycling and climate change mitigation. This research contributes to a broader understanding of mangroves as vital blue carbon ecosystems, emphasizing the necessity of conservation efforts such as forest restoration and rehabilitation to enhance their role in stabilizing coastal areas and improving global climate resilience.

Ranking Quality of Life Index in Indonesian Provinces: A Multicriteria Approach for Sustainable Regional Development

ABSTRACTThis study aims to assess and rank the quality of life across 34 provinces in Indonesia using Multi‐Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) with the Organization, Rangement Et Synthèse De Données Relationnelles (ORESTE) method. The assessment was conducted based on seven main domains of quality of life: emotional well‐being, health, employment and productive activities, material well‐being, community participation, personal safety, and environmental quality. The results show that DKI Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and Bali ranked the highest with scores of 1748, 2164, and 2195, respectively. In contrast, Papua, West Papua, and West Sulawesi ranked at the bottom with scores of 5375, 4790, and 4573.5, respectively. The ORESTE method also successfully identified situations of incomparability between some provinces, confirming that not all provinces can be directly compared due to their unique characteristics. Sensitivity analysis reveals that changes in criteria weights do not significantly affect the ranking results, indicating that the outcomes are stable and robust. This study makes a significant contribution by providing a foundation for policymakers to formulate more equitable and inclusive development strategies aimed at reducing disparities in quality of life across provinces in Indonesia.

Dampak Pembiayaan Terhadap Kinerja Usaha Mikro

This study aims to analyze the relationship between financing and the performance of microenterprises in three provinces in Indonesia: the Special Region of Yogyakarta, the Special Region of Aceh, and the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. The panel data combines cross-sectional data from these three provinces with time-series data for the period 2019Q1-2023Q4. The analysis method used is panel regression with NFD2 least squares. The results indicate a positive relationship between financing and microenterprise performance; however, the relationship is weak. These findings suggest that microfinance alone is not sufficient to improve the performance of microenterprises and must be supported by other factors.

Genetic Characterization of Sumatran Mirah Chicken Based on Mitochondrial D-loop Region Sequence

Mirah chickens are Indonesian indigenous chickens that originate from Simalungun Regency, North Sumatera Province of Indonesia. The study aimed to determine the genetic characterization of Mirah chicken based on the mitochondrial D-loop region (838 bp). Twenty Mirah cocks from Simalungun Regency of Indonesia were used in the present study. The results showed that fourteen haplotypes were found in the studies of birds based on sixteen mutation sites. Therefore, these haplotype and nucleotide diversities in the partial D-loop region of the Mirah chicken were classified as high. The Median-joining tree revealed that the Mirah chickens were classified in a similar cluster with the Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus). Ten haplotypes of birds were close to G. g. bankiva, and four haplotypes of birds were close to G. g. gallus. In conclusion, Mirah chickens had the genetic introgression from two sub-species of Red junglefowl, i.e., G.g. gallus and G.g. bankiva. Hence, the pure breeding program for Mirah chickens is important to conserve their genetic resources from extinction.

Analysis of the Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on Per Capita GDRP Across Provinces in Indonesia

This study aims to investigate and analyze the impact of fiscal decentralization on per capita GRDP across provinces in Indonesia. Additionally, the research examines the influence of Regional Own-Source Revenue (PAD) on per capita GRDP across provinces in Indonesia, the effect of the General Allocation Fund (DAU) on per capita GRDP, the effect of Revenue Sharing Fund (DBH) on per capita GRDP, and the overall impact of the Specific Allocation Fund (DAK) on per capita GRDP, and the overall impact of fiscal decentralization on per capita GRDP. The study also seeks to analyze to combined effects of PAD, DAU, DBH and DAK on per capita GRDP across provinces in Indonesia. The data analysis technique employed in this research is panel data analysis. The data used are secondary data, which have been collected by data collection institutions and made available to the public. The data for this study were sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics, the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia (DJPK Kemenkeu), as well as books, journals, and website relevant to this research. The variables include per capita GRDP, Regional Own-Source Revenue (PAD), the General Allocation Fund (DAU), the Revenue Sharing Fund (DBH), and the Spesific Allocation Fund (DAK). The result of the study indicate that during the administration of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY), the variable PAD had no effect on per capita GRDP, the variable DBH had no effect on per capita GRDP, and the variable DAK also had no effect on per capita GRDP. Meanwhile, during the administration of Joko Widodo (Jokowi), DBH had no effect, and DAK similarly had no effect on per capita GRDP. Furthemore, the R-square value during SBY’s administration was 11,12%, which is higher compared to the 8,7% during Jokowi’s administration. This indicates that the role of PAD, DAU, DBH and DAK in influencing per capita GRDP was more pronounced during SBY’s administration. Keywords: GRDP, PAD DAU, DBH, DAK

Revealing the Implementation of the Child-Friendly Healthy School Program and its Effectiveness on Health Literacy and Psychological Well-Being to Achieve the SDGs

Objective: This study aims to describe implementing the child-friendly healthy school program and its effectiveness in improving elementary school students' health literacy and psychological well-being to promote health and well-being in achieving the SDGs. Theoretical Framework: Health education provides learning experiences that influence thoughts, feelings, and actions to achieve life goals and become better, healthier, and more productive, leading to improved health literacy and psychological well-being. Method: Quantitative descriptive research is used to describe implementing a child-friendly, healthy school and calculate its effectiveness test. Respondents, including ten elementary school teachers and 360 elementary school students from various schools in Jakarta Province in Indonesia, tested it. Results and Discussion: The results showed a significant increase in knowledge about health literacy (36.5% before training; 68.7% after training; p &lt;.05) and students' psychological well-being (49.8% before training; 86.05% after training. The responses of teachers and students showed that the child-friendly healthy school program was very good and succeeded in stimulating the Health Literacy and Psychological well-being of elementary school students. Research Implications: This child-friendly healthy school program can be a recommendation for teachers to instil self-awareness of physical and mental health in students and input for other educators to realize a comfortable and enjoyable child-friendly healthy school to achieve the SDGs. Originality/Value: The originality of this research is that the child-friendly healthy school program to achieve SDGs has yet to be done at elementary schools surrounding Jakarta Province in Indonesia.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding dengue vaccine: a baseline study of community members and health providers in Indonesia.

Despite recent behavioral interventions aimed at reducing the burden of dengue, persistent unfavorable related behaviors in the Indonesian community suggest that vaccination could be effective. However, before this is implemented nationally, public perception and acceptance of the vaccine should be assessed in addition to health providers' points of view. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of community members and health providers in Indonesia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in six districts of three Indonesian provinces. Respondents included both community members and health providers living within the territory of the selected primary health care centers. Pretested questionnaires were used to gather information on the sociodemographic characteristics and KAPs regarding dengue vaccines. An independent t-test was performed to compare the mean KAP scores between community members and health providers, while a logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictors in each domain. Only 18.5% of health providers possessed high knowledge of the dengue vaccine versus only 12.5% of community members. Approximately one-third of the health providers versus one-fourth of community members displayed a high to moderate score for attitudes about dengue vaccines. Dengue vaccination practices demonstrated a more favorable score for both health providers and community members at 59.1% and 41.1%, respectively. No individual sociodemographic characteristics were associated with KAPs; rather, only education was correlated with better dengue vaccination practices. We also found that good knowledge of dengue was the only factor associated with all domains. Our findings highlight the urgent need to deliver educational interventions to health providers and community members in Indonesia to improve their awareness of dengue vaccines.

How do socioeconomic indicators and fiscal decentralization affect stunting? Evidence from Indonesia

Purpose Stunting has emerged as a prominent concern on a global scale. Over the past seven years, the average prevalence has consistently exceeded the World Health Organization standards. This study aims to investigate the roots and model of stunting. Design/methodology/approach The samples were collected from 406 regencies (counties) and municipalities across 34 provinces in Indonesia from 2017 to 2022 and used the dynamic panel data analysis. Findings The findings showed that the food security index, poverty line, women’s years of schooling, the specific allocation of funds and hopeful family program negatively influenced stunting. Otherwise, village funds and fiscal decentralisation positively affect stunting. The results also confirmed that stunting had a dynamic impact. In addition, the effect of income per capita, the poverty severity index and government funds for education and health on stunting rates were inconclusive. Practical implications The policy implication of the study suggests that the government must consider the budgetary concerns of each region and focus on the regions that exhibit different needs. Originality/value This paper will contribute to the literature about the modelling of determinants of Stunting in Indonesia.

Invisible Treasures: Assessing Indonesia’s Unique Agrobiodiversity for Food and Nutrition Security

Indonesia is a biodiversity hotspot with high levels of endemism of globally important food crops and their crop wild relatives, as well as locally adapted cultivars. This rich diversity is essential to Indonesia’s food and nutrition security, while underpinning the livelihood strategies of small-scale farmers (both men and women) and traditional communities, who act as guardians of this genetic heritage. However, many of Indonesia’s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture are experiencing genetic erosion due to increased crop uniformity and the reduced use and demand for local varieties. Changes in food preferences and consumption patterns have driven the species into agricultural neglect with only some smallholder farmers cultivating the species for cultural reasons. These problems are exacerbated by land-use changes and climate variability. Recognizing the imperative to conserve agrobiodiversity in the region to ensure future food security and sustain livelihoods, the status of conservation and sustainable use of taro, yams, cloves and nutmeg in three target provinces in Indonesia was assessed. Mixed-method analyses were used to document existing conservation efforts and what is currently known of these target crops’ conservation status, both in ex situ collections and in the field, to identify unique biodiversity, as well as the barriers and knowledge gaps on how to better conserve and use this unique genetic diversity for future generations.

How Eco-Conscious Choices are Shaping Generation Z’S Tumbler Market

This study reveals how consumer and environmental trends are affecting Indonesia's tumbler market, emphasizing the eco-conscious habits of Generation Z. Environmental issues including pollution, deforestation, and climate change have made sustainable materials and methods even more important. As much as 105 Gen Z taken a role as a respondent in this study, by filled out a set of a questionnaire. As a result of product improvements that meet Gen Z's need for sustainability, the Indonesian tumbler industry has grown quite significantly. The study used a quantitative technique to examine how the marketing mix—which includes product, price, site, and promotion—affects the Generation Z’s purchasing decisions of, who were primarily university students in various provinces in Indonesia. The results show that while price and location have less impact on purchasing decisions, product characteristics and advertising tactics do. Regression analysis supports the model's prediction power, while validity and reliability tests validate the power of measuring instruments. This study sheds light on how important strategic marketing is to attract eco-conscious customers and offers guidance to companies adjusting to Indonesia's growing green consumer culture.

The impact of investment, PDRB growth, and minimum wage on regional tax revenue across 34 provinces in Indonesia

The impact of investment, PDRB growth, and minimum wage on regional tax revenue across 34 provinces in Indonesia

ICT and Entrepreneurial Orientation as Drivers of SME Performance: Insights from Padang Pariaman Regency, Indonesia

This study aims to empirically examine the impact of the implementation of information communication and technology (ICT) and entrepreneurship orientation on the performance of SMEs in Padang Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra province of Indonesia. This research uses purposive sampling with a sample of 100 SMEs registered at the Department of Cooperatives and SMEs, Padang Pariaman Regency. The data collection method used in this study was a survey. Questionnaires were distributed by visiting SMEs to their place of business directly. The results empirically prove that ICT and entrepreneurship orientation have a significant effect on the performance of SMEs. This research only uses two independent variables, so it needs additional mediating or moderating variables, such as innovation and learning orientation. Likewise, the respondents of this study were only SMEs in Padang Pariaman Regency with various types of businesses. It is suggested that further research expands research objects such as the provincial level with one SME business. The implementation of ICT can provide benefits for the performance of SMEs in developing businesses and also to be globally competitive. Likewise, entrepreneurship orientation has a significant relationship with improving the performance and level of competitiveness of SMEs

Logistic Regression Model on Nutritional Status Based on Body Mass Index (BMI) in Women of Reproductive Age (WRA) in Indonesia

The aggregate analysis of Riskesdas data in Indonesia revealed that nearly all provinces face a serious double burden of malnutrition. Both undernutrition and overnutrition negatively affect the quality of human resources, especially when they occur in adolescent girls, Women of Reproductive Age (WRA), and pregnant and breastfeeding women, as this can lead to intergenerational nutritional problems. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a nutritional status measurement technique recommended by WHO. Nutritional problems occur when BMI is abnormal or not ideal, categorized as underweight (&lt;18.5 kg/m²), pre-obesity (25-29.9 kg/m²), obesity class I (30-34.9 kg/m²), obesity class II (35-39.9 kg/m²), and obesity class III (&gt;40 kg/m²). Data from laboratory results completed up to 2017, based on selected samples from the 2013 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas), were used to assess the nutritional status of the Indonesian population. This study used 9,418 respondent data samples from 33 provinces in Indonesia. Logistic regression analysis was applied because the response variable in this study is binary, representing ideal BMI (1) and non-ideal BMI (0). The independent variables used in this study include Hemoglobin level, Ferritin level, CRP level, age group, physical activity, living location, marital status, education, and risky food consumption patterns. All independent variables are categorical. The study found that the factors influencing nutritional status based on BMI in WRA are Hemoglobin level, Ferritin level, CRP level, age, and location. The resulting logit model is logit (π)=0.27695-0.1491 (Non-anemic Hemoglobin level)-0.1721 (Normal Ferritin level)+0.741 (Non-infectious CRP level)-0.2933 (Adult age group)-0.0976 (rural location). logit (π)=0.27695-0.1491 (Non-anemic Hemoglobin level)-0.1721 (Normal Ferritin level)+0.741 (Non-infectious CRP level)-0.2933 (Adult age group)-0.0976 (rural location). The largest odds ratio The largest odds ratio was produced by the CRP level variable, indicating that CRP level is the most influential factor affecting nutritional status based on BMI in WRA, where non infectious CRP compared to infectious CRP increases the likelihood of WRA having an ideal BMI.