Java Province Research Articles

Determinants of poverty rate in Java Island: Poverty alleviation policy

Poverty is currently a major problem that must be resolved in various regions in Indonesia, including areas in Java. Java Island is the island with the highest number of poor people compared to other islands in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to determine the determinants of poverty levels in Java and formulate policy recommendations that can be implied to overcome poverty. Research variables have used secondary data from six provinces in Java sourced from the Central Statistics Agency, namely poverty level data, Human Development Index (HDI), inflation rate data, open unemployment rate data, and Regional Minimum Wage data (UMR). The data was compiled into panel data and analyzed using OLS Model. The analysis showed that the determinants of poverty levels in Java were inflation rates, Human Development Index, Regional Minimum Wages, and open unemployment rates, so that all determinants need to be considered properly to formulate policy recommendations that able to overcome poverty in Java.

K-Means Clustering of COVID-19 Cases in Indonesia’s Provinces

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been rapidly spreading, causing a severe health crisis all around the world, including Indonesia. As expected, due to Indonesia’s diverse topography and population, there are variations in the number of cases amongst its provinces. Therefore clustering is needed to develop a map of COVID-19 cases to enable optimal handling of this pandemic. The provinces are clustered using K-means method according to their respective COVID-19 case numbers. Data taken from Indonesian Ministry of Health in November 2020 is used in this study, covering COVID-19 cases in Indonesia’s 34 provinces. K-means results in seven optimal clusters with variance ratio of 0.185. Clusters 1 to 3 cover most provinces in Java, including DKI Jakarta in Cluster 1 as the province with the most cases. Each of Clusters 4 and 5 consists of 5 provinces, while each of Clusters 6 and 7 consists of 10 provinces. Cluster 7 comprises provinces with lowest cases of COVID-19.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) dan Pengentasan Kemiskinan Di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Entering the era of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is a continuation of the MDG's concept of poverty, remains an unresolved problem. Indonesia as a member of the United Nations is committed to tackling the problem of poverty along with the SDGs declaration. If seen poverty in Indonesia is a severe problem because it involves the issue of wide inequality. Various attempts were made by the central and regional governments to overcome the problem of poverty. Yogyakarta Province as one of the poorest provinces in Java has several goals and programs implemented to overcome poverty. These programs also involve several related agencies because poverty faced is a multidimensional poverty problem. These programs are contained in the RPJMD of the Special Province of Yogyakarta in the 2017-2022 period.

The Influence of Fiscal Decentralization, Economic Growth, and Economic Openness on the Inter-Provincial Development Disparity in Java During 2001-2017

In general, economic growth is defined as a process which leads to the increase of per capita income of a population in a long term. Inter-region disparity in terms of economic development is a common phenomenon in a region’s economic activities. This study aims to determine the effect of economic growth, economic openness, and the degree of fiscal decentralization on development disparities between provinces in Java within 2001-2017. Panel data regression was used together with the Random Effect Model as a data analysis technique. The data used was panel data consisting of time series data from 2001-2017 and cross-sectional data covering Special Capital Region of Jakarta, West Java, East Java, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Central Java, and Banten. The results show that economic growth and fiscal decentralization significantly influence development disparity between provinces in Java while economic openness does not affect the development inequality.

Ketimpangan dan Autokorelasi Spasial Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Provinsi di Pulau Jawa dan Pulau Sumatera

This study aims to analyze inequality and spatial autocorrelation of provincial economic growth on the islands of Sumatra and Java. The study period starts from 2010 to 2015, which involves ten provinces on the island of Sumatra and six regions on the island of Java. This study uses the Williamson Index and Moran Index methods. The results of this study indicate that there are differences in income inequality. Java Island has a higher bias than Sumatra Island. The top income variation in Java is caused by high development in one of the provinces in Java while in Sumatra due to geographical and natural resource factors. Besides, the Moran Index shows that there is no spatial linkage of per capita GRDP between provinces in Sumatra and Java.

Factors Analysis Related to the Completeness of Providing Basic Immunization in Infant Aged 12 Months

Background: The highest number of children with incomplete immunizations in Indonesia is five provinces in Java. During 2015, diphtheria cases in Blitar District, East Java reached 44 cases. However, in 2016, there was an increase with the discovery of 49 infants affected by diphtheria and spread in several districts and obtained the number of 12-month-old infants who did not get complete immunizations of 47 infants. Aim: The purpose of this study analyzed the factors related to the completeness of basic immunization for 12-month-old infants. Method: This study was a quantitative study with cross sectional approach. The study was conducted on mothers who have 12-month-old infants by filling out the questionnaires about the relationship of independent variables, namely knowledge and attitudes of the mother, family support and health workers support as well as the dependent variable, namely the completeness of basic immunization. Total respondents were 46 people. Data were analyzed using the Chi Square test to determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables and logistic regression statistical tests to find out the dominant variables related to the completeness of basic immunization. Results: There was a relationship between maternal knowledge (p = 0,000), maternal attitudes (p = 0,000), family support (p = 0,000), and health workers support (p = 0,000) and the completion of basic immunization. The dominant factor related to the completeness of basic immunization was knowledge. Conclusion: Knowledge, attitude, family support, and health workers support have a significant relationship with the completion of basic immunization.

Intelligence Capacity and Mass Violence: Evidence From Indonesia

What explains regional variations in the frequency and form of mass categorical violence? I first develop then test, via process tracing, a theory to answer this question. Employing process tracing in Central Java during the 1965–66 Indonesian Killings, I argue that these variations are conditioned by state intelligence capacity. Low intelligence capacity forces troops to rely upon civilian elites for information. This provides opportunities for civilian elites to widen targeting criteria, increasing the number of victims. Due to logistical constraints, security forces are also more likely to opt for lethal violence when they have low intelligence capacity, as they frequently struggle with caring for such large numbers of detainees. I further illustrate these findings by comparing the provinces of West Java and East Java. Data for this project is drawn from diplomatic archives, internal military publications, and a series of interviews with victims and participants in the Indonesian Killings.

Pengaruh Investasi dan Belanja Modal terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Provinsi Jawa Tengah

Economic growth in Central Java Province is the lowest when compared to other provinces in Java. This study aims to analyze the effect of foreign direct investments, domestic direct investment and capital expenditure on economic growth in Central Java Province. This study uses secondary data from 35 regencies / cities in Central Java Province with a period of 2013-2018. The research method uses multiple line regressions with eviews application. The results showed that foreign direct investments and capital expenditure have a positive and significant effect on economic growth and domestic direct investment have a positive and not significant effect on economic growth in Central Java Province. The implication in this study is that region governments must increase investment from abroad and use capital expenditure effective and efficient in order to encourage economic growth.

Morphological Variability and Taxonomic Relationship of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Accessions Based on Qualitative Characters

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is a member of Poaceae family with three agronomic types corresponds to their specific uses namely grain sorghum, sweet sorghum, and forage sorghum. Although sorghum in Indonesia is considered as under-utilized crop, but it has the potential as an alternative resource for staple food in diversification program to support food security. The potential of sorghum as alternative staple food is due to its high nutritional value, and the ability to grow well in marginal lands with maintaining good productivity. The objectives of this study were to assess the extent of morphological variability and to resolve taxonomic relationship of sorghum accessions from Java Island based on morphological characters. Twenty nine sorghum samples were collected from three provinces in Java, namely Central Java, Special Province of Yogyakarta, and East Java. Morphological data observed refers to Descriptors for Sorghum, generating 19 qualitative characters used in cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Cluster analysis resulted in the grouping of 29 accessions into three groups corresponding to the racial classification of sorghum. Results of principal component analysis showed that the main distinguishing characters between groups were inflorescence compactness and shape, glume coverage, presence or absence of awn, presence or absence of grain sub-coat, grain shape, and grain color. Analysis of correlation showed that there were very strong relationship between glume coverage and the presence of awn, and between the presence of grain sub-coat and grain color. Results of this study revealed that sorghum accessions cultivated on Java Island consisted of four races namely Bicolor, Guinea, Caudatum, and Kafir.

Profil Peternakan Ayam Ras Petelur dan Analisa Faktor Pemicu Belum Tercapainya Swasembada Telur Konsumsi di Nusa Tenggara Barat

The aim of this study is to collect profile of laying chicken farms in West Nusa Tenggara Province to understand factors causing the province to still not self-sufficient in producing egg for consumption purposes. Samples for the study was taken in Lombok Island as the central of laying chicken eggs production in West Nusa Tenggara Province. Samples were taken using Stratfied Random Samling method and were tracked using snow ball method. Data collected consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data consists of profile of laying chicken farms and number of eggs brought to West Nusa Tenggara. On the other hand, secondary data consists of laying chicken population and number of egg production in the West Nusa Tenggara region and neighboring provinces (provinces in Java, Bali and East Nusa Tenggara). The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that laying chicken farms in West Nusa Tenggara were dominated by small scale farms owning from 500 to 9,000 chickens. Most of the farmers tend to practice good farming system. The combination of low number of farmers and chickens population is the reason why West Nusa Tenggara still has to import 6,480 tons of consumption eggs per year.

Field Survey and Numerical Modelling of the December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau Tsunami

On December 22, 2018, the eruption and flank collapse of the Anak Krakatau volcano generated a tsunami in the Sunda Strait causing catastrophic damage to uninhabited coastlines proximal to the source. Along the heavily populated shores of Banten and Lampung provinces in Java and Sumatra, tsunami waves caused severe damage, extensive inundation and more than 430 deaths. An international tsunami survey team (ITST) deployed 6 weeks after the event documented the tsunami effects including runup heights, flow depths and inundation distances, as well as sediment deposition patterns and impacts on infrastructure and the natural environment. The team also interviewed numerous eyewitnesses and educated residents about tsunami hazards. This ITST was the first to visit and document the extreme tsunami effects on the small islands in the Sunda Strait closest to Anak Krakatau (Rakata, Panjang, Sertung, Sebesi and Panaitan). Along the steep slopes of Rakata and Sertung islands, located less than 5 km from and facing directly towards the southwest flank of Anak Krakatau, all of the dense coastal vegetation was stripped to bare earth up to elevations of more than 80 m, while on the northeast tip of Sertung Island, facing away from the source, a single tree remained standing after flow depths of > 11 m above ground struck there. The runup distributions on the islands encircling Anak Krakatau highlight the directivity of the tsunami source suggesting that the collapse occurred towards the southwest. This manifested as tsunami runup of 10 m that stripped away coastal forests to bare rock for up to 400 m inland in the Ujung Kulon National Park, located 50 km to the south-southwest. Inundation and damage were mostly limited to within 400 m of the shoreline, likely the result of the relatively short wavelengths caused by the landslide generated tsunami. A significant variation in tsunami impact was observed along the shorelines of the Sunda Strait, with runup heights rapidly decreasing with distance from the inferred tsunami source. To model the event we applied a hot-start initial condition that roughly reproduced the measured tsunami runup heights along Rakata and Sertung. The waveforms were then propagated through the Sunda Straight using a Boussinesq-type wave model. The results showed a good fit to the observed heights along the Java and Sumatra coastlines, the northern coast of Panaitan Island and Ujung Kulon Nation Park. The model also produced an acceptable fit to the observed amplitudes at tide gauges. Despite the regional volcanic and tsunamigenic history of the region, and 6-months of eruptive activity prior to the event, the tsunami largely caught the local population off guard. This further highlights the need for community-based education and awareness programs as essential to save lives in locales at risk from locally generated tsunamis.

Analisis Pengaruh External Shock Terhadap Pengeluaran Konsumsi Masyarakat Indonesia

Household consumption is differentiated by food and non-food consumption regardless of origin and limited to household expenditures, excluding consumption expenditures for business purposes or provided to other parties. The high risk of external shock experienced by the society in Indonesia were not supported by sufficient systems insurance and social security. This research employed panel data regression. The data used in the study is from Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) data covering: IFLS 4 (2007) dan IFLS 5 (2014) which sample covers 13 provinces in Indonesia (all provinces in Java, Bali, NTB, South Sulawesi, South Kalimantan, South Sumatera, Lampung, West Sumatera and North Sumatera). This study aims to examine the effects of external shock covering including natural disasters and crop loss to the consumption level of Indonesian society. The results showed that there empirical evidence of the impact of natural disasters on food consumption expenditure in Indonesia, the empirical evidence is found significantly influenced the variables of crop loss on food household expenditure in Indonesia

The application of FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics for classification of Mangosteen extract and its correlation with alpha-mangostin

Alfa-mangostin is the major component in Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn) pericarp having several pharmacological activities including reducing blood pressure, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antioxidants. The objective of this study was to develop FTIR spectroscopy-multivariate calibration of partial least square (PLS) for quantitative analysis of alfa-mangostin and to classify mangosteen pericarp using principal component analysis (PCA). Mangosteen pericarps from different locations (Java provinces and South Sulawesi, Republic of Indonesia) were extracted using ethanol and were subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for analysis of alfa-mangostin and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements. HPLC was used to determine the levels of alfa-mangostin, used as actual values during FTIR spectroscopy analysis. The prediction of alfa-mangostin was obtained from the correlation between actual values and FTIR predicted values, facilitated with PLS model. The results showed that wavenumbers region of 3825-937 cm-1 offered reliable model with coefficient correlation (r) value of 0.9927 and root meat square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.0831%. The validation models also exhibited the accurate and precise results for prediction of alfa-mangostin with r-value of 0.9754 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) value of 0.174%. Furthermore, the chemometrics of principal component analysis using variables of absorbances at selected fingerprint (1000-800 cm-1) could classify mangosteen pericarp from different regions. FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics offered the reliable method for quality assurance of mangosteen pericarp.

Listening to Javanese Gamelan Can Reduce Depression Score in Institutionalized Elderly

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>Elderlies who lives in nursing home conceive a high risk of experiencing depression. Music that is usually heard by the elderly in Java Province is Javanese gamelan and there was a few of research that examined its effect on the elderlies depression. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of listening to Javanese gamelan on the depression score of institutionalized elderly. This research used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group approach. The researchers screened 88 elderlies who live in one of nursing home in Yogyakarta with GDS (Geriatric Depression Scale), which acquired 49 depressed elderlies. A purposive sampling technique (criteria: Javanese, not experiencing the hearing loss, cooperative, and not in an isolation room) conduced 26 elderlies as samples. The subjects were divided into two groups with same proportion of ages in each group. Wilcoxon test indicated that there was a decreasing of the depression score in the intervention group (p-value 0.000). The depression score in the control group increased from 7.46 to 9.46. Javanese gamelan is effective in reducing the depression score in institutionalized elderlies.</p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em> </strong><em>Depression, elderly, Javanese gamelan </em></p>

ANALISIS INDUSTRI OTOMOTIF DI PROVINSI DKI JAKARTA, JAWA BARAT, JAWA TENGAH, DAN JAWA TIMUR

The automotive industry is one of the most important driving forces of economic growth. The development of the automotive industry in the provinces of DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java and East Java is very strategic, so the purpose of this study is to test and analyze the inputs that have a significant effect on the output of the automotive industry in the area. The method used is panel data regression for the period 2010-2014 because it follows the 2009 KBLI. The automotive industry ISIC code is 29100-29300 and 30911-30912. Estimation results show that capital, labor, raw material and energy inputs have a significant positive effect on the output of the automotive industry. This means that Cobb Douglas's theory can be used to explain automotive production in the area.

The Level of Efficiency of Islamic Rural Banks (BPRS) in Java 2014-2017 Using Slacks-Based Data Envelopment Analysis

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of BPRS in Java by looking at the factors that could influence it year 2014-2017. This research is quantitative using a non-parametric and non-radial based Data Envelopment Analysis method with an intermediation approach to evaluate efficiency. The object of this study is 72 BPRS in Java. The results indicates that the level of efficiency of BPRS in Java Province was still low.

Short communication: Effects of the various source areas of Indonesian bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) on chemical content and antidiabetic activity

Abstract. Dewijanti ID, Mangunwardoyo W, Dwiranti A, Hanafi M, Artanti N. 2020. Short communication: Effects of the various source areas of Indonesian bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) on chemical content and antidiabetic activity. Biodiversitas 21: 1190-1195. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp) are from an Indonesian plant species belonging to the Myrtaceae family. The Indonesian name for this plant is salam; it is found in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and the Java Islands. Its leaves are the part of the plant commonly used. Salam leaves are usually consumed by people as a food flavoring, but are also used as a traditional antidiabetic medicine. The purpose of this study was to discover the effects of salam leaves’ origins on their chemical content and antidiabetic activity. For this reason, salam leaf samples were collected from three different provinces in Java (West Java, Central Java, and East Java). The samples were extracted by boiling in water. Phytochemical screening, chemical analysis using TLC, HPLC, LC-MSMS, and FTIR, and antidiabetic in vitro testing using alpha-glucosidase inhibition methods were conducted on the salam leaves’ water extracts. The results showed that salam leaf extracts from all three provinces contained quercetin. However, the salam originating from East Java also contained coniferin, the salam from Central Java contained juncusol, and the salam from West Java contained retucine. The salam leaves originating from East Java showed the lowest antidiabetic activity, whereas salam leaf extract showed significantly higher antidiabetic activity. As conclusion, a plant’s growth origin affects its chemical content and antidiabetic activity.

Analysis of Poverty and Inequality in Java, Bali, and Lampung

According to BPS, the largest distribution of the poor in Indonesia is on the island of Java and the surrounding provinces of Banten, West Java, Central Java, D.I. Yogyakarta, Bali and Lampung, of the total poor population in Indonesia, the Seven Provinces contributed 15.71 million to the poor.
 This study aims to analyze Farmer Exchange Rates, Growth of the manufacturing sector, growth of the agricultural sector, Average Length of Education, Percentage of people working in the informal sector on poverty levels, analyze the effect of the ratio of productivity of the industrial sector to the agricultural sector, and the ratio of education to inequality income and analyze the relationship between poverty levels and income inequality in Java, Bali, Lampung. The method used is panel data analysis (pooled data) and correlation analysis as a data processing tool using the Eviews program 9. The results of this study indicate that the influence of the industrial sector is greater than the agricultural sector in reducing poverty, which is -0.47%: -0.40%. Farmer Exchange Rate (NTP) and the ratio of informal education are not significant to poverty, informal education has a positive relationship with poverty, the ratio between the productivity of the manufacturing sector compared with the productivity of the agricultural sector is significant in reducing existing inequality and the ratio of basic education level is not significant to inequality.
 

Socio-Economic Indicators and its Implication on Unemployment: Empirical Study in Six Provinces in Indonesia

This study was aimed to analyze the influence of the primary sector of GRDP, secondary sector of GRDP, tertiary sector of GRDP, basic education graduates, middle education graduates, higher education graduates, male morbidity rate, female morbidity rate, and population growth on the unemployment rate in six provinces in Indonesia including Special Capital Region of Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, Special Region of Yogyakarta, East Java, and Banten Provinces. The data type of this study was secondary data for the period of 2009-2018 and cross data of the six provinces, whereas the data analysis technique used was panel data regression analysis. From the result, it was found that the basic education graduates and population growth on the significance level of 1 percent have a significant influence, while the secondary sector of GRDP, tertiary sector of GRDP, higher education, and the male morbidity rate were found to have a significant influence on the unemployment rate with the significant rate of 5 percent. Keywords : unemployment, economic sectors, human capital, population DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-4-07 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

Domestic Tourism in Indonesia: Another Story of Inequality between Java and Non-Java

This study aimed to examine the pattern of movement of domestic tourists within one country, in this case, in Indonesia. Although many scholars had been addressed by tourism in their research, both international and domestic tourism, there was a limited study that examined the spatial pattern of domestic tourism, especially in developing countries. Therefore, this study intended to do so. This study employed a descriptive analysis of the new data set gathered from the Study of Domestic Tourism Market 2017. The result of this study showed that, although visitors can travel either inside one province or to many other provinces in Indonesia, however, the majority of visitors prefer to travel within one province, which might be related to several factors such as cost and transportation facilities. The data also showed evidence of inequality, especially when comparing Java and Non-Java Provinces. One of the reasons for those disparities can be explained by the fact that people living in Java tend to travel only to other provinces around Java Islands. Another reason is that the level of economic development differs from Java and the outer islands. Transportation access has also affected the disparities since all provinces in Java get benefited from the sophisticated and interconnected transportation systems. On the contrary, Non-Java Provinces are hindered by the limited access to transportation modes or by the expensive transportation cost. A big difference in the average income per capita between Java and Non-Java residents also contributed to the inequality in the number of tourists among the provinces. The individual with high income, of course, has more opportunity to do traveling to many places and to visit attractive sites. Keywords: developing country, domestic tourism, economic development, regional disparities.