Provide Service Differentiation Research Articles

Delay and size‐dependent priority‐aware scheduling for IoT‐based healthcare traffic using heterogeneous multi‐server priority queueing system

AbstractInternet of Things (IoT) based healthcare applications are time‐sensitive and any delay can cause alarming situations, including death of patients. The Earliest Deadline First (EDF) scheduling scheme has been proposed for use in IoT‐based healthcare applications. However, the EDF scheme performs poorly under overloaded conditions due to giving highest priority to packets that are close to missing their deadlines. Some studies have proposed the use of Priority EDF to overcome the challenges of EDF; however, Priority EDF still favours higher priority queues which increases the waiting times of lower priority queues. In order to overcome the limitation of EDF and its variants, this paper proposes a system model for a prioritized scheduling (PS) scheme. The PS scheme is an improvement of the Earliest Deadline First (EDF) scheme and its variants for IoT‐based healthcare applications. The PS scheme uses a heterogeneous multi‐server priority queuing system to provide service differentiation by prioritizing short packets over large packets and delay sensitive packets are serviced before delay tolerant packets. Numerical results demonstrate that the PS scheme minimizes the mean slowdown for both delay sensitive short and large packets at low and high load values. Additionally, the PS scheme performs better than the EDF and Priority EDF schemes in terms of reducing mean slowdown of packets and the PS scheme performs better than the EDF in terms of throughput for all packet sizes at both low and high load values. The performance improvement in terms of throughput is more pronounced at high load values. This addresses the challenge of the EDF scheme which performs poorly under overloaded conditions and the challenge of the Priority EDF scheme which favours higher priority queues at the expense of low priority queues.

IMnet: Intelligent RAT Selection Framework for 5G Enabled IoMT Network.

The COVID-19 outburst has encouraged the adoption of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) network to empower the antiquated healthcare system and alleviate the health care costs. To realise the functionalities of the IoMT network, 5G heterogeneous networks emerged as an exemplary connectivity solution as it facilitates diversified service provisioning in the service delivery model at more convenient care. However, the crucial challenge for 5G heterogeneous wireless connectivity solution is to facilitate agile differentiated service provisioning. Lately, considerable research endeavour has been noted in this direction but multiservice consideration and battery optimisation have not been addressed. Motivated by the gaps in the existing literature, an intelligent radio access technology selection approach has been proposed to ensure Quality of Service provisioning in a multiservice scenario on the premise of battery optimisation. In particular, the proposed approach leverages the concept of Double Deep Reinforcement Learning to attain an optimal network selection policy. Eventually, the proposed approach corroborated by the rigorous simulations demonstrated a substantial improvement in the overall system utility. Subsequently, the performance evaluation underlines the efficacy of the proposed scheme in terms of convergence and complexity.

An Enhancement for IEEE 802.11p to Provision Quality of Service with Context Aware Channel Access for the Forward Collision Avoidance Application in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network.

Key application of an intelligent transportation system is traffic safety, and it provides driver assistance. Safety messages are of two types, beacon messages and event messages. The nodes broadcast these messages in the vehicular networks. The system must rely on a robust medium access control (MAC) protocol to support delivery of safety messages. The standard medium access scheme that is used in vehicular networks to provide service differentiation to support various applications is IEEE 802.11p. The emergency event messages should reach the drivers immediately to take necessary steps to avoid casualties on the road. In IEEE 802.11p, both of these messages are considered with the same priority so that no separate differentiation is created. The proposed work focuses on improving the quality of service for forward collision warning applications in intelligent transportation systems. The scheme proposes a priority-based cooperative MAC (PCMAC) for channel access that works on the context of information. Simulation and analytical results validate improved performance of PCMAC in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, and average packet delivery delay, as compared with other eminent MAC protocols. The simulation results show that it has a 9% higher improvement in throughput than IEEE 802.11p and has better performance in the increasing number of emergency messages.

Prioritized Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a MAC protocol that provides energy efficiency and QoS for wireless sensor networks. Because it does not classify the data according to the characteristics, traditional MAC protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks cannot provide service differentiations for different traffic classes. For the purpose of QoS support, the input data to the node is divided into priority classes according to the transmission emergency. Depending on the urgency of the data, the protocol can provide time slots for nodes and take different contention window sizes for different traffic classes. Nodes use the reinforcement learning-based control mechanism to actively infer the status of other nodes to classify effectively under various kinds of traffic conditions. The proposed protocol can meet the QoS requirements of delay-sensitive applications and can effectively deal with the problem of a multi-channel hidden terminal with the use of multi-queue. For the next purpose, the proposed protocol is energy efficient because it is based on sleep mode. To improve the energy efficiency, each node has a short non-overlapping listening interval, saving energy in idle listening intervals. This is one of the ways to efficiently use the energy of a node to extend the life of the entire network. This achieves low power consumption by increasing the throughput of data processed across the network and enabling efficient transmission. The classified data can be further improved by rearranging the data according to the nature of the transmitted data in the queue.

Fair energy efficient scheduler providing high system capacity for wireless networks

Guaranteeing high system capacity while offering low system energy consumption remains a crucial issue in wireless networks. This one becomes again more difficult if high fairness and high Quality of Service (QoS) are also required. The simultaneous achievement of these objectives often requires the usage of tradeoffs that generally provide average overall performance. However, researching a static tradeoff on the whole of these criteria is not optimal since the magnitude of importance of these ones vary according to the context. In previous works, a solution has been proposed which highlights that a dynamic trade-off based on system traffic load could outperform the static ones. In underloaded context, the focus should be put on low energy consumption while, on the contrary in overloaded context, priority should be done on high system capacity. Even though efficient, this solution is unable to provide service differentiation and consequently full fairness and adequate QoS in many context particularly when mobile have different delay constraints or throughput requirements. This paper proposes a new access scheme able to provide Fairness, Energy efficiency and high system Capacity that is called FEC scheduler. This scheme heightens the benefits of opportunistic scheduling by extending cross layer technique from physical layer to higher layers. Resource allocation is performed thanks to a system of weights that dynamically accounts for all three: the radio conditions, the system energy profitability to select a specific user and its experienced QoS. Performance evaluation shows that this solution offers efficient global system energy consumption without downgrading the system capacity while enabling good QoS differentiation and fairness.

Professionals\u2019 perceptions of the establishment of a specialized brief therapy unit in a district psychiatric centre - a qualitative study

BackgroundIncreasing mental health problems and scarce treatment resources put pressure on mental health services to make innovations in service provision, such as developing differentiated services adapted to different needs. One innovation in differentiated service provision is brief or short-term treatment to patients with moderate mental health problems. Implementing a new unit in an organization usually faces many potential barriers and facilitators, and knowledge on how the professionals providing the services perceive the implementation of innovative approaches in mental health services is scarce. The aim of this study was therefore to explore the professionals’ perceptions of how the establishment of a specialized brief therapy unit had affected the organization, especially the everyday work in the outpatient clinics.MethodsEleven professionals, five men and six women, took part in individual interviews. All participants were between 40 and 60 years old and had leading or coordinating positions in the organization. Their professional backgrounds were within psychology, nursing and medicine, most of them specialists in their field. Data was analyzed according to Systematic text condensation.ResultsThe professionals’ experiences represented four main themes: (1) The brief therapy unit was perceived as successful and celebrated. (2) The general outpatient clinics, on the other hand, were described as “forgotten”. (3) The establishment process had elucidated different views on treatment in the outpatient clinics - and had set off (4) a discussion regarding the criteria for prioritizing in mental health services.ConclusionProviding targeted treatment to patients with moderate mental health problems, while having a concurrent aim to solve broader problems in mental health services, entails a discussion regarding resource use and the appropriate level of treatment provision. Professionals should be more involved when innovative efforts are implemented, and the criteria for success must be conceptualized and evaluated. Longitudinal research on the implementation of innovative efforts in the services should include professionals’ and service users’ perspectives.

Performance analysis of the pending interest table in the cellular network with reservation and retrials

To solve the inefficient use of internet protocol (IP) addresses in the current host-centric internet, the content-centric networking (CCN) replaces the IP address with the content name and the cache memory is used to store data temporarily on each router. One of the key components in CCN is the pending interest table (PIT). When an interest arrives at a CCN node, the node searches the PIT entries for the same request. If no, the node searches the PIT for an idle entry and a request is sent. If there is no idle entry, the request is blocked. If yes, the aggregation mechanism is performed. To prevent the request from becoming out-of-date, the timeout mechanism is adopted. In this work, the authors focus on the performance analysis of PIT in the cellular network with two classes of interests, new and handoff interests. To provide service differentiation, a reservation mechanism is adopted. Furthermore, interests may enter the retrial queue and wait to retry later. First, the authors derived the analytical model for the system considered. Second, the impact of various system parameters on the performance measures is studied. Last but not least, computer simulation is written to verify the accuracy of the analytical results.

Physical Impairment Aware Virtual Optical Network Construction Algorithm with Service Differentiation in Elastic Optical Networks

Background: Elastic optical networks can support high data bit rates efficiently with its flexible wavelength grid, and with virtual optical networks, network resources can be managed simply. However, the signal may be deteriorated by the physical impairments. Therefore, service differentiation techniques have to consider the physical impairments. Objective: We propose a novel virtual optical network construction algorithm that provides service differentiation. Moreover, the effect of physical impairments is considered before constructing a virtual optical network. The goal of the proposed algorithm is to provide service differentiation in terms of the rejection rate of virtual optical network requests. Here, we consider the on-line scenario where the traffic is not known in advance. Methods: In the proposed method, each virtual optical network comprises two nodes and a lightpath between the two nodes. In our proposed method, service differentiation is provided by giving a higher (lower) acceptance rate for high (low) priority users. This method consists of four mechanisms; signaling mechanism, physical impairment estimation mechanism, resource check mechanism, and retransmission mechanism. Numerical Results: We evaluate by simulation the performance of the proposed method in NSFNET and European topologies. Analysis of the rejection rate as function of network load, impact of the network load on the number of retransmissions, and impact of network topology were discussed. Numerical results show that our method not only provides service differentiation but also reduces the overall rejection rate. Conclusion: We can conclude that our method is efficient compared to the conventional methods considering the scenario and topologies analyzed.

Effects of fibre impairments in variable weight optical code division multiple access system

Variable weight optical code division multiple access system (VW-OCDMA) is developed to provide service differentiation in optical metro networks where different applications demand for different quality of services. In VW-OCDMA, different number of wavelengths carries the data for different services. Hence, the fibre impairment effects vary for different services. In this study, the performance of a VW-OCDMA is analysed under the impact of fibre impairments including chromatic dispersion, self-phase modulation, four wave mixing and stimulated Brillouin scattering. It is shown that how higher weights which are supposed to deliver higher quality are more affected by fibre impairments. At last, the experimental results of three users with different weights are demonstrated.

Auction-based cloud service differentiation with service level objectives

The emergence of the cloud computing paradigm has greatly enabled innovative service models, such as Platform as a Service (PaaS), and distributed computing frameworks, such as MapReduce. However, most existing cloud systems fail to distinguish users with different preferences, or jobs of different natures. Consequently, they are unable to provide service differentiation, leading to inefficient allocations of cloud resources. Moreover, contentions on the resources exacerbate this inefficiency, when prioritizing crucial jobs is necessary, but impossible. Motivated by this, we propose Abacus, a generic resource management framework addressing this problem. Abacus interacts with users through an auction mechanism, which allows users to specify their priorities using budgets, and job characteristics via utility functions. Based on this information, Abacus computes the optimal allocation and scheduling of resources. Meanwhile, the auction mechanism in Abacus possesses important properties including incentive compatibility (i.e., the users’ best strategy is to simply bid their true budgets and job utilities) and monotonicity (i.e., users are motivated to increase their budgets in order to receive better services). In addition, when the user is unclear about her utility function, Abacus automatically learns this function based on statistics of her previous jobs. Extensive experiments, running Hadoop on a private cluster and Amazon EC2, demonstrate the high performance and other desirable properties of Abacus.

Distributed Service Level Flow Control and Fairness in Wireless Mesh Networks

IEEE 802.11s mesh networking standard supports Mesh Coordinated Channel Access (MCCA) to provide better quality of service (QoS) through channel reservation during the MAC layer channel access. According to the current QoS specifications, network traffic can be broadly classified into four classes—voice, video, background and best effort. However, MCCA does not directly support the standard service differentiation that is essential for service level QoS assurance. Further, assuring fairness among the flows of similar service classes is required for effective bandwidth utilization. Providing service differentiation along with the fairness is challenging in a distributed environment due to their non-linearity and non-additive properties. This paper uses the concept of $(\alpha ,p)$ -proportional fairness to design a distributed method for providing service differentiation with minimum fairness guarantee. An admission control mechanism is designed over standard mesh protocols to manage the minimum service guarantee for existing flows in the network. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is analyzed using experimental results from an IEEE 802.11n+s mesh networking testbed. The scalability and performance bound of the proposed scheme is further analyzed using simulation results.

광 버스트 스위칭 네트워크에서 서비스 차별화를 제공하는 공유 기반의 허락 제어 방식

4 !(  !!#$%& ' 567,89:; ?@A ' ()(sharing) *+,-. /(admission control) 0 A BC9. B'()*+,-. /0 DE,FGH 67IJK&9L,MNO) 'PQ?'5RS (O7TDMNOU?'VWXY!!#$%& W Z[ )&]C67,:;@A^_C9. B'() *+,-. /0 `C!#$%*ab) 67,Lcde(throughput)f,gh&^F'*'Pijk(Markov) *+,lm_nA<?'5op<lmA\qC9. lmA]rsDMN,Nt@aDTDMNRsDMNOuv'VwGx(yzcsDMN,wG{|sDyz () 67,LO}AL~€x sDMN,wG{|‚2ƒhE&„Z'Vx )67,:Z(9†‡†x(ˆA8=9. AbstractIn this paper, sharing based admission control scheme is suggested for both service differentiation and improvement of wavelength utilization efficiency in burst switching networks. To provide service differentiation and high wavelength utilization efficiency, some of the wavelengths on a output link are shared with all classes and the others are used for the highest class exclusively. Markov based analysis is applied to the suggested scheme for the performance analysis and the numerical results are derived. The results are: The performance of lower traffic is more improved by the more number of shared wavelengths in case that the higher traffic or lower traffic is arrived equally or that the input rate of lower traffic is low. Another result is that the sharing effect of wavelengths is a little bit lowered when lower traffic passes the threshold. Keyword : sharing, service differentiation, optical burst switch, admission control, wavelength utilization

Incentive Mechanism Design for Heterogeneous Peer-to-Peer Networks: A Stackelberg Game Approach

With high scalability, high video streaming quality, and low bandwidth requirement, peer-to-peer (P2P) systems have become a popular way to exchange files and deliver multimedia content over the internet. However, current P2P systems are suffering from “free-riding” due to the peers’ selfish nature. In this paper, we propose a credit-based incentive mechanism to encourage peers to cooperate with each other in a heterogeneous network consisting of wired and wireless peers. The proposed mechanism can provide differentiated service to peers with different credits through biased resource allocation. A Stackelberg game is formulated to obtain the optimal pricing and purchasing strategies, which can jointly maximize the revenue of the uploader and the utilities of the downloaders. In particular, peers’ heterogeneity and selfish nature are taken into consideration when designing the utility functions for theStackelberg game. It is shown that the proposed resource allocation scheme is effective in providing service differentiation for peers and stimulating them to make contribution to the P2P streaming system.

Probabilistic Prediction based Scheduling for Delay Sensitive Traffic in Internet of Things

This paper proposes a probabilistic prediction based approach for providing Quality of Service (QoS) to delay sensitive traffic for Internet of Things (IoT). A joint packet scheduling and dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme is proposed to provide service differentiation and preferential treatment to delay sensitive traffic. The scheduler focuses on reducing the waiting time of high priority delay sensitive services in the queue and simultaneously keeping the waiting time of other services within tolerable limits. The scheme uses the difference in probability of average queue length of high priority packets at previous cycle and current cycle to determine the probability of average weight required in the current cycle. This offers optimized bandwidth allocation to all the services by avoiding distribution of excess resources for high priority services and yet guaranteeing the services for it. The performance of the algorithm is investigated using MPEG-4 traffic traces under different system loading. The results show the improved performance with respect to waiting time for scheduling high priority packets and simultaneously keeping tolerable limits for waiting time and packet loss for other services.

A new control plane for 5G network architecture with a case study on unified handoff, mobility, and routing management

The tremendous growth in wireless Internet use is showing no signs of slowing down. Existing cellular networks are starting to be insufficient in meeting this demand, in part due to their inflexible and expensive equipment as well as complex and non-agile control plane. Softwaredefined networking is emerging as a natural solution for next generation cellular networks as it enables further network function virtualization opportunities and network programmability. In this article, we advocate an all-SDN network architecture with hierarchical network control capabilities to allow for different grades of performance and complexity in offering core network services and provide service differentiation for 5G systems. As a showcase of this architecture, we introduce a unified approach to mobility, handoff, and routing management and offer connectivity management as a service (CMaaS). CMaaS is offered to application developers and over-the-top service providers to provide a range of options in protecting their flows against subscriber mobility at different price levels.

Hybrid Optical Switching for Data Center Networks

Current data centers networks rely on electronic switching and point-to-point interconnects. When considering future data center requirements, these solutions will raise issues in terms of flexibility, scalability, performance, and energy consumption. For this reason several optical switched interconnects, which make use of optical switches and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), have been recently proposed. However, the solutions proposed so far suffer from low flexibility and are not able to provide service differentiation. In this paper we introduce a novel data center network based on hybrid optical switching (HOS). HOS combines optical circuit, burst, and packet switching on the same network. In this way different data center applications can be mapped to the optical transport mechanism that best suits their traffic characteristics. Furthermore, the proposed HOS network achieves high transmission efficiency and reduced energy consumption by using two parallel optical switches. We consider the architectures of both a traditional data center network and the proposed HOS network and present a combined analytical and simulation approach for their performance and energy consumption evaluation. We demonstrate that the proposed HOS data center network achieves high performance and flexibility while considerably reducing the energy consumption of current solutions.

Agent-based Multi-Service Routing for Polar-orbit LEO broadband satellite networks

There exist essential requirements for providing service differentiation in the next-generation networks. In this paper, AMSR (Agent-based Multi-Service Routing) is proposed and evaluated for Polar-orbit LEO broadband satellite networks. AMSR forwards best-effort traffic in a distribute manner using three factors: unfair traffic distribution, link utilization level and constellation geometry characteristics. Meanwhile, AMSR employs an on-demand source routing method, called agent-based inter-satellite link QoS routing (AIQR), to implement QoS routing in space. In AIQR, agent migrates based on best-effort forwarding to gather QoS routing information, and determines QoS path considering both call duration and the periodic changes in network topology. Moreover, with protecting ongoing communication in mind, a gradual rerouting strategy is introduced to deal with user-to-satellite and satellite-to-satellite handover. Through simulations on an Iridium-like system, AMSR is shown to achieve better QoS guarantee and more effective service differentiation as well as lower overhead compared with the previously proposed methods. Especially, simulation results thoroughly reveal AMSR’s handover performance in terms of latency and hop count, rerouting frequency and overhead. Additionally, the credits and further research of this study are pointed out.

QoS in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks: A Layered and Cross-Layered Approach

The emergence of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSN) has given birth to several civilian as well as defense applications. Some of the interesting applications employing low cost sensor nodes to manipulate rich multimedia content include traffic monitoring, border surveillance, smart homes, environment and habitat monitoring. Unlike the traditional sensor networks which are aimed at maximizing network lifetime by decreasing energy utilization, the main objective of WMSNs is optimized delivery of multimedia content along with energy efficiency. Multimedia communications in WMSNs, has stringent delay and high bandwidth requirement as compared to scalar data transfer in WSNs. Fulfilling these constraints in resource and energy constrained WMSNs is a huge challenge. In WMSNs, each layer of the protocol stack is responsible and fully involved in providing QoS guarantees. There is a need for new schemes at each layer of the protocol stack- from advanced coding techniques that reduce encoder complexity and achieve maximum compression to dynamic routing and MAC protocols that provide service differentiation and reduce end-to-end latency. In wireless sensor networks, where all layers have dependency on each other, QoS guarantees are possible through the cross layer interaction of different layers. This paper gives an overview of the different existing layered schemes in WMSNs, followed by a discussion on the significance and efficiency gains that can be achieved from cross layer interactions in WMSNs along with the review of the existing cross layer approaches. Finally, we identify the open research issues which have not been adequately addressed so far.

Hybrid Optical Switching for Energy-Efficiency and QoS Differentiation in Core Networks

In the future, the Internet may ultimately be constrained by energy consumption and the capability to provide quality of service (QoS). As regards the Internet core, hybrid optical switching (HOS) is promising to provide service differentiation and reduced energy consumption in respect to current electronic switching solutions. In this paper we present a novel hybrid HOS network architecture that efficiently integrates the optical packet, burst, and circuit switching on the same network. The proposed HOS network envisages the use of two parallel switches, a slow optical switch for the transmission of circuits and long bursts, and a fast switch for the transmission of packets and short bursts. The most appropriate switching method is selected for the traffic generated by different applications and the less power consuming elements are utilized for transmission, ensuring flexibility, QoS differentiation, and low energy consumption. The HOS network is organized in an overlay model with the HOS control layer performing routing, signaling, and link management, and with the HOS forwarding layer managing the reservation of resources and data scheduling. Performance and energy efficiency of the analyzed network are assessed by means of a combined analytical and simulation approach.

Distortion-Aware Scalable Video Streaming to Multinetwork Clients

<?Pub Dtl=""?> We consider the problem of scalable video streaming from a server to multinetwork clients over heterogeneous access networks, with the goal of minimizing the distortion of the received videos. This problem has numerous applications including: 1) mobile devices connecting to multiple licensed and ISM bands, and 2) cognitive multiradio devices employing spectrum bonding. In this paper, we ascertain how to optimally determine which video packets to transmit over each access network. We present models to capture the network conditions and video characteristics and develop an integer program for deterministic packet scheduling. Solving the integer program exactly is typically not computationally tractable, so we develop heuristic algorithms for deterministic packet scheduling, as well as convex optimization problems for randomized packet scheduling. We carry out a thorough study of the tradeoff between performance and computational complexity and propose a convex programming-based algorithm that yields good performance while being suitable for real-time applications. We conduct extensive trace-driven simulations to evaluate the proposed algorithms using real network conditions and scalable video streams. The simulation results show that the proposed convex programming-based algorithm: 1) outperforms the rate control algorithms defined in the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) by about 10–15 dB higher video quality; 2) reduces average delivery delay by over 90% compared to DCCP; 3) results in higher average video quality of 4.47 and 1.92 dB than the two developed heuristics; 4) runs efficiently, up to six times faster than the best-performing heuristic; and 5) does indeed provide service differentiation among users.