Provenance Research Articles

Эффективность и безопасность различных лекарственных форм бримонидина при глаукоме и офтальмогипертензии

Purpose. To present data on the mechanism of action, efficacy, and side effects of various brimonidine dosage forms in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Material and methods. To perform the review, literature sources were searched through the PubMed and Scopus databases up to and including 2021, using the keywords «brimonidine», «efficacy», «safety», «glaucoma medication». A total of 36 articles related to the topic of the review were selected. The beginning of publications on this topic dates back to 1995. Results. Brimonidine, an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, effectively reduces intraocular pressure and can be used as monotherapy, adjuvant and replacement therapy. The effectiveness of brimonidine is similar to that of timolol and prevails over betaxolol but inferior to prostaglandin analogues. The new drug formulation brimonidine-purite 0.15% has a more favorable safety and tolerability profile than the original brimonidine 0.2% while maintaining similar efficacy. However, most patients require two or more hypotensive medications to maintain target IOP. In this context, brimonidine is one of the most appropriate drugs because of its pr oven efficacy when combined with other classes of hypotensive drugs. Conclusion. Brimonidine can be used as monotherapy for glaucoma and ophthalmic hypertension. Experimental and clinical studies have shown a potential neuroprotective effect of brimonidine, which is associated with a direct effect on retinal cells, regardless of the effect of the drug on intraocular pressure. Key words: glaucoma, brimonidine, hypotensive drops, intraocular pressure.

The Hymn Rex sanctorum angelorum in Notated Missal ms. 387 and its Partial Meaning in the Search of the Provenance of the Manuscript

Hymn Rex sanctorum angelorum w missale notatum sygn. rkp. 387 i jego znaczenie w poszukiwaniu proweniencji rękopisu
 Hymn Rex sanctorum angelorum jest śpiewem Wigilii Paschalnej przeznaczonym na błogosławieństwo wody przed chrztem katechumenów. Obecność tego śpiewu w średniowiecznych rękopisach nie jest powszechna. W Missale notatum zanotowano go również na wigilię uroczystości Zesłania Ducha Świętego. Jego wersja różni się jednak od większości przebadanych manuskryptów. W porównaniu z nimi rkp. 387 zachowuje w większym stopniu tradycję niemiecką. Biorąc pod uwagę niektóre zawarte w nim obrzędy, np. związane z chrztem dziecka, wielce prawdopodobne jest duńskie pochodzenie tego rękopisu.

Provenance of late Republican Roman pottery from Caput Adriae revealed by non-invasive mineral chemistry of melanitic garnets and other igneous minerals

Quite rare pottery shards showing a paste rich in black sand particles, possibly igneous minerals, have been discovered in late Republican Roman sites of Trieste area (NE Italy) and SW Slovenia in the Caput Adriae. Most of them belong to late Greco-Italic and Dressel 1 amphora types, in use from the end of the 3 rd and the beginning of 1 st centuries BC. Following a methodological procedure based on the analysis of igneous temper, proved to be particularly effective by several scholars, numerous minerals have been extracted from the surface of 16 pottery shards, without causing any visible damage to them. Microprobe analysis has allowed the identification of igneous minerals (olivine, clinopyroxene, feldspar and garnet), most likely originating from the Roman or Campanian magmatic provinces. The chemistry of garnets, indicated in the past as a possible tracer of ancient commerce but no longer used in the last decades to study Italian late Republican pottery, has proved to be a promising tool to distinguish among the two magmatic provinces. According to our study, most of the investigated garnets-bearing samples would originate from Somma-Vesuvius while some of them from Latium.

Caraterização das utentes que acorrem ao Programa de Prevenção da Transmissão Vertical na Maternidade do Hospital Geral do Huambo de Junho de 2018 a Julho de 2019

Introdução. O programa da prevenção da transmissão vertical constitui o pilar para a redução do HIV da mãe para o bebe e contribui para diminuir a morbi-mortalidade materna e infantil, aumentando assim a esperança de vida das populações. A presente pesquisa objectivou: caracterizar as utentas que acorrem ao programa de prevenção da transmissão vertical (PTV) na maternidade do Hospital Geral do Huambo no período de Julho de 2005 a Julho de 2019 através análise dos processos clinicos e livros de registro tendo em conta as seguintes variáveis: idade, estado civil, número de consultas pré-natais, idade gestacional, nivel de escolariadade, proveniência, tratamento anti-retroviral, estado serológico do parceiro e do bebe. Métodos: O estudo é do tipo descritivo, retrospectivo e transversal. Foram analisadas informações de 247 utentes com HIV que aderiam ao programa de preveção da transmissão vertical do ano 2005 a 2019 Resultados: A MD=28 Anos o DP=6,33 a faixa etaria mais prevalente foi de 23-28 anos de idade com 32% seguida de 29-34 com 27, 9% ; quanto o estado civil verificamos que maior parte das utentes são solteiras 37,2% seguidas das casadas 30%. Relativamente a aderência as consultas pré natais verifica-se que n=174(70,45%) realizaram apenas uma consulta, n=52(21,04%) duas consultas e n=7(2,83%) não aderiaram. Quanto ao nível escolaridade verficamos que maior parte das utentes tem o médio concluído 51,4% e 14,2% tem o superior. Face a idade gestacional verificamos que 21,46% tinham entre 14-18 semanas, 13-20 semanas representvam 20,24% e de 23-27 com 19, 03% . O TARV mais usado foi o AZT+3TC+NVP com 49,4% é o TDF3TCEFV que representou 47,8%.Informações do estado serológico dos parceiros apontam para n= 165(66,8%) positivos e n=30 (12.1%) negativos mais verifou-se também que n=52(21,1%) não realizaram o teste.Quanto o estado serológico do bebe verificaou-se n=172(69,64%) foram negativos, n=61(24,70%) não fizeram o teste e n=14(15,67%) foram positivos.Conclusão: o programa de prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV da mãe para o bebe é de suma importância para evitar que crianças nasçam seropositivas. No entanto, há ainda algum trabalho a percorrer voltado a consciencialização sobre a necessidade da testagem e aderência ao PTV.

Provenance of the Miocene Nanchital Conglomerate, western Chiapas Foldbelt, Mexico: implications for reservoir sands in the Sureste Basin, greater Campeche Province

Provenance of the Miocene Nanchital Conglomerate, western Chiapas Foldbelt, Mexico: implications for reservoir sands in the Sureste Basin, greater Campeche Province

Not Free to Roam: Misleading Food Credence Claims, the ACCC and the Need for Corporate Social Responsibility

This article explores misleading food credence claims. The article commences by drawing attention to a concomitant increase indifferentiated foods (eg locally sourced, free-range or ‘healthy’) and information asymmetry (ie where food businesses possess more accurate and useful information than consumers). The article then examines attempts by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (‘ACCC’) to deter misleading food credence claims and identifies a taxonomy of misleading food credence claims including those made about a food’s: (i) provenance; (ii) manufacture or production; and (iii) qualities or characteristics. The article then situates the ACCC’s efforts within the dialectic of Corporate Social Irresponsibility (‘CSI’) and Corporate Social Responsibility (‘CSR’), and in so doing, within regulatory theory that espouses a mix of deterrence and cooperation. We argue that while the ACCC plays a crucial role in deterring misleading food credence claims its focus is on CSI: meaning that more needs to be done to encourage CSR in relation to accurate and unbiased food credence claims. By treating food credence claims as a matter of CSR, food businesses can support informed decision-making and perhaps even contribute to better health outcomes. Indeed, conceptualising food credence claims as CSR is an important and necessary step in ensuring that honest and accurate food credence claims become the norm, not just the law.

Clinical Text Mining on FHIR.

Semantic standards and human language technologies are key enablers for semantic interoperability across heterogeneous document and data collections in clinical information systems. Data provenance is awarded increasing attention, and it is especially critical where clinical data are automatically extracted from original documents, e.g. by text mining. This paper demonstrates how the output of a commercial clinical text-mining tool can be harmonised with FHIR, the leading clinical information model standard. Character ranges that indicate the origin of an annotation and machine generates confidence values were identified as crucial elements of data provenance in order to enrich text-mining results. We have specified and requested necessary extensions to the FHIR standard and demonstrated how, as a result, important metadata describing processes generating FHIR instances from clinical narratives can be embedded.

Provenance Solutions for Medical Research in Heterogeneous IT-Infrastructure: An Implementation Roadmap.

Research data generated in large projects raise challenges about not only data analytics but also data quality assessments and data governance. The provenance of a data set - that is the history of data sets - holds information relevant to technicians and non-technicians and is able to answer questions regarding data quality, transparency, and more. We propose an implementation roadmap to extract, store, and utilize provenance records in order to make provenance available to data analysts, research subjects, privacy officers, and machines (machine readability). Each aspect is tackled separately, resulting in the implementation of a provenance toolbox. We aim to do so within the context of HiGHmed, a research consortium established within the medical informatics initiative in Germany. In this testbed of federated IT-infrastructures, the toolbox shall assist each stakeholder in answering domain-specific and domain-agnostic questions regarding the provenance of data sets. This way, we will improve data re-use, transparency, and reproducibility.

Is Local Better? Consumer Value in Food Purchasing and the Role of Short Food Supply Chains

This paper investigates the current research on how consumers select the foods they buy and how they define ‘quality’. Consumer decisions are complex and whilst a few consumers prioritise local above all other factors when selecting food, for most local is simply one of multiple factors which influence the food choices they make. Short Food Chains are not necessarily local but are based on supply chains with fewer steps in the chain from producer to consumer. Short Food Chains ensure that more of the value of the food is returned to producers and allows consumers to have a more direct connection to where and how their food was produced. Short Food Chains tend to exhibit features which consumers increasingly value, whether these be traceability and provenance, organic, familiarity, tradition or a connection to a specific place and culture. These strengths of Short Food Chains suggest that there is real potential to see major growth in this sector in the coming decade. As Kotler observed, you have to sell to the pocket, the heart and the soul and, in the food sector, embracing Short Food Chains can help producers to do this.

Geographical variation and the response to hydrothermal factor of stable carbon isotope (δ13C) in Pinus massoniana.

We used 10 representative provenances at different latitudes in two 33-year-old Pinus massoniana provenance test stands (Chun'an Laoshan in Zhejiang and Taizi Mountain Shilong in Hubei) to measure the differences among provenances, study the geographical variation, and identify its responses to hydrothermal factors. The results showed that the δ13C of the average annual rings was significantly different among the provenances of P. massoniana, being higher in trees from high latitude than from low latitude. The δ13C of average annual rings showed a zonal variation trend, indicating an adaptation to the original environment. The δ13C of annual rings was negatively correlated with mean annual temperature (MAT), mean temperature in January (T1), annual precipitation (MAP), precipitation from May to September (P5-9) and cumulative temperature above 10 ℃ (CT). It was positively correlated with the aridity index (AI). The response function of AI toδδ13C annual rings in Chun'an and Taizi Mountain explained 37.5% and 42.5% of the variation, respectively, indicating that AI was the most important limiting factor. The Taizi Mountain test site in Hubei Province located in the central and western region with relatively dry soil and high aridity. Therefore, the δ13C of the average annual ring was 1.8% higher than that in the Chun'an test site. The δ13C rings of P. massoniana at the Taizi Mountain and Chun'an were sensitive to the temperature in July and August, respectively. Summer precipitation was the main factor for carbon isotope fractionation with stable rings. The sensitivity of different provenances to future climate changes was different.

PS1267 ISAVUCONAZOLE IN HEMATOLOGICAL PATIENTS: FINAL RESULTS OF A REAL‐LIFE MULTICENTER SEIFEM (SORVEGLIANZA EPIDEMIOLOGICA DELLE INFEZIONI NELLE EMOPATIE) STUDY

Background:Isavuconazole (ISV) has been reported as safe and effective in the SECURE trial (Maertens 2016).Aims:To confirm the efficacy and safety of ISV in hematological patients in a clinical care setting.Methods:We planned a multicenter retrospective study, collecting all cases of invasive fungal infections (IFI) occurring in hematological patients (pts) treated with ISV in 17 Centers between Jul‐16 and Nov‐18. IFI were categorized as possible (PS), probable (PB) or proven (PV) according to EORTC/MSG criteria. The impact of age, gender, type and status of disease at IFI (diagnosis [Dx], complete and partial remission [CR/PR], relapse/refractory [r/r]), type of IFI, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT), neutropenia and timing of ISV treatment were evaluated.Results:One‐hundred and twenty‐eight pts were enrolled (M/F ratio: 76/52, median age 57y, range 18–80). AL were 88 (68%) (myeloid 57%; lymphoblastic 12%), lymphoma 28 (22%), myeloma 4 (3%), aplastic anemia 3 (2%) and myelodysplastic syndromes 5 (4%) pts. Thirty‐one (24%) patients developed IFI at Dx, 54 (42%) while on CR/PR and 43 (34%) with r/r disease; alloSCT pts were 50 (39%). IFI were PS in 54 (42%), PB in 61 (48%) and PV in 13 (10%) cases. Aspergillus spp was responsible for 67 (91%) of PB/PV IFI; in the remaining 7 cases, 1 Rhizomucor and 1 Fusarium spp were isolated and in 5 histologically PV IFI no specific agent was identified. Lung was the more frequent site of IFI (110, 86%), followed by paranasal sinuses (13, 10%). ISV was employed as 1st line therapy in 44 (34%) and as subsequent line in 84 (66%) pts. The median duration of previous treatments was 18d (range 3–1110). Reasons for ISV use were failure in 45 (54%) and intolerance in 17 (20%) of 84 cases. In 17 (20%) ISV was chosen because of the need to switch to oral antifungal agent and in 5 (6%) for a favorable drug‐interaction profile. Median duration of ISV treatment was 50d (2–375). Clinical and radiological overall response rate (ORR) was 82 of 118 evaluable pts (69%); it was similar when using ISV as 2nd line with refractory IFI or not (respectively: 67% vs 77%). In multivariate analysis, underlying disease status was confirmed as a predictive factor for ORR to ISV (rec/ref HR 0.259, CI 0.111–0.604). After a median follow‐up of 4.2mo, 44 (34%) pts died; IFI‐attributable mortality was 13/128 (10%). The estimated 1‐year overall survival (OS) from IFI diagnosis of the entire cohort was 50% (CI 0.22–0.45); figures were similar for PS vs PB/PV IFI (52.8% vs 48.7%), AL vs no AL (49% vs 51%) and first vs subsequent line use of ISV (49% vs 51%). OS was significantly lower for pts with refractory IFI (36% vs 58%, p = 0.05) (Fig.1), with r/r hematological disease (r/r 19% vs CR/PR 71%, p = 0.0007, or vs Dx 59%, p = 0.016) and in alloSCT pts (38% vs 58%, p = 0.029). Response to ISV was associated to better OS (HR 0.102, CI 0.04–0.26), while r/r disease showed a trend toward statistically significant negative impact on OS (rel/ref HR 2.344, CI 0.932–5.899). Adverse events (AE) were reported in 15/128 pts (11.7%) (hepatic in 5, cutaneous in 3, gastroenteric in 7 and hypokaliemia in 3); grade 3–4 AE were reported in 5 (4%) cases and led to permanent ISV discontinuation.Summary/Conclusion:ISV is used in hematological pts also in diseases other than acute myeloid leukemia and it is overall well tolerated. ORR to ISV is at least comparable with other antifungal agents. Having an IFI refractory to other antifungal agents does not seem to compromise the response to ISV, although this condition, together with a r/r underlying disease, negatively impacts on survival.image

The Excavated Fragments from Qumran: Steps Toward A Reappraisal

After a brief survey of the early history of the Dead Sea Scrolls discovery from the perspective of the provenance of archaeological artifacts, this article offers a table of the so-called “E” series fragments from Qumran, that is to say those PAM photos containing only fragments coming from controlled excavations. What remains to be done is to identify each fragment of each text contained in the “E” series photographs.

Clinical characteristics of pediatric ocular toxocariasis

Objective To describe the clinical manifestations of pediatric ocular toxocariasis. Methods The clinical data of 163 pediatric patients (163 eyes) with ocular toxocariasis from March 2012 to March 2018 at Beijing Tongren Hospital were retrospectively analyzed, with at least a follow-up of 5 months.The mean age of the patients was (7.03±2.54) years old, and 71.8% of the patients were male.The provenances, clinical features, color doppler image (CDI) and ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM) manifestations and treatment of the patients were retrospectively analyzed. Results The patients were mainly from north area of China, 72.4% of the patients came from rural area, and 59.5% had a history of close contact with cats or dogs; 84.8% of the patients had an initial best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of less than 0.1, 48.5% of the patients had peripheral granuloma formation, most cases presented with manifestations of chronic inflammation, such as lamellar vitreous opacity, tractional retinal detachment and band-shaped degenerations of the cornea.CDI examination demonstrated tractional retinal detachment in 84.4% of the patients and UBM detected that 52.7% of the patients had peripheral vitreoretinal pathologies ranged more than 6 clock-hours.Eighty-four percent of the patients undergone vitrectomy for severe vitreous opacity and/ or tractional detachment. Conclusions Most of the patients are school-age children, with a history of close contact of cats or dogs, and have poor visual acuity and severe clinical manifestations, such as vitreous opacity and/ or tractional detachment which needed vitrectomy.CDI and UBM are helpful in confirming the scope and severity of introcuar pathologies. Key words: Uveitis; Ocular toxoariasis; Children

Antifungal activity of analogues of antimicrobial peptides isolated from bee venoms against vulvovaginal Candida spp

Candida albicans is the main causative agent of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), a common mycosis in women, relapses of which are difficult to manage due to biofilm formation. This study aimed at developing novel non-toxic compounds active against Candida spp. biofilms. We synthesised analogues of natural antifungal peptides LL-III (LL-III/43) and HAL-2 (peptide VIII) originally isolated from bee venoms and elucidated their structures by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The haemolytic, cytotoxic, antifungal and anti-biofilm activities of LL-III/43 and peptide VIII were then tested. LL-III/43 and VIII showed moderate cytotoxicity to HUVEC-2 cells and had comparable inhibitory activity against C. albicans and non-albicans spp. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) of LL-III/43 was observed towards Candida tropicalis (0.8 µM). That was 8-fold lower than that of antimycotic amphotericin B. Both peptides can be used to inhibit Candida spp. bio film f ormation. Biofilm inhibitory concentrations (BIC50) ranged from 0.9 to 58.6 µM and biofilm eradication concentrations (BEC50) for almost all tested Candida spp. strains ranged from 12.8 to 200 µM. Als o pro ven were the peptides' abilities to reduce the area colonised by biofilms , inhibit hyphae formation and permeabilise cell membranes in biofil ms . LL-III/43 and VIII are promising candidates for further development as therapeutics against VVC.

Provenance of synorogenic deposits of the Upper Cretaceous–Lower Palaeogene Jarmuta–Proč Formation (Pieniny Klippen Belt, Western Carpathians)

Provenance of synorogenic deposits of the Upper Cretaceous–Lower Palaeogene Jarmuta–Proč Formation (Pieniny Klippen Belt, Western Carpathians)

Lopingian to Middle Triassic provenance analysis of sedimentary rocks in the middle segment of the Da Hinggan Mountains: Evidence from the heavy mineral assemblage and the detrital zircon U-Pb ages

黑龙江西部龙江地区位于中亚造山带东段，黑河-贺根山缝合带与西拉木伦缝合带之间，地层记录了两大古板块之间古亚洲洋闭合过程的信息。本文对龙江地区乐平统林西组和下-中三叠统老龙头组的砂岩样品进行碎屑重矿物和碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究。碎屑重矿物组合以锆石+磷灰石+金红石+角闪石+绿帘石+重晶石的组合为特征，表明物源主要来自于中酸性岩浆岩，并有少量变质岩及沉积岩组分。林西组样品最年轻的锆石年龄为278±3Ma，老龙头组样品最年轻的锆石年龄为247±3Ma、243±4Ma及237±3Ma，结合前人的研究，限定了林西组沉积于乐平世，老龙头组沉积于早三叠世-中三叠世。碎屑锆石年龄谱明显分为五组：237~258Ma、270~329Ma、357~558Ma、680~1633Ma及1893~1966Ma。其中237~258Ma的碎屑锆石主要来自与古亚洲洋洋壳消亡前的俯冲增生过程相关的火山活动，270~329Ma的碎屑锆石主要来自大石寨组火山岩及其同期侵入岩，357~558Ma的碎屑锆石来自早古生代-晚古生代早期岩浆弧，680~1633Ma的碎屑锆石可能来自兴安及额尔古纳地块的变质基底，而较古老的~1800Ma的锆石年龄暗示了华北克拉通基底的物源信息。通过研究发现林西组及老龙头组样品前30%年轻的碎屑锆石年龄与地层沉积年龄之差都小于100Ma，结合对砂岩碎屑组成、重矿物组合及盆地与火山弧位置关系的研究，认为研究区乐平世-中三叠世沉积盆地具有汇聚背景，为弧前盆地。

Da depositi invisibili a risorse visibili: Il GIS per la gestione dei depositi di materiale archeologico

The paper presents a GIS platform for the management of archaeological warehouses located in the territory of the IV Municipality of Rome. The need to create a GIS was owed to the distribution of archaeological material in at least 15 different stores. The contents and provenance of the boxes and their archaeological material have been recorded. A GIS platform has been developed, based on QGIS Desktop (version 3.0) and a geodatabase built on PostgreSQL/ PostGIS. As a cartographic base, both the existing cartography in the WMS format and the free downloadable cartography in .shp format were used. Further, a single table was created, merging the existing tables of different formats from the various warehouses examined.

PROVENANCE OF KARAKUM DESERT SAND (TURKMENISTAN): LITHIC-RICH OROGENIC SIGNATURE OF CENTRAL ASIAN DUNE FIELDS

Major deserts do not necessarily consist of eolian dunes as quartz-rich as those of the Great Nafud, Rub’ al Khali, Sahara, and Mega-Kalahari sand seas accumulated in anorogenic settings of Arabia and Africa. The Karakum dune field of Turkmenistan is one of the several examples of central Asian deserts bound by recent or recently reactivated orogenic belts where eolian sand includes abundant sedimentary and subordinately metamorphic and volcanic lithic fragments. Feldspatho-litho-quartzose detrital modes and epidote-amphibole-garnet heavy-mineral suites of southern Karakum dune sand compare well with those in mountain branches of the Amu Darya, indicating provenance from the western Pamir mountains of Tajikistan in the east. Dunes closer to the Caspian Sea in the west contain additional carbonate or felsic volcanic grains which, together with decreasing heavy-mineral concentration and increasing ZTR indices, reveals local recycling of cover strata exposed in the Kopeh-Dagh and Balkhan zone. Our data suggest that the huge Amu Darya River, which in Plio-Pleistocene to historical times has repeatedly changed its course across Turkmenistan from westward toward the Caspian Sea to northward toward the Aral Sea, represents the major sediment source for the Karakum Desert. Together with the Taklamakan sand sea of the Tarim basin, the Ordos and adjacent deserts of northern China, and the Thal and Thar deserts of the western Himalayan foreland basin, the Karakum would thus represent another example of large dune field principally fed by one major fluvial feeder system.

Rare Earth Elements' Geochemical Characteristics of Nebkhas in the Qaidam Basin and the Provenance

Rare Earth Elements' Geochemical Characteristics of Nebkhas in the Qaidam Basin and the Provenance

Effects of different seed treatments, provenance and size on germination and early establishment of Olea europaea

Knowledge and understanding of the factors affecting germination and growth of tree species is of paramount importance for enhancing the efforts towards afforestation. Hence, the prime objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of seed treatment methods, provenance and size on germination and early nursery performance of Olea europaea. The experiment was arranged in a factorial combination and laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Factor A was seed treatment methods (soaking in three levels of hot water, soaking in four levels of concentrated H2SO4, heating with fire, de-coating and control). Factor B was two seed provenances and factor C was two seed size classes. Interaction of seed size and provenance had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on all parameters. Different seed soaking method showed highly significant difference (p < 0.01) in all parameters. Seed de-coating had maximum value for all parameters but seeds treated with fire had lowest value. Hence, the germination percentages under nursery condition were 85.8 and 2.5% for de-coated and fire treated seeds, respectively. It was concluded that seeds from both provenances and seed size class germinated and were established equally; de-coating improved germination and early nursery performance; whereas, fire affected germination and early nursery performance negatively. Seed de-coating has to be done widely for the improvement of germination and early establishment of Olea europaea and further research is needed on the use of fire for breaking dormancy. Key words: Dormancy, germination, Olea europaea, provenance, seed treatment, seed.