Provenance Plot Research Articles

Оценка отклика на изменение климата в опытах с происхождениями Picea abies (L.) Karst. × P. obovata (Ledeb.) на севере Русской равнины

The article studies the intraspecific response of European spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. × P. obovata (Ledeb.)) to climatic changes on the basis of data on the growth of 15 provenances in 31-year-old provenance plot of the North Russian Plain (Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions) simulating warming and cooling. We compared the actual height and diameter at the test site and the calculated height at the places of growth of the source stands, determined by recalculating the actual progeny growth data through the latitudinal growth coefficients proposed by I.V. Volosevich for the North Russian Plain. The difference between the calculated and actual growth rates of the corresponding provenance at the test site represented the response of the provenance to the change in growing conditions. The response was crosschecked with differences in climatic characteristics (sum of effective temperatures above 10 °C) and geographic coordinates of the places of origin and growth of spruce. Spruce has approximately the same response rate if offspring move by an equal amount of gradient (north latitude) to the south or to the north and if the climatic factor (sum of temperatures above 10 °C) changes towards warming or cooling. While the sum of temperatures changes above 10 °C for every 100 °C, the difference in growth in height and diameter will be 0.48 m and 0.42 cm, respectively; for each degree of change in northern latitude, on average, 0.50 m and 0.44 cm in height and diameter, respectively. However, for species from the northern taiga subzone, mainly represented by Siberian spruce (P. obovata) the response of the species will be half as much than for the origin of hybrid spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. × P. obovata (Ledeb.)) from the middle taiga subzone. The calculated values of response by height and diameter for European spruce should be considered when regulating seed transfer and used in forecasts for the adaptation of forestry measures to the expected climatic changes.

Does leaf mass per area (LMA) discriminate natural pine populations of different origins?

Tree provenance trials are believed to be a valuable tool for assessing the adaptive potential of a population to a changing environment and ultimately for predicting the populations that are best adapted to global warming. Here, the phenotypic plasticity of morphometric traits of needles and lateral shoots of pines growing in a provenance plot in central Poland was examined to assess the inter- and intra-population variability. No significant differences were found in the measured and counted morphometric features, i.e., needle length (NL), cumulative needles length (CNL), thickness (ST), volume (SV) and shoot density (SD), number of needles per 5 cm fragment of shoot (NN), dry weight of needles (NDW) and shoot (SDW), thickness of bark (BT) and wood (WT), pith diameter (PD), and needle dry mass per area (LMA) among three pine populations while accounting for their region of origin (inter-population variability). In terms of the above-mentioned features, individual populations differed significantly from each other, except for NN and ST. We also noticed a positive, significant relationship between LMA and ST in all studied populations and based on Euclidean distances of measurable or counted traits, three population groups were identified. We concluded that LMA, which is commonly used to quantify leaf structure, is helpful in differentiating intra-population variability.

Sedimentology, petrography, and reservoir quality of the Zarga and Ghazal formations in the Keyi oilfield, Muglad Basin, Sudan

The Zarga and Ghazal formations constitute important reservoirs across the Muglad Basin, Sudan. Nevertheless, the sedimentology and diagenesis of these reservoir intervals have hitherto received insignificant research attention. Detailed understanding of sedimentary facies and diagenesis could enhance geological and geophysical data for better exploration and production and minimize risks. In this study, subsurface reservoir cores representing the Zarga formation (1114.70–1118.50 m and 1118.50–1125.30 m), and the Ghazal formation (91,403.30–1406.83 m) were subjected to sedimentological (lithofacies and grain size), petrographic/mineralogic (thin section, XRD, SEM), and petrophysical (porosity and permeability) analyses to describe their reservoir quality, provenance, and depositional environments. Eight (8) different lithofacies, texturally characterized as moderately to well-sorted, and medium to coarse-grained, sub-feldspathic to feldspathic arenite were distinguished in the cored intervals. Mono-crystalline quartz (19.3–26.2%) predominated over polycrystalline quartz (2.6–13.8%), feldspar (6.6–10.3%), and mica (1.4–7.6%) being the most prominent constituent of the reservoir rocks. Provenance plot indicated the sediments were from a transitional continental provenance setting. The overall vertical sequence, composition, and internal sedimentary structures of the lithofacies suggest a fluvial-to-deltaic depositional environment for the Ghazal formation, while the Zarga formation indicated a dominant deltaic setting. Kaolinite occurs mainly as authigenic mineral, while carbonates quantitatively fluctuate with an insignificant amount of quartz overgrowths in most of the analyzed cores. Integration of XRD, SEM, and thin section analysis highlights that kaolinite, chlorite, illite, and smectite are present as authigenic minerals. Pore-destroying diagenetic processes (e.g. precipitation, cementation, and compaction etc.) generally prevailed over pore-enhancing processes (e.g. dissolution). Point-counted datasets indicate a better reservoir quality for the Ghazal formation (ɸ = 27.7% to 30.7%; K = 9.65 mD to 1196.71 mD) than the Zarga formation (17.9% to 24.5%; K = 1051.09 mD to 1090.45 mD).

Evaluation of an Acacia mangium Provenance Trial after Seven Years, on the Ibi - Batéké Plateau, Democratic Republic of the Congo

This study reports on the evaluation of 46 Acacia mangium provenances and varieties, which were planted in 2006 on the Ibi-Batéké Plateau, Democratic Republic of the Congo. After seven years, tree height and diameter, biomass and carbon stocks of the 46 Acacia mangium provenances, together with soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations, were compared with savannah soils in which Acacia was no present. Heights and diameters of 20 to 25 trees per provenance were measured. Carbon in the biomass was determined by the direct method. In total, 25 trees were harvested and weighed for each carbon compartment (leaves, branches, litter, trunks and roots). Ninety soil samples were collected at three different depths in the provenance plots and on the savannah and analyzed for their C and N concentrations. There were differences in height and diameter growth and in accumulated carbon among trees of different origins (provenances). Finally, soil C and N differed under different provenances, and with depth. Carbon and nitrogen tended to decrease with depth. The results of the study revealed better performance for provenances originating from Papua New Guinea, Australia, Malaysia, Vietnam, China, Fiji and the Philippines.

Stomatal and Leaf Morphology Response of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Provenances Transferred to Contrasting Climatic Conditions

Climate change-induced elevated temperatures and drought are considered to be serious threats to forest ecosystems worldwide, negatively affecting tree growth and viability. We studied nine European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances located in two provenance trial plots with contrasting climates in Central Europe. Stomata play a vital role in the water balance of plants by regulating gaseous exchanges between plants and the atmosphere. Therefore, to explain the possible adaptation and acclimation of provenances to climate conditions, stomatal (stomatal density, the length of guard cells, and the potential conductance index) and leaf morphological traits (leaf size, leaf dry weight and specific leaf area) were assessed. The phenotypic plasticity index was calculated from the variability of provenances’ stomatal and leaf traits between the provenance plots. We assessed the impact of various climatic characteristics and derived indices (e.g., ecodistance) on intraspecific differences in stomatal and leaf traits. Provenances transferred to drier and warmer conditions acclimated through a decrease in stomatal density, the length of guard cells, potential conductance index, leaf size and leaf dry weight. The reduction in stomatal density and the potential conductance index was proportional to the degree of aridity difference between the climate of origin and conditions of the new site. Moreover, we found that the climate heterogeneity and latitude of the original provenance sites influence the phenotypic plasticity of provenances. Provenances from lower latitudes and less heterogeneous climates showed higher values of phenotypic plasticity. Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between phenotypic plasticity and mortality in the arid plot but not in the more humid plot. Based on these impacts of the climate on stomatal and leaf traits of transferred provenances, we can improve the predictions of provenance reactions for future scenarios of global climate change.

TETGAR_C: a novel three-dimensional (3D) provenance plot and calculation tool for detrital garnets

TETGAR_C: a novel three-dimensional (3D) provenance plot and calculation tool for detrital garnets

Evaluation of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loudon) on a provenance plot situated in a formerly air-polluted area of the Krušné hory Mts. at the age of 34 years

The article evaluates 27 provenances of three subspecies of lodgepole pine on the Kovářská research plot (Krušné hory Mts.). The plot is part of a series of three established plots in various stand conditions. Two plots were already evaluated and the findings were published. At 34 years of age, we evaluated height, DBH, trunk shape, trunk forking, branch thickness, bark type, mortality, and defoliation. A total of 1,147 trees were measured. Above-average growth was achieved predominantly by the provenances of Pinus contorta subsp. latifolia (Engelmann ex S. Watson) Critchfield from middle elevations. In the Pinus contorta subsp. contorta Douglas ex Loudon, only the 2099 Port Orford provenance from Oregon demonstrated favourable results, and in the Pinus contorta subsp. murrayana (Balfour) Engelmann it was 2098 Chemult. High mortality was demonstrated mainly in the P. c. subsp. murrayana provenance from high mountainous elevations in California and P. c. subsp. contorta from coastal regions of Oregon. Provenances from middle elevations had relatively lower mortality, especially P. c. subsp. latifolia. The pines usually were of good quality although this was not the case for defoliation and branch thickness. In comparing all plots of the series, growth was fastest at the Sofronka location in western Bohemia and slowest at the south Bohemian Mláka location. Only the best provenances of lodgepole pine can equal the domestic Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus).

Adaptive variation in physiological traits of beech provenances in Central Europe

Current climate changes can led to a decline of local beech populations fully adapted to previous climate conditions. In this context, the issue of variation in adaptive traits becomes important. A field experiment with 18-year-old trees of Fagus sylvatica L. was conducted on provenance plot located in Tále (Central Slovakia), where physiological responses of five beech provenances originating from contrasting sites along an altitudinal gradient from 55 to 1100 m a.s.l. across the range of the natural beech distribution were studied. Stomatal characteristics, parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence and gas exchange parameters were determined. Overall, we observed a significant increase in physiological performance at the leaf level with increasing altitude of origin. Provenances from the higher altitudes showed higher CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal density, potential conductance indices and photochemical efficiency, and lower capability for dissipation of energy by heat. A similar pattern of response was recorded in relation to the precipitation regime of sites of origin. Moreover, in the context of the temperature regime, several negative trends were observed.

Dynamic Trust: A Protected and Trustable Directing in Remote Sensor Systems

Expansive scale sensor structures are sent in various application ranges, and the information they gather are utilized as a bit of major specialist for fundamental foundations. Information are gushed from different sources through transitional dealing with focus focuses that total data. A poisonous enemy may demonstrate extra focus focuses in the structure or arrangement existing ones. As necessities be, guaranteeing high information steadfast quality is basic for audit basic activity. Information provenance tends to a key factor in looking over the steady nature of sensor information. Provenance association for sensor systems demonstrates two or three testing fundamentals, for example, low centrality and data trade constrain utilization, convincing point of confinement and secure transmission. In this paper, we propose a novel lightweight game plan to safely transmit provenance for sensor information. The proposed procedure depends upon in-dispense channels to encode provenance. We present convincing instruments for provenance certification and expansion at the base station. Plus, we expand the secured provenance plot with handiness to see isolate assaults coordinated by pernicious information sending focus focuses. We assess the proposed structure both effectively and absolutely, and the outcomes demonstrate the attainability and ability of the lightweight secure provenance plot in seeing pack produce and calamity assaults.

Evaluation of the provenance plot "Hrubá Skála" (Northern Bohemia) with grand fir at the age of 36 years

The article aims to evaluate the research provenance plot established in 1980 in locality No. 214 – Hrubá Skála (in the north of the Czech Republic), where nine provenances of grand fir (Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindley) provided in the framework of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations project, and one provenance of grand fir, Norway spruce, silver fir and Douglas-fir from a standard commercial source are tested. We present the results of tree height, stem DBH, stem volume production and health status after 36 years. The results correspond with similar experiments in the Czech Republic and abroad and suggest that grand fir provenances from Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada) and the Washington (USA) State coastal region show the best production features, while the Oregon Cascades, Idaho and Montana provenances grow more slowly. Comparison with other tree species indicates that the production of grand fir at the investigated age exceeds the production of both Norway spruce and silver fir, and equalizes or gently exceeds even Douglas-fir.

The response of intra-annual stem circumference increase of young European beech provenances to 2012-2014 weather variability

Abstract: The increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events, especially droughts, arising from on-going climate changes negatively affect productivity and stability of forest ecosystems. Understanding species responses and suitable ecotypes that are able of adapting to new environmental conditions is increasingly important. The objective of this study was to quantify the relationships between the inter-annual stem circumference increase (SCI) of five European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances and weather variability during 2012-2014 in a provenance trial located in central Slovakia. SCIs were extracted on daily and weekly scale from hourly data of circumference changes. To detect the main environmental factors influencing SCI seasonal dynamics, intra-seasonal moving correlation functions were calculated. All five provenances responded synchronously to weather conditions, with high correlations among them during the growing season on both daily and weekly scale. The photoperiod exhibited a synchronizing effect on the seasonal peak of SCI as a sign of tree adaptation to long-term seasonal variations in climate. Temperature was the most significant factor influencing SCI dynamics at the beginning of the season. During the summer months, a precipitation deficit, heat waves and the consequently decreased soil water potential significantly affected the SCI of young beech trees, despite the fact that the provenance plot was situated in an area of optimum beech growth. Not only the severity and duration were important but also the timing of drought within a season. Within all seasons, the lowest SCI values were recorded for the provenance from the lowest altitude and the most oceanic climate (northern Germany). A comparison of daily and weekly SCI with first derivatives of growth functions indicated that SCIs were closely related to theoretical incremental processes, especially on a weekly scale. In young beech trees, SCI seemed to represent an appropriate proxy for studying intra-seasonal incremental processes. A newly designed SASB (self adjusting sharp beginning) function fit these processes better than the Gompertz function.

Evaluation of the IUFRO provenance plot with grand fir in the Habr locality (Western Bohemia) at the age of 31 years

In the framework of an international IUFRO provenance research of grand fir ( Abies grandis /D. Don/ Lindl.), a series of research plots was established in the Czech Republic in 1980-1982. This paper focuses on an evalu - ation of experimental plot No. 213 - Habr (Western Bohemia), where 24 provenances of grand fir are investigated. Results of the evaluation of height, diameter at breast height, volume of large timber (diameter outside bark > 7 cm), and some qualitative parameters are presented for the age of 31 years. Results of the plot evaluation showed the best growth in provenances originating from the Washington state coastal region. Individuality of growth pattern was confirmed for different Vancouver provenances and those from Idaho and Montana states. These areas cannot be considered as homogeneous. The growth of all provenances originating from the Cascades, Washington, is below average. The low - est growth rates were documented for the Cascades, Oregon state provenances; superior characteristics of some of them probably result from the high mortality of others at earlier stages and larger growth space available at present.

Analiza fosfora u četinama duglazije kanadskih provenijencija

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mir / Franco) is an indigenous and economically the most widespread species of conifers in Canada and North America. It is also the most common introduced species conifer in Europe. In Serbia testing of Douglas-fir, began setting up several provenance plots with seeds originating from Canada and North America. The research work carried out at the Institute of Forestry, conducting analysis in order to select the most adaptive and productive provenances for reforestation in Serbia. The seeds transfer of introduced species of trees include testing of all characteristic by provenance test. Genetic feature of trees species show in the new environmental, to confirm the selection of tree type for introduction. One of the methods of assessing the genetic variability of introduced species is the testing using provenance experiment. The intensity effect of physiological processes of mineral nutrition of tree species is one of the most important indicators of its successful adaptation and production into new environment habitats. This research analyzes the phosphorus content in the needles of Douglas-fir from different provenances originating from Canada.

EFFECTIVE MICROPROPAGATION OF MATURE ASPEN: USE IN BREEDING

Aspen (Populus tremula) and its hybrid, (Populus tremula x P. tremuloides) represent very modest tree species in climatic conditions and soil quality. Aspen clones and their synthetic populations are very suitable for planting on agricultural soils (lignicultures) and as the pioneering woody species for immission clearings. The first aim of the research was to verify a method of rapid in vitro reproduction of aspen. Mature aspen trees growing in experimental outside trial plots proved to be convenient for growth in extreme sites and for production of quality timber. Moreover, the standardized rapid micropropagation could be effectively used for transformation procedures by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in aspen. The primary cultures were established from 24 years old trees from the provenance plots. Microcuttings from multi-apex cultures were used for rooting. The losses during rooting and acclimatization were minimal, around 2%. The micropropagated aspen plantlets are just growing on the trial plots. Twenty-five selected aspen clones are established in gene bank. The second aim of the study was to verify the transformation ability of micropropagated selected clone of hybrid aspen. Four gene constructs of A. tumefaciens (contained NPTII and GUS gene) comprising different promotors were used for transformations of aspen hybrid stem segments. A promotor for successful transformations was selected on the basis of GUS activity assay. The highest activity was estimated in transformants with construct pBI 121, comprising the reporter gene GUS controlled by promotor CAMV 35S.

Aspen micropropagation: use for phytoremediation of soils

Toxic pollution of soils is a major environmental problem in the Czech Republic. Most contemporary remediation approaches do not provide acceptable solutions. For environmental clean-up, the use of specially selected and engineered plants capable of effective restoration and stabilization of contaminated sites is an emerging technology called phytoremediation. Aspen (Populus spp.) trees represent optimal plants for absorption, accumulation, storage, and degradation of environmental pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticide residues, and other waste products. The first aim of this study was to verify possibilities of micropropagating selected elite European aspen (Populus tremula) and hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) mature trees growing in polluted areas. The primary cultures were established from 24 years old trees from provenance plots. Dormant buds were sampled from selected trees in spring. After sterilization of dormant buds, the shoot tips were extirpated and put on nutrient media. MS medium with a higher concentration of BAP (1.0 mg/l) and IBA (0.1 mg/l) showed to be suitable for induction of organogenesis. MS medium with lower concentration of BAP (0.2 mg/l) and higher concentration of glutamine (100 mg/l) in agar medium was used for multiplication. A high number of adventitious shoots (20–30) was produced per multi-apex culture. The losses during rooting and acclimatization were minimal, around 2%. Currently, the plantlets grow on the outside bed of the experimental nursery. Twenty-five clones were established in the gene bank. Secondly, standardization of the efficient transformation of hybrid aspen was investigated with the aim to facilitate production of transformed hybrid aspen with valuable genes for increased capability of phytoremediation in the near future. Four gene constructs of Agrobacterium tumefaciens comprising different promoters (bearing two genes, NPTII coding resistance to kanamycin, and GUS coding glucuronidase synthesis allowing histochemical and fluorometrical identification) were used for transformations of aspen hybrid stem segments. A promoter suitable for transformations was selected on the basis of GUS activity assay. The highest activity was estimated in transformants with construct 148 controlled by promoter CAMV 35S.

SAMPLING STRATEGY FOR PRESERVATION OF GERM PLASM FROM DAVIDIA INVOLUCRATASONG

Davidia involucrata is a monotypic genus that is a relict from the tropical flora of the Tertiary Period. As a plant endemic to China, it is classified as a first-grade state protection plant. An analysis on genetic diversity and genetic variation within and among populations from five natural populations of D. involucrata was conducted using RAPD marker based on 11 polymorphic random primers. The results showed that populations of D. involucrata had rich genetic diversity, but those significant differences among populations accounted for 26% of the genetic variation. Two large provenance plots in the southeast and northwest were established for the study. Based on cluster analysis of genetic diversity of populations of D. involucrata and curve analysis of the genetic markers, we put forward a sampling strategy for the preservation of germplasm of D. involucrata. For on-site preservation, three populations should be selected for each of the following areas: Wenxian County in Gansu Province, Emeishan in Shichuan Province and Fanjingshan in Guizhou Province. Each population to be preserved should occupy a minimum 3 hm 2. Off-site preservation should sample a minimum of 30 individuals from each of the following populations: Wenxian County, Emeishan and Shennongjia (in Hubei Province) and Fanjingshan for a total of 150 individuals. Individuals should be planted at a minimum space of 30 m. Also, we suggest that two off-site preservation areas should be established: one in the southeast and one in the northwest regions of China.

A bacia de antepaís paleoproterozóica Sabará, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais.

The Sabara Group is a 3 - 3.5 km thick sequence composed of schists, meta-sandstones, meta-siltites, meta-conglomerates, meta-diamictites, meta-rhythmites and phyllites, whose protoliths are greywackes, sandstones, siltites, conglomerates, diamictites, rhythmites and pelites. The rocks of the Sabara Group record a significant change of depositional setting and sediment source comparing with the rest of the Minas Supergroup. The Sabara Group occurs suitable for sedimentological-stratigraphical analysis in the Dom Bosco syncline, Moeda syncline and in the Serra do Curral. The Sabara Group was divided into the following ten facies, which occur in the field arranged in coarsening-upward (CU) successions: massive conglomerate (debris flow), coarse diamictite (debris flow), fine diamictite (debris flow), mixed greywacke (mass flow), arkosic greywacke (mass flow), tabular sandstone (turbidity currents), rhythmite (turbidity currents), siltite (low-density turbidity current), pelite (deposition of suspension) and black shale (deposition of suspension). These facies deposited in a talus fans/submarine fans/basin system tract. The Sabara Group represents foreland basin deposits related to the Transamazonian Orogeny. The clast suite of the diamictites and conglomerates points to erosion and reworking of supracrustal sequences (Minas Supergroup and Rio das Velhas Supergroup) and uplifted basement. The Sabara Group provenance plots show mixed source areas, predominating intermediate igneous and quartzose sedimentary provenance, although felsic and mafic igneous also contributed. These data indicate a compartmentalized, complex source area. The tectonic setting plots indicate a provenance from active continental margin/continental magmatic arc. The Sabara Group represents probably a Transamazonian compartmentalized foreland basin development during deformation uplift and erosion of Archean and Paleoproterozoic deposits of the Mineiro Belt. The Sabara basin, based on the location of its deposits and petrofacies, can be divided into three sub-basins: Antonio Pereira-Ouro Preto-Mariana-Rodrigo Silva, Lagoa das Codornas and Sabara-Belo Horizonte-Ibirite-Fernao Dias sub-basins.

Effect of site altitude on the growth and survival of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) provenances on the Slovak plots of IUFRO experiment 1972

The growth, survival, damage and provenance × environment interactions of 30 provenances of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) from Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, were analyzed at the age of 26 years. Significant effects of altitude and site quality but no geographic trends were dectected in the series of 5 provenance plots. Correlation of growth and survival appeared to be insignificant at individual plots and their series. The highest differentiation among provenances was revealed on the plots at the minimum and maximum altitudes (350 and 950 m). Several Slovak (Western-Carpathian) provenances proved to grow significantly better than the average at nearly all plots, and also exhibited insignificant provenance × site interaction. Indigenous provenances from the southern part of the Western Carpathians showed higher adaptability to sites in lower altitudes with longer vegetation but seasonal water deficiency.