Proven Model Research Articles

Darkness, Datafication, and Provenance as an Illuminating Methodology

Darkness, Datafication, and Provenance as an Illuminating Methodology

Submarine topography-related spatial variability of the southern Taiwan Strait sands (East Asia)

The Taiwan Strait serves as a link between the East China Sea and South China Sea in East Asia. Complex ocean dynamics, huge sediment inputs and distinct tectonic, climatic and bedrock lithological settings of the two sides of the strait make it ideal for sediment source-to-sink studying. While mud sediments in the strait have been well investigated, sand composition and provenance remain understudied. Here, we present framework petrography and heavy mineral data of sands from the southern Taiwan Strait and the adjacent representative rivers to characterize sand provenance and depositional mechanisms. As expected, the SE China river sands are dominated by quartz and feldspar, whereas sands from the westward-flowing mountainous rivers in Taiwan are rich in lithic fragments and heavy minerals of metamorphic origin. The southern Taiwan Strait sands show significant spatial variations in composition and texture of the framework grains and heavy minerals. Framework grain-based provenance modeling results show that sands in the southwest margin of Taiwan Strait (water depth of 30–60 m) are mainly supplied by SE China rivers. Taiwan mountainous rivers made prominent contributions to the central-western Taiwan Strait (40–60 m) and the south of Taiwan Shoal (below 50 m), both of which are far away from the Taiwan island (ca. 100–300 km away). Furthermore, sands from the Taiwan Shoal (20–30 m) show extremely high compositional maturity and are mainly composed of coarse, rounded quartz. These sands, previously proposed as relict sediments, have been intensely altered by modern high-energy hydrodynamic conditions and can also be interpreted as palimpsest sediments. These results demonstrate that modern river-derived sands are eventually deposited in relatively deep-water regions in the strait, rather than the shallow regions (Taiwan Shoal). We propose that the sand composition and distribution are closely related to the submarine topography of the Taiwan Strait. Combining previous mud belt investigations, we suggest that sands and muds tend to have different fates in shallow continental shelves with complex climate, ocean current and seafloor landform conditions. This study also highlights the importance of both modern and relict sands in the strait and our findings are important to better understanding of shelf sedimentary systems with huge river-sediment-input and high wave/tidal-current-energy.

Review of E-Commerce Business in India

E-Commerce is growing step by step in both B-to-B and B-to-C context. Retailing industry including Fashion Retail and Grocery retailing have gotten on to the trend and have begun to offer E exchanging or Online Shopping. In the early 1990s we saw Companies setting up websites with very little understanding of E Commerce and Consumer behavior. E commerce as a model is entirely unexpected from conventional shopping in all respect. All Companies have quick realized the require to have E commerce strategy separately yet as a piece of overall Retail Strategy. Retail Strategy involves anticipating the business development keeping in view the current market trends, opportunities just as threats and building a strategic arrangement that helps the Company deal with all these external factors and stay on course to reach its objectives. Further the Retail business strategy is concerned with identifying the markets to be in, building the product portfolio and band width coupled with brand situating and the different elements of brand perceivability and in store advancements etc. Business operations are more or less norm and proven models that are adapted as best practices.

Comparing the Upper Triassic Deep‐sea Flysch of the Shannan Terrane with the Coeval Shallow Shelf Sediments of the Tethys Himalaya, Southern Tibet

AbstractThe provenance and paleogeography of the Upper Triassic deep‐sea flysch Langjiexue Group (LG) of the Shannan Terrane in the northeastern Himalaya orogen, south of Yarlung Zangbo, have been disputed in recent years since its affinity to the Tethys Himalaya was suspected during the early 2000s. Based on the earlier discoveries of the Upper Permian–Triassic basalts and mafic dykes from the LG and of coeval detrital zircons from the Qulonggongba Formation (QF) in shallow shelf sediments of the Tethys Himalaya, the previous viewpoints on the basin and tectonics of the LG have been recently rejected. We compared the two units of the Upper Triassic, and our results reveal a number of differences, discrepancies, and inconsistencies in the debate, raising crucial questions on the postulation and provenance model of the remote Gondwanide Orogen for the LG. It is suggested that more observations and evidence are needed to further improve the paleogeographic understanding and relationship of the two units.

관광스타트업의 성공 요인 분석

This study aims to uncover the key determinants of success for tourism start-ups, which has been gradually developing and expanding in the ecosystem of the domestic tourism industry. To this end, the four factors of the ERIS model, a proven model that has been used to derive the determinants of venture and start-up performance in various fields, were organized as a framework for research. Two rounds of Delphi analysis were conducted with academic, industrial, and policy-related experts. As a result, a total of 41 elements of success factors were derived: 13 from entrepreneur factor, seven from resource factor, nine from industry structure factor, and 12 from business strategy factor. In addition, it was confirmed that the 'understanding industrial trends' and 'business differentiation strategy' derived through the first Delphi open questionnaire appeared as the determinants for success reflecting the characteristics of the tourism industry. The AHP analysis also assessed that the entrepreneur factor among the four factors in ERIS model was the most important factor in determining the success of the tourism start-ups. It was found that the human capacity, especially entrepreneurs’ competence can be the key factor to the success in small companies such as tourism start-ups. Based on the results, theoretical and practical implications were proposed to foster and promote future tourism start-up businesses.

The impact of a multilevel protection column on the propagation of a water wave and pressure distribution during a dam break: Numerical simulation

This paper considered the behavior of an incompressible fluid, sediment and solid particles debris at the time of a dam break. This process was studied numerically on the basis of three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations in combination with the k-ω turbulence model. The VOF (Volume of Fluid) method was used to simulate the fluid and sediment. In order to simulate the movement of water and sediment, a combination of Newtonian and non-Newtonian models was carried out. The effect of water flow on the transport of solid particles and moving sediments is also considered. In order to be convinced of the effectiveness and reliability of the model, the numerical results were compared with experimental data and with calculated data performed by other authors. Further, a proven mathematical model is applied to numerically simulate the movement of fluid behind the dam during the break of the dam body with a riverbed landscape, taking into account multi-level protection. The pressure that the water flow exerts on the additional dam in downstream in the case of cylindrical columns and without them was calculated. Since the columns block the path of solid particles, the pressure exerted on the additional dam is noticeably reduced, and in this case it can be assumed that a potential dam break will not occur, and if it does, then with the least damage. This configuration imitates a robust multi-level protection system that can be used to prevent the serious consequences of a dam failure.

What Policies Airlines in Malaysia Adopt do to Achieve Competitiveness

The purpose associated this work is to examine the adopted polices and measures by the Airlines in Malaysia. The rebirth of this carrier was in the aftermath of September 11, 2001 tragedy crisis and terrorist attack in New York. Air Asia has succeeded in turning around in the airline industry from a losing airline into a strong growth and profitable airline, especially in having a track record of achieving success during an extraordinary difficult period for the airline industry, that was caused by the adverse effect of terrorist attacks, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), tsunami incidence and rising fuel prices and insurance premiums. The Air Asia group strategically focuses on providing high frequency services on point-to-point short-haul routes within a three-and-half hour flight time from its domestic and international hubs. All these have been made available with the use of technology to meet its commitment for “Easy to Book, Easy to Pay, Easy to Fly” while reducing cost and increasing customers and market share. With that Air Asia cost per ASK1 is reducing every year and its cost per ASK is the lowest globally. Air Asia adopted the models of the very successful Southwest Airlines from the US and Ryan Air and Easy jet from Europe but with added emphasize on technology. Its successful and proven low-cost model in Malaysia was replicated across boarder. In 2004, Air Asia formed two successful joint ventures in Thailand and Indonesia as low fare airline. To date, the Air Asia Group has carried over 11 million passengers and currently operates over 100 domestic and international daily flights from its hubs. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style Johar MGM, Mohd Shukri Ab Yajid, S.M. Ferdous Azam. Policies Airlines in Malaysia Adopt do to Achieve SRP. 2020; 11(1): 770-778. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.98 Web Style Johar MGM, Mohd Shukri Ab Yajid, S.M. Ferdous Azam. Policies Airlines in Malaysia Adopt do to Achieve http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=128485 [Access: March 29, 2021]. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.98 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Johar MGM, Mohd Shukri Ab Yajid, S.M. Ferdous Azam. Policies Airlines in Malaysia Adopt do to Achieve SRP. 2020; 11(1): 770-778. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.98 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Johar MGM, Mohd Shukri Ab Yajid, S.M. Ferdous Azam. Policies Airlines in Malaysia Adopt do to Achieve SRP. (2020), [cited March 29, 2021]; 11(1): 770-778. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.98 Harvard Style Johar MGM, Mohd Shukri Ab Yajid, S.M. Ferdous Azam (2020) Policies Airlines in Malaysia Adopt do to Achieve SRP, 11 (1), 770-778. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.98 Turabian Style Johar MGM, Mohd Shukri Ab Yajid, S.M. Ferdous Azam. 2020. Policies Airlines in Malaysia Adopt do to Achieve Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (1), 770-778. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.98 Chicago Style Johar MGM, Mohd Shukri Ab Yajid, S.M. Ferdous Azam. What Policies Airlines in Malaysia Adopt do to Achieve Competitiveness?. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 770-778. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.98 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Johar MGM, Mohd Shukri Ab Yajid, S.M. Ferdous Azam. What Policies Airlines in Malaysia Adopt do to Achieve Competitiveness?. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.1 (2020), 770-778. Print. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.98 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Johar MGM, Mohd Shukri Ab Yajid, S.M. Ferdous Azam (2020) Policies Airlines in Malaysia Adopt do to Achieve Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (1), 770-778. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.98

Digital Health in Response to COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Opportunities and Challenges.

COVID‐19 has pulled back the curtain on health system fragility to expose persistent and deepening inequities worldwide. The limited capacity of low‐ and lower‐middle income countries (LMICs) to respond to the pandemic and its impact on the health of populations – particularly the most vulnerable – presents a marked challenge. In this context, countries face the enormous task of rethinking the way essential services will be delivered. A critical and essential part of solving these challenges will be using information and communication technology and digital health to enhance direct communication with the public; scale proven and innovative service delivery models; and empower the frontlines. However, if the deployment, adaptation, or expansion of these innovations are not user‐centered for the most marginalized or do not learn from past lessons, it could be highly wasteful at best. At worst, such shortcomings could exacerbate pre‐existing weaknesses in the health care system such as exclusion of peripheral populations, disempowerment of health workers, and proliferation of unregulated private providers. We provide recommendations of which innovations should be prioritized and implementation principles to address the current challenges while responding to the need to fundamentally change service delivery for accelerated impact.

Preventing teacher violence against children: the need for a research agenda

Preventing teacher violence against children: the need for a research agenda

Masking interferes with haptic texture perception from sequential exploratory movements

Haptic texture perception is based on sensory information sequentially gathered during several lateral movements (“strokes”). In this process, sensory information of earlier strokes must be preserved in a memory system. We investigated whether this system may be a haptic sensory memory. In the first experiment, participants performed three strokes across each of two textures in a frequency discrimination task. Between the strokes over the first texture, participants explored an intermediate area, which presented either a mask (high-energy tactile pattern) or minimal stimulation (low-energy smooth surface). Perceptual precision was significantly lower with the mask compared with a three-strokes control condition without an intermediate area, approaching performance in a one-stroke-control condition. In contrast, precision in the minimal stimulation condition was significantly better than in the one-stroke control condition and similar to the three-strokes control condition. In a second experiment, we varied the number of strokes across the first stimulus (one, three, five, or seven strokes) and either presented no masking or repeated masking after each stroke. Again, masking between the strokes decreased perceptual precision relative to the control conditions without masking. Precision effects of masking over different numbers of strokes were fit by a proven model on haptic serial integration (Lezkan & Drewing, Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 80(1): 177–192, 2018b) that modeled masking by repeated disturbances in the ongoing integration. Taken together, results suggest that masking impedes the processes of haptic information preservation and integration. We conclude that a haptic sensory memory, which is comparable to iconic memory in vision, is used for integrating sequentially gathered sensory information.

Geospatial Queries on Data Collection Using a Common Provenance Model

Lineage information is the part of the metadata that describes “what”, “when”, “who”, “how”, and “where” geospatial data were generated. If it is well-presented and queryable, lineage becomes very useful information for inferring data quality, tracing error sources and increasing trust in geospatial information. In addition, if the lineage of a collection of datasets can be related and presented together, datasets, process chains, and methodologies can be compared. This paper proposes extending process step lineage descriptions into four explicit levels of abstraction (process run, tool, algorithm and functionality). Including functionalities and algorithm descriptions as a part of lineage provides high-level information that is independent from the details of the software used. Therefore, it is possible to transform lineage metadata that is initially documenting specific processing steps into a reusable workflow that describes a set of operations as a processing chain. This paper presents a system that provides lineage information as a service in a distributed environment. The system is complemented by an integrated provenance web application that is capable of visualizing and querying a provenance graph that is composed by the lineage of a collection of datasets. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 19115 standards family with World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) provenance initiative (W3C PROV) were combined in order to integrate provenance of a collection of datasets. To represent lineage elements, the ISO 19115-2 lineage class names were chosen, because they express the names of the geospatial objects that are involved more precisely. The relationship naming conventions of W3C PROV are used to represent relationships among these elements. The elements and relationships are presented in a queryable graph.

Disseminating Knowledge in Intestinal Failure: Initial Report of the Learn Intestinal Failure Tele-ECHO (LIFT-ECHO) Project.

Intestinal failure (IF) is defined as an ultrarare disease, with an estimated prevalence of ∼25,000 cases in the US. There is a suspicion of disparities in outcomes in IF care, likely related to widespread lack of expertise. The Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) model originally described by Dr Sanjeev Arora has been used to disseminate knowledge and best practices in many chronic diseases to improve outcomes. We examined our initial experience with using the ECHO model to disseminate learning in IF. This is a retrospective review of the launch, growth, and geographic reach of the Learn Intestinal Failure TeleECHO (LIFT-ECHO) program using prospectively collected data. The LIFT-ECHO program has achieved significant geographic reach and clinician engagement. The program has reached close to two-thirds of the states in the US and several countries outside. Clinician engagement in the learning program appears to be growing exponentially. It is feasible to use the ECHO model to disseminate knowledge in managing a rare disease like IF while maintaining fidelity to the proven model. Studies are underway to demonstrate direct benefit to patients.

Estrogen receptor alpha in the brain mediates tamoxifen-induced changes in physiology in mice.

Adjuvant tamoxifen therapy improves survival in breast cancer patients. Unfortunately, long-term treatment comes with side effects that impact health and quality of life, including hot flashes, changes in bone density, and fatigue. Partly due to a lack of proven animal models, the tissues and cells that mediate these negative side effects are unclear. Here, we show that mice undergoing tamoxifen treatment experience changes in temperature, bone, and movement. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that tamoxifen treatment induces widespread gene expression changes in the hypothalamus and preoptic area (hypothalamus-POA). These expression changes are dependent on estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), as conditional knockout of ERα in the hypothalamus-POA ablates or reverses tamoxifen-induced gene expression. Accordingly, ERα-deficient mice do not exhibit tamoxifen-induced changes in temperature, bone, or movement. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the effects of tamoxifen on the hypothalamus-POA and indicate that ERα mediates several physiological effects of tamoxifen treatment in mice.

Interaction between sampled rays' defocusing and number on accommodative response in integral imaging near-eye light field displays.

In an integral imaging near-eye light field display using a microlens array, a point on a reconstructed depth plane (RDP) is reconstructed by sampled rays. Previous studies respectively suggested the accommodative response may shift from the RDP under two circumstances: (i) the RDP is away from the central depth plane (CDP) to introduce defocusing in sampled rays; (ii) the sampled ray number is too low. However, sampled rays' defocusing and number may interact, and the interaction's influence on the accommodative response has been little revealed. Therefore, this study adopts a proven imaging model providing retinal images to analyze the accommodative response. As a result, when the RDP and the CDP coincide, the accommodative response matches the RDP. When the RDP deviates from the CDP, defocusing is introduced in sampled rays, causing the accommodative response to shift from the RDP towards the CDP. For example, in a system with a CDP of 4 diopters (D) and 45 sampled rays, when the RDP is at 3, 2, 1, and 0 D, the accommodative response shifts to 3.25, 2.75, 2, and 1.75 D, respectively. With fewer rays, the accommodative response tends to further shift to the CDP. Eventually, with fewer than five rays, the eye accommodates to the CDP and loses the 3D display capacity. Moreover, under different RDPs, the ray number influences differently, and vice versa. An x-y polynomial equation containing three interactive terms is finally provided to reveal the interaction between RDP position and ray number. In comparison, in a pinhole-based system with no CDP, the accommodative response always matches the RDP when the sampled ray number is greater than five.

The Trojan Horse Model in Paracoccidioides: A Fantastic Pathway to Survive Infecting Human Cells.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most relevant systemic endemic mycosis limited to Latin American countries. The etiological agents are thermally dimorphic species of the genus Paracoccidioides. Infection occurs via respiratory tract by inhalation of propagules from the environmental (saprophytic) phase. In the lung alveoli the fungus converts to the characteristic yeast phase (parasitic) where interact with extracellular matrix proteins, epithelial cells, and the host cellular immunity. The response involves phagocytic cells recognition but intracellular Paracoccidioides have demonstrated the ability to survive and also multiply inside the neutrophils, macrophages, giant cells, and dendritic cells. Persistence of Paracoccidioides as facultative intracellular pathogen is important in terms of the fungal load but also regarding to the possibility to disseminate penetrating other tissues even protected by the phagocytes. This strategy to invade other organs via transmigration of infected phagocytes is called Trojan horse mechanism and it was also described for other fungi and considered a factor of pathogenicity. This mini review comprises a literature revision of the spectrum of tools and mechanisms displayed by Paracoccidioides to overcame phagocytosis, discusses the Trojan horse model and the immunological context in proven models or the possibility that Paracoccidioides apply this tool for dissemination to other tissues.

An FPGA Implementation of Privacy Preserving Data Provenance Model Based on PUF for Secure Internet of Things

Data provenance to maintain data integrity and authenticity is a significant challenge in the Internet of Things (IoT) environments. Data provenance protocols must communicate provenance metadata while preserving its privacy. This enables trust in IoT systems expanding its acceptance within society. In this paper, we present a scheme to combine data provenance and privacy-preserving solutions. Our scheme utilizes Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) with non-interactive zero knowledge proof to provide trustworthy and dependable IoT systems. An IoT device can anonymously send data to the corresponding server associated with the proof of ownership. We propose a privacy-preserving data provenance protocol. This protocol was synthesized with Altera Quartus. It was implemented on an Altera Cyclone IV FPGA to demonstrate its practicality and feasibility. Most of the protocol steps take time of the order of 40 $$\upmu$$ s establishing its practicality.

Provenance and tectonic setting of the Paleozoic Tamatán Group, NE Mexico: Implications for the closure of the Rheic Ocean

The Huizachal–Peregrina Anticlinorium in northeastern Mexico comprises a wide variety of Precambrian and Paleozoic basement units. In this work, Silurian-to-Permian unmetamorphosed siliciclastic successions (i.e., Cañón de Caballeros, Vicente Guerrero, Del Monte, and Guacamaya formations) forming the Tamatán Group is described; the group overlies the Novillo metamorphic complex, which is the northernmost exposed region of the Oaxaquia microcontinent. In this paper, a provenance model for the Tamatán Group is proposed based on new petrological data, whole-rock geochemical data, and U–Pb LA-ICP-MS detrital zircon age data from these marine fossiliferous strata. The results show a shallow-marine to deep-water clastic succession classified as feldspatho-lithic-quartzose and litho-feldspatho-quartzose (Cañón de Caballeros and Vicente Guerrero formations) and feldspatho-quartzo-lithic and litho-quartzo-feldspathic (Del Monte and Guacamaya formations). The petrological and geochemical data indicate a derivation from felsitic, intermediate, and basic rocks, intense to moderate weathering, and high to moderate recycling of the source area. The geochronological data can be organized into three main detrital zircon U–Pb age groups: (1) a Meso-Neoproterozoic group, likely derived from Oaxaquia and the Maya block, which is also the probable source of 1.5–1.6 Ga zircon grains; (2) an Ordovician–Silurian group that is likely sourced by igneous Maya Block intrusions or from local units such as the Ordovician Peregrina Tonalite; and (3) Pennsylvanian and Permian zircon that can be derived from magmatic arc-related intrusions from the diachronous Rheic closure. Additionally, major, trace, and rare earth element concentrations and ratios from the Tamatán Group indicate a passive margin that evolved into magmatic arc sources within the upper continental crust. The integration of our data indicates that the Tamatán Group was deposited in an unreported back-arc basin from the northernmost part of Oaxaquia near the Maya Block along the northwestern Gondwanan margin during the closure of the Rheic Ocean priori to complete Pangea.

A provenance model for control-flow driven scientific workflows

Provenance in the context of workflows, both for their specification and for the data they derive, is essential for result reproducibility, sharing, and knowledge reuse in the scientific community. The information models to capture the provenance of scientific workflows, known as provenance models, have been of wide interest and studied in many fields, including the semantic Web. However, most existing provenance models rely on commonly perceived data-driven execution paradigm of scientific workflows and overlook control constructs that may appear in scientific workflows. The provenance models proposed by the semantic Web community for data-driven scientific workflows underspecify the structure of the workflows (i.e., workflow provenance). Such an underspecified workflow structure can result in the misinterpretation of a scientific experiment and precludes its conformance checking, thus restricting provenance gains.This paper shows that the design of a provenance model for control-flow constructs and the means to integrate it with the existing provenance models can maximise the provenance gains for the users of scientific workflows. In this regard, first, we specify the need for a control-flow driven scientific workflow provenance model and detail the minimal characteristics which such a model should address. Secondly, we present a formal model to specify the control-flows that may appear in scientific workflows and describe how the existing provenance models can be complemented by using the proposed model. Finally, we show that the proposed model can capture accurate provenance information for the scientific workflows, which makes it possible to understand, reproduce and validate workflows and their output.

Models of Direct Time-of-Flight Sensor Precision That Enable Optimal Design and Dynamic Configuration

Direct time-of-flight (dToF) sensors that measure depth by pulsing a laser and timing the photon return are used in many applications, including consumer electronics for proximity sensing and depth map generation. A histogram of photon return times is measured and then processed to estimate object depth. By collecting many photons that span multiple bins of the histogram the final depth estimate interpolates between time-to-digital converter (TDC) bins to produce a result that is more precise than the converter resolution. The precision of this interpolation depends on the temporal spread of the measurement, the resolution of the TDC, and the number of signal and background photons measured. There is a need for dToF depth precision models to guide design and predict and tune performance during use. In this article, we present models that estimate sensor depth precision versus dToF design parameters and photons measured. We use Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurements to prove the accuracy of the models. With proven models in hand, we investigate a dToF sensor design by first presenting the dependence of precision upon the TDC resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio. Second, we experimentally measure the depth precision versus the intensity of background illumination. The models closely match the measurements of background susceptibility and locate a transition point of background intensity below which precision is constant and above which the precision continuously degrades. Finally, experimental measurements demonstrate how the modeling enables dynamic tuning: from a single histogram we estimate precision, thus enabling sensor exposure time tuning for a target precision or prediction of the precision given a change in object distance or background illumination. This work presents straightforward models verified by simulation and measurement. These models guide dToF design and enable dynamic adjustments that benefit power-constrained usage scenarios.

Game theoretical approach for a fair and effective pricing strategy in cloud computing

The most proven pricing models for the healthy competition are based on game theory techniques that ensure equal consideration of interests for both clients and providers. However, user's preferences and price's sensitivity have a direct influence on the acceptance of new services, an issue that has been relatively neglected by previous research in this area. Thus, we formulate a mathematical model that takes into consideration users' behaviour and at the same time increases the marginal profit. The objective of this work is to improve the revenue for cloud providers as well as users' satisfaction. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is an optimal solution to obtain a reasonable price strategy in a competitive cloud market. More importantly, client's satisfaction has a considerable influence on pricing policy and the expected payoff. In this context, cloud providers compete with each other to maximise their expected utility even when they offer services at a reasonable price.