Proud Tradition Research Articles

Preface

Abstract The XXIst IUPAC Symposium on Photochemistry was chaired jointly by Profs. Masahiro Irie (Kyushu University, International Committee) and Atsuhiro Osuka (Kyoto University, Local Committee) on 2-7 April 2006 in Kyoto, the beautiful and ancient capital of Japan in the season of cherry blossoms. This series of Symposia was initiated by Prof. George S. Hammond, and the first was held in Strasbourg in 1964. Since then it has been held almost every two years, and this is the first time that it has been held outside Europe. The opening presentation of the Symposium was dedicated to the founding pioneer, Prof. Hammond, who passed away in 2005 at the age of 84. In a eulogy, Prof. David G. Whitten (University of New Mexico) paid a tribute to his memory with an account of his personality and his scientific works in photochemistry and physical organic chemistry. The scientific program of the Symposium featured 25 plenary and invited lectures, and three workshops on the topics "Organic light-emitting diodes: Present and future", "Photocatalysis: Water splitting and environmental purification", and "Photoinduced electron transfer: Present and future". In addition to 462 posters on display, 131 were selected for short oral presentations. The poster sessions were spirited, with the younger participants engaged in stimulating discussions with their more senior colleagues, and the contributions of three young authors were additionally recognized by the award of prizes. The numerous presentations reflected the broad scope and interdisciplinarity of modern photochemistry. The spectrum of topics ranged from the classical fields of inorganic, organic, physical, and theoretical chemistry, to physics, biological chemistry, and materials science. In summary, the exciting scientific program maintained the proud tradition of this series, and demonstrated that photochemistry continues to be a vivid, active, and evolving discipline, some details of which have been introduced by Prof. Jochen Mattay [Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 45, 3570 (2006)]. In addition to the scientific program, the participants and their accompanying guests enjoyed a variety of social and cultural programs provided by the Local Organizing Committee, which took full advantage of the spring season in Kyoto. A highlight of the meeting was the presentation of the Porter Medals, named for 1967 NobelLaureate, George Porter. On this occasion, two medals were awarded, to recognize the outstandingachievements of Prof. Howard E. Zimmerman (University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA), one of thefounders of modern organic photochemistry whose lifetime's work has contributed to our understandingof fundamental processes in excited states, and Prof. Hiroshi Masuhara (Osaka University, Japan)for his pioneering work on the integration of time and spatially resolved measurements on the emergingfields of nanosciences. This issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry offers a representative collection of papers, based upon plenary and invited lectures by the two medallists and a number of internationally recognized scientists, who covered traditional as well as modern photochemistry, and discussed the science as well as related technologies such as materials for photonics, nanotechnology, and photobiology. This demonstrates the broadening scope of photochemistry from an initial central core toward a periphery that is increasingly interactive and interdisciplinary. As editors, we appreciate all the important contributions made by our authors and hope that this collection enables us to convey to readers some of the excitement of photochemistry and the status of recent achievements in the field. Hiroshi Miyasaka Masahiro Irie Conference Editors

Boston's ballparks & arenas

From the South End Grounds to Fenway Park, from Boston Garden to Gillette Stadium, the history of sports in Boston has been tied to the parks and arenas in which the teams have met and the athletes competed. Beloved but abandoned sites such as the Huntington Avenue Grounds, Braves Field, and the Garden are recalled by Boston fans with the same fondness Brooklynites feel for Ebbets Field, while contemporary stadiums maintain the region's proud athletic tradition. This is the first book to tell the story of sports in Boston through the stories of these venues. Foulds gives pride of place to the region's nine best-known sites, with numerous anecdotes about such fabled teams as the Red Sox, Bruins, and Celtics along the way. But he also considers parks that have been all but forgotten, such as the Worcester County Fairgrounds, once an official National League ballpark despite the presence of a tree in left field, or Lincoln Park, the former home of black baseball in Boston. And in addition to such milestones as the first World Series and the achievements of the great Cy Young, he also recalls the Hub's support for soccer, tennis, lacrosse and, of course, the Boston Marathon. In this illustrated history, Foulds documents the variety and vibrancy of Boston sports for over a century. This history, he shows, is firmly grounded in the stories of the sites where the games have been played. Sites include: Nine Wonders of the Boston Sports World: South End Grounds, Huntington Avenue Grounds, Fenway Park, Braves Field, Boston Arena, Boston Garden, FleetCenter, Foxboro Stadium, Gillette Stadium The Forgotten Parks: Dartmouth Street Grounds, Congress Street Grounds, Worcester County Agricultural Fairgrounds, Sam Mark's Stadium, Balmoral Park, Lincoln Park Pressed Into Service: Harvard Stadium, Revere Beach Bicycle Tracks, Malden Stadium, GE Field, Everett Stadium, Boston College Alumni Stadium, Walter Brown Arena, Volpe Center, Bowditch Field, Olympic venues, and stadiums in Lynn and Lowell.

Swedish Strategic Culture after 1945

This article examines the evolution of Swedish strategic culture during the twentieth century and up to the present.Although Sweden is the only Scandinavian country that has stayed out of war since the age of Napoleon, it still has proud military traditions stemming from Sweden's age of empire (1561–1721) and from the Cold War period, when this nonaligned country became partly self-sufficient in modern military technology, producing its own fighter-jets, tanks and submarines, even planning to acquire nuclear weapons in the 1950s. On paper, Sweden maintained an impressive number of armed forces (850,000 men after mobilization), although at the end of the Cold War their equipment and training left much to be desired. Only around the year 2000 did this huge Cold War defence complex begin to be dismantled. In line with the Swedish administrative-political culture (which is often traced back to the seventeenth-century statesman Axel Oxenstierna), the military enjoyed a high degree of autonomy compared with most other Western countries. This made it possible for the Army, the most influential of the services, to preserve its size rather than modernize gradually. Also, like other sectors of Swedish society, national defence was adopted by wellorganized popular movements with corporatist traits, movements such as voluntary defence organizations with hundreds of thousands of members and by defence industry. Sweden was the first country in the world to abolish the system of professional NCOs in the 1980s, creating a unified corps of enlisted officers. The tension between the ideals of popular defence and broad democratic participation – hailed in Swedish society at large – and the demands of military professionalism, and Sweden's national self-image as an advanced industrial country, increased towards the end of the Cold War. Only after the end of the Cold War did academization of officers’ training, the adoption of an official military doctrine and advanced thinking about network-centric warfare bring about much-needed modernization of the Swedish armed forces. Today, however, the mental gap is wide between the military elite on the one hand — which sees international operations as the primary mission in the future — and public opinion and large segments of the officers’ corps, on the other, which still consider defence as defending national territory.

Canadian peacekeeping: Proud tradition, strong future?

Peacekeeping has a place of pride in the Canadian national identity. Canadians feel that their nation is a natural leader in this international endeavour. How is this national identity expressed, and how has it come about? Is it justified? An answer to these questions requires a probe of Canadian public and military attitudes, a historical review of Canada's peacekeeping activities, and an examination of current Canadian contributions. The final question is: What is needed if Canada is to live up to the image of the proud and prolific peacekeeper?

A Perspective on Japanese Universities after a 30-year Absence

Having served 27 year on the International Court of Justice in Holland, after a nearly 30-year blank I returned home to learn to my surprise about the recent reform being conducted of the national university system in Japan.In April 2004, Japan's national universities were “incorporated.” Upon my return, I was appointed a member of the Administrative Council and chairman of the President-Selection Committee of Tohoku University, where I had held a professorial chair of international law before assuming a judgeship in the World Court.I am flatly opposed to the government's policy of incorporating the national universities, which have a proud tradition of over more than one century. The current reforms will not make the university system better, but worse. Hoping to strengthen university-industry collaboration and promote venture businesses, the government has gotten carried away in trying to reshape universities into something resembling corporations. Based on my experience with the several month of ongoing university reform, I take a critical look at the organization and operation of the“new”universities and elucidate the contradictions and shortcomings of the reform program.I point out three reasons why universities are withering under the new system. The first is that the policy has all but caused liberal arts professors, who are responsible for teaching basic education in the university-that is, the bedrock of one's philosophy-to flee the scene. This, in turn, is causing the extinction of the liberal arts college. The second is that a policy of standardization under a rubric of equalitarianism among academic disciplines is causing a loss of differentiation between them and a watering down of their unique characteristics. In these new universities, it is no longer possible to differentiate advanced research in fields I refer to as “bedrock philosophy” -such as, mathematics, physics and science or philosophy, literature and history-from specialized research in technincal and applied sciences. The third is that the current reforms relevant to legal education are essentially meaningless. Legal education should provide young people a full 3-year curriculum in law after they have received a liberal arts education. The concept of the new law schools is built upon the half-baked infrastructure that has constituted jurisprudence education. It is as superfluous as building a roof atop a roof.

All My Life and All My Strength (review)

Reviewed by: All My Life And All My Strength Jan Theron (bio) Ray Alexander Simons (2004) All My Life And All My Strength. Johannesburg: STE Publishers 'Another icon of the struggle' was how one news-reader described Ray Alexander, when she died in 2004. Her autobiography, published shortly afterwards, will reinforce this status. It tells the story of her life, from her birth in Latvia to the indignities of old age: a mugging in the city bowl, a fall from which she suffered concussion, the loss of independence that moving in to live with one's child signifies. But primarily, of course, it is the story of an activist who played a prominent role in political and trade union organisation in South Africa. 'Icon' is also a peculiarly apt term for someone whose photograph was displayed at all important meetings of the Food and Canning Workers Union (FCWU), the union she founded and of which I became General Secretary in 1976. The term derives from an image of a Jesus figure that was used ceremonially and venerated in the Orthodox Church. It would not be an exaggeration to say that Ray was venerated in the rural towns of the Western Cape where the FCWU had its most enduring presence. The outlines of her story are by now fairly well known. After being born in Latvia and recruited into the communist underground as a teenager, Ray fled to South Africa in 1929, where her brother and sister were living. She attended her first communist party meeting a day or so after her arrival. A few days later she joined, and became actively involved in the party. She also became involved in organising a number of trade unions. Then, in 1941, she established FCWU, and became its first General Secretary. Together with its African counterpart, the AFCWU, the union was to be the most important affiliate of the SA Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU). [End Page 97] In 1951 she was listed as a communist, and the following year banned. She nevertheless stood for Parliament as a so-called 'native' representative. She was elected, but prevented from taking her seat. When the communist party was re-constituted underground, she became a member. However faced with the prospect that government was to force her husband Jack Simons from his post at the University of Cape Town, the couple went into exile in 1965, leaving their children behind them. They were the first of the exiles to return in 1990. What lessons is the reader to draw from her story? In a recent article Raymond Suttner, who edited the book, berates the 'white left' for its retreat from politics in the post-1994 period, and its failure to embrace Africanism. Ray together with Bram Fisher and others are held up (icons, again) as examples of non-Africans who willingly embraced the cause of the African majority. The concluding sentence of the book, also emblazoned on the cover, reinforces this kind of populist sentiment 'For me, the finest cause in the world is the struggle for freedom and a full, satisfying life for all our people'. But if the struggle for freedom had a concrete meaning before the 1990s, what does it mean now? How does the workers' struggle relate to the popular struggle, in a context in which the ruling elite is increasingly avaricious, HIV/AIDS is rife and close to a majority of the population is unemployed? How do non-Africans embrace the cause of the majority without simply being relegated to the role of being cheer-leaders for the ruling party? One could not expect this book to address issues such as these. Ray was after all 77 years old when she returned to South Africa, in 1990. What one does look to is for inspiration in dealing with the issues of the day, and some sense that in doing so one is continuing a proud tradition. The energy and courage Ray brought to a wide range of issues is indeed inspiring. Yet this book left me with a sense of disappointment. I attribute this to its failure to frankly acknowledge the difficulties and failures alongside the achievements, and its absence of...

Historical dictionary of Bangladesh

Bangladesh (literally, the land of the Bengalis) is the most recent addition (in 1971) to the independent nations of South Asia. It had previously been known as East Pakistan, and prior to that it was part of British India. It has been inhabited by people of different races and religions and ruled over by different leaders who imposed different regimes. It is overpopulated and underdeveloped, but there is much more to it than that. Bangladesh has a long and oftentimes proud tradition: it has produced writers and artists of genius, and it is an important outpost of Islam. And, with a population of some 130 million, it is one of the larger countries in the world. The fourth edition of the Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh greatly expands on the previous edition through a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and over 700 cross-referenced dictionary entries on important people, places, events, and institutions, as well as significant political, economic, social, and cultural aspects.

Book Review

Joel, Lucille A. , 2003 ; McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, NY, USA : 759 pages. ISBN: 0071406395 . I recently spent a number of days developing a syllabus for associate degree nurses who are pursuing a baccalaureate degree. Traditionally, I have gathered a wide variety of articles to help students explore what it means to make the transition to a new level of nursing. This time, however, the search for articles was frustrating and I could not find the needed resources. By chance, I came across the ninth edition of Kelly's Dimensions of Professional Nursing. My search was over. This is a book for all nurses. The text aims to provide ‘an overview of the non-clinical aspects of nursing in sufficient detail to be adaptable for use at all stages in all types of programs in professional nursing’. This statement, written in 1962 by the text's first author Cordelia W. Kelly, accurately describes the ninth edition. The latest edition is ‘a virtual compendium’ as author Lucille Joel states in its Preface (p. vii). It has many revised, synthesized and streamlined materials, and contains a substantial amount of new information. Remarkably, while the text is consistent with past editions, it is also contemporary in look, feel, and content. As in previous editions, Part I details the Development of Modern Nursing from primitive societies to today, making special note of the influence of Florence Nightingale. This section gives a detailed description of nursing in the USA. A chapter on Major Studies of the Nursing Profession provides a comprehensive view from 1912 through 2002. As in previous editions, studies completed since publication of the last edition are presented with significantly more detail. Part II addresses Contemporary Professional Nursing. This section explores the health care setting and nursing's role within it, nursing education, research, the practice of nursing, and nurses’ legal rights and responsibilities. It also considers areas such as the ethics of managed care, whistle blowing, and informed refusal. An entire chapter is devoted to patients’ rights, including an examination of the nurse's role in professional-assisted suicide. I was impressed with the breadth of leadership theory presented and its appropriate placement within the context of change. The final section, Professional Components and Career Development, brings together rich and updated information on nursing organizations as well as useful information for nurses entering practice. There is an aesthetic look and feel to the ninth edition. Italicized emphases are prominent and red print is used for longer direct quotes. Students will find especially helpful the summary of key points at the end of each chapter and the related website references at the end of each section. Recognizing today's world, Joel has promised to update the bibliography every 6–9 months via the McGraw-Hill website. Fans of previous editions of this valuable text will notice that this ninth edition has been re-titled to include the name of the primary author for the third through eighth editions, Lucie Young Kelly. Lucille Joel co-authored the eighth edition and now continues the proud tradition of writing a text that is eminently useful, solidly documented, and comprehensively developed.

With Growth, a Growing Obligation

With Growth, a Growing Obligation The FAJ has much to offer potential authors—notably, in reaching the investment practitioner community more effectively, arguably, than any other journal. Since the launch of the Financial Analysts Journal in 1945, the FAJ has had a perhaps lofty but nonetheless admirable vision: to help shape a world where investment practitioners are knowledgeable and wise and where their clients are served with the highest ability and integrity. Although a lot has changed in the nearly 60 years since the FAJ began, that vision remains central to our mission. The FAJ's continuing goal is to publish the finest practitioner-oriented thinking and research in the field of investment management. What has certainly changed is the reach of the FAJ, in both numbers and geographic scope. What was once a journal that served fewer than 100 readers, primarily in New York City, is now sent to more than 65,000 people located around the globe. Our total readership is well over 100,000. Growth in numbers and dispersion of readers has increased the FAJ's obligations to advance knowledge about the investment management field. And to meet these obligations, the FAJ cannot passively wait for good manuscripts to arrive at its door. Instead, we must actively reach out and encourage others to research, write, and submit articles to the journal. We at the FAJ, therefore, are strongly encouraging the submission of papers that represent an idea or research that is sound, well reasoned, clearly presented, and useful to the practitioner community. We want papers that will extend knowledge about practices, tools, and theory in investment management. We want papers from practitioner and academic authors alike that are written for a practitioner audience. Among practitioners, we already are an “automatic” venue for sharing new and interesting ideas. For academic writers, we want to be the “first call” for papers that are of practical use to the practitioner community. In short, we want to be the natural choice for articles that target the needs of the practitioner world. Having an article published in the FAJ is a mark of distinction. We are one of the most selective journals in the finance community. The FAJ has a rigorous editorial selection process: All articles are subject to a double-blind review by both an academic referee focusing on correctness and a practitioner referee focusing on usefulness. In essence, an article published in the FAJ has passed two important hurdles—a correctness level established by the academic community and a high level of relevance to the practitioner community. With its large circulation and readership, the FAJ provides unparalleled distribution of an author's ideas and research. Readers are investment practitioners and academics from New York City to Zurich to Hong Kong to Miami. This circulation rivals or exceeds the combined circulation of all other finance journals, academic or practitioner. Readers range from portfolio managers and equity analysts to company presidents, board chairs, and chief investment officers. They work in giant investment management firms with the equivalent of hundreds of billions of dollars under management and in small firms managing private client portfolios. There is no better way to expose research and ideas to the global investment community than by publishing in the FAJ. The FAJ has a long and proud heritage. It has published the works of many of the leading investment thinkers and researchers of the last half of the 20th century. As noted in the January/February 2003 “From the Editor,” the FAJ has published 14 articles by Benjamin Graham over a 30-year span, 19 articles by Fischer Black over two decades, 13 articles by William Sharpe over three decades, and 11 articles by Peter Bernstein over three decades. Furthermore, eight Nobel Prize winners in economics have written articles for the Financial Analysts Journal—Robert Engle, Milton Friedman, Clive Granger, Harry Markowitz, Robert Merton, Franco Modigliani, William Sharpe, and Jan Tinbergen. By publishing in the FAJ, an author becomes a part of this proud tradition. To be instrumental in creating a world in which investment practitioners are knowledgeable and clients are well served, the FAJ strives to publish the very best articles. Clearly, however, the path to achieving our vision starts with authors. We hope authors, researchers, and thinkers in the field of investment management will consider publishing their best-articulated and most practitioner-relevant work in the Financial Analysts Journal and will encourage their colleagues to do so.

From the Editor

Dear Readers, It is a great honor for me to be chosen as editor of the Financial Analysts Journal. From its genesis in 1945, the FAJ has established a proud and strong tradition as one of the leading investment practitioner journals in the world. Not many journals can boast that they have published 14 articles by Benjamin Graham, 19 articles by Fischer Black, 13 articles by Bill Sharpe, and 11 articles by Peter Bernstein. If one considers the many other authors and articles represented in the journal's 57-year history, the accumulated wisdom in the FAJ is staggering. The FAJ is, at its core, a journal for you, the community of investment practitioners. AIMR and I are unswerving in our commitment that the FAJ will continue to play a key role in our industry as a link between innovative researchers and thinkers and the broad practitioner community. The FAJ's purpose is spelled out in its mission and standards: FAJ Mission and Editorial Standards The goal of the Financial Analysts Journal is to advance the knowledge and understanding of the practice of investment management through the publication of high-quality, practitioner-relevant research. The Financial Analysts Journal should serve asa bridge between academic research and practice by publishing academically rigorous articles that have direct relevance to practitioners, a forum for presenting practitioner research, and a forum for the perspectives of leading practitioners, academics, and regulators about our industry. Striving to meet these high expectations, the FAJ operates according to written quality, relevance, and readability standards. As an example, articles submitted to the FAJ are subject to an anonymous peer review process that provides an independent assessment of quality and relevance. Additionally, we work with authors to produce readable articles written in a style that is appropriate for a practitioner (rather than an academic) audience. We will, of course, continue to seek papers of the highest academic standards; we will be particularly alert to such opportunities when they are targeted to the practitioner community. I urge you to visit the FAJ Website at aimrpubs.org for details about our editorial standards. Without departing from the double-blind process, in which authors of articles do not know who their referees are and referees are not told the identities of the authors, we intend to increase the transparency of the review process. We will inform authors how their papers were judged by the referees and how the final decisions on their papers were reached. Naturally, it takes several issues for a journal to fully reflect the goals and priorities of any new editor. In this case, the situation is complicated by the fact that I and various co-authors had several articles that were submitted before the start of my tenure as editor. I will play no role whatsoever in the final editorial process for these papers; I will leave those decisions to the capable people at AIMR. I will not be submitting any new articles to the FAJ, but I may contribute some short perspectives pieces, which will be subject to independent review without my involvement in any way. In addition, I will not vote on the Graham and Dodd awards for 2002 or 2003. All of us working on the FAJ recognize that the reputation of the journal depends, in part, on its commitment to high standards of ethics and professional conduct. To help us maintain these standards in the selection and publication of articles, all authors, advisors, and reviewers, as well as the editor and editorial staff, will continue to abide by the FAJ's conflict-of-interest policies and ethical standards. These policies and standards are available on the FAJ Website. I am delighted to introduce to you a new group of people who will help the FAJ maintain its standards—the FAJ Advisory Council. They are listed on this issue's masthead and on FAJ's Website. The Advisory Council consists of luminaries who have made a substantial contribution to our industry; their key role is to advise the editor and AIMR on the proper direction of the FAJ. The masthead also lists our hard-working Editorial Board, which serves as our main source of reviewers. Some Advisory Council and Editorial Board members have previously served on the board; some names are new. All are leaders in their fields, and I thank both groups for their willingness to serve. In addition to their other duties, we are encouraging Advisory Council and Editorial Board members to submit perspectives pieces based on their decades of experience in the field, to submit cutting-edge, relevant research articles, and to help us identify outstanding practitioner-oriented papers and innovative ideas for future publication. I am looking forward to serving you.

The art and science of office-based anesthesia in dentistry: a 150-year history.

Office-based anesthesia in dentistry dates back over 150 years to the discovery of general anesthesia itself, and the fields of dentistry and anesthesiology have maintained close ties ever since. Many of the world's firstanesthetics were administered in dental offices, and for years, more anesthetics have been administered for dentistry than for any other procedure. Today, dentist anesthesiologists continue to practice state-of-the-art anesthesia, upholding the proud tradition of dentists in the delivery of quality office-based services. Over the years, numerous improvements in the art and science of office anesthesia have helped the specialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery to achieve the distinguished status that it now enjoys as a respected member of the health care community. Historically, the willingness of a general dentist to refer patients to an oral surgeon for dental extractions had more to do with the surgeon's skills in providing general anesthesia than his or her ability to remove teeth. With major contributions coming from the dental profession, anesthesia delivery in the hospital environment has evolved into a scientific practice based on sound principles. Ironically, at present there is increasing pressure on physicians to move out of the hospital or surgery center operating room and, like their dental colleagues, perform more diagnostic and surgical procedures in the office setting. Dentists have demonstrated an enviable safety record in the practice of outpatient anesthesia, leading the way in developing techniques that permit rapid induction and recovery in the office for procedures that encroach on the airway. While the modern practice of office-based anesthesia for oral surgery has certainly benefited from the wonderful scientific progress seen in medicine, it remains an art with a proud legacy in the field of dentistry.

Integrating Written Communication within Engineering Curricula

The University of Delaware has a strong, proud tradition of educating students to become engineers. As for any educational institution, however, we also strive to improve our curricula to keep in step with the demands of the engineering profession. One skill well recognized as needing improvement for engineering ~and most other! students is writing. Fortunately, the University of Delaware also has a strong, proud tradition in technical writing as a discipline within the English Department. At the University of Delaware, we thus pooled our efforts between the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Business and Technical Writing Program of the English Department to integrate writing skills more fully into the engineering curricula. Communication skills, both written and oral, remain key to professional success within the engineering profession. Moreover, a call for collaboration between engineering and English departments was sounded as far back as 1911 by Samuel Chandler Earle, at Tufts University ~Kynnel 1995!. A century later, this need for stronger communication skills among engineering students, and for evaluation of programs to foster these skills, has been formally identified by the Accreditation Board in Engineering and Technology ~ABET! as one of 11 key attributes. Specifically, the ABET Engineering Criteria 2000 emphasize communication skills within an integrated education for engineering students ~Engineering 1998!. At the foundation of this education initiative stands a clear understanding of differences between simple data collection or compilation and complex knowledge transfer ~Piirto 1996!. In other words, simply amassing data is not sufficient; rather, today’s professionals must be able to interpret and repackage the data for audiences. Hence, students need to move beyond the first stage so that they can begin to assess, interpret, and shape messages. Components of format and design, audience analysis, argument strategy, and related topics can be handled through not only technical matter in advanced courses, but also nontechnical topics

Discover Art Treasures Rocky Never Dreamed of

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Information on Host City and Meeting HighlightsFull AccessDiscover Art Treasures Rocky Never Dreamed ofKen HausmanKen HausmanSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:15 Feb 2002https://doi.org/10.1176/pn.37.4.0022The Philadelphia Museum of Art overlooks the grand Benjamin Franklin Parkway. The parkway is called a “bit of Paris in Philadelphia” because of its many cultural attractions. (Photo: Top Kat)To art lovers, it borders on scandal. It seems that millions of people know one of the world’s great art museums more for its front steps than for the wondrous collection of works to which those steps lead.For visitors who climb those steps during APA’s annual meeting in May, however, memories of the eye-popping art works should certainly supplant those of Sylvester Stallone triumphantly running up those now-famous steps in the film “Rocky.”Perched on a hill a few blocks from Center City, the Philadelphia Museum of Art appears to be a Greek or Roman temple. It is, in fact, the third-largest art museum in the United States and boasts comprehensive collections of paintings, sculpture, and crafts that cover every era from the third century B.C. to the late 20th century.Among the museum’s more than 300,000 works are noteworthy collections of East Asian art, paintings by European Renaissance masters, and Impressionist and Post-Impressionist masterpieces. It houses an especially impressive collection of American art, crafts, and domestic objects, including dozens of examples from Philadelphia’s proud tradition of creating beautiful silver pieces.Pennsylvania HeritageThe museum also reflects its Pennsylvania heritage, displaying rooms full of fine examples of Amish and Quaker furniture and household objects. In addition, it has accumulated one of the largest collections of works by Philadelphia native son Thomas Eakins, many of which are on display in the galleries devoted to 19th-century American painting. The American galleries feature several period rooms that display paintings and decorative objects in a way designed to highlight the cultural links between Europe and 18th-century America.Fans of the Impressionists and the artists they inspired will enjoy the many paintings by Cézanne, including his famous “Bathers,” Matisse, and Gauguin. Marcel Duchamp’s once-scandalous painting “Nude Descending a Staircase” is also a jewel in the museum’s permanent collection of 20th-century art, though it probably has lost the power to shock viewers as it did when it went on display in 1913. Picasso and Braque are also represented in the museum’s galleries.Modern ArtModern-art devotees as well as people who are still trying to make sense of the genre will be able to experience a special exhibit of the works of one of modern art’s leading lights, artist Barnett Newman. The museum has brought together more than 100 of his paintings and traces Newman’s evolution from his 1940s surrealistic drawings through his minimalist “vertical stripe” phase to the pioneering shaped canvases of his later years. Newman, who was born to immigrant parents in 1905 and died in 1970, was a major figure in New York’s modern-art circles in the 1950s, along with his friends Mark Rothko, Jackson Pollock, and Clyfford Still.Commenting on Newman’s significance, curator Ann Temkin stated, “At the turn of the millennium, no member of his generation remains more significant than Barnett Newman, and we are proud to be presenting a comprehensive view of this remarkable artist’s life’s work.”Asian ArtThe museum also houses multiple galleries of Asian art treasures, which include a Japanese ceremonial teahouse, a palace hall from China, and a vast collection of Oriental rugs, along with exquisite pieces of ceramic, lacquerware, and furniture.Oh, and why not just give in to the urge. Make like Rocky and run up those 99 famous steps. It will make for a memorable photograph.The Philadelphia Museum of Art is located at 26th Street and the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. It is open Tuesday through Sunday from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., with evening hours on Wednesday and Friday. Admission is $10 for adults, with a $7 charge for visitors aged 13 to 18 and 62 and older. Children aged 12 and younger are admitted without charge. Free guided tours are given on the hour from 10 a.m. through 3 p.m. More information is available on the Web at www.philamuseum.com. ▪ ISSUES NewArchived

The Ruling Compassions of the Late Colonial State: Welfare versus Force, Kenya, 1945-1952

The Ruling Compassions of the Late Colonial State: Welfare versus Force, Kenya, 1945–1952 J. E. Lewis Introduction It is fashionable these days to downplay the effect of the Second World War upon governance in Britain. The case against the war’s influence includes the arguments that war merely sped up administrative changes already in place and, in certain instances, even put a brake upon institutional reform. And more generally, if wartime affected neither social change nor cultural adjustment as much as was once believed, the climate surrounding governance — a medium rigidly bound in hierarchy and upper-middle-class traditions — was hardly demanding of deep-seated reforms.1 Indeed, the experience of women in professional employment highlights the conservatism of change at this time.2 Such revisionism might seem initially less plausible in relation to the British Empire, the very dismantling of which within two decades after the end of war has been tightly linked to the fallout of global conflict. To maintain such a line for colonial administration surely smacks of academic pedantry at its worst, futility if predisposed to charity, for war cast a huge shadow over colonial governance, as is well known. The Colonial Development and Welfare Act of 1940 signaled a more interventionist stance from London, promising a state-centric solution to perceived colonial inadequacies. The “Second Colonial Occupation” offered to ease the restrictions of the Depression by thickening the “thin white line.” 3 Meanwhile a Labor Government — enthusiastically voted into power in 1945 for the first time in its short history — married the new state developmentalism to a proud tradition of activism in local government and vowed to uphold a lack of squeamishness toward replacing the so-called traditional systems of native rule. 4 Thus, colonial governments such as Kenya’s found themselves bedding down with a new generation of modernizers who saw their postwar colonial mission in terms of bread-and-butter trusteeship with a sell-by date: according to their methodology, improving standards of living would sustain systems of self-government that must come sooner rather than later. Yet closer examination suggests that, even for colonial administration, the reality was closer to continuity rather than marked by cleavage. This article reexamines the influence of war on colonial governance in relation to the politics of welfare imperialism in the colony of Kenya. Therefore, this is a case study of the rhetoric of more compassionate administration. The period covered are the years between the end of one conflict — the Second World War — and the beginning of another — the Mau Mau civil war (officially recognized as an emergency situation in October 1952). I argue that the war did lead to significant changes in official intent and bureaucratic initiatives. However, in terms of administrative practice and outcomes, the dominant feature is that of continuity. And this continuity tells of a much deeper connection between war and governance in Kenya — both in terms of the conflict that had passed and the one that was soon to descend — and may indeed reflect white collar public service experience in twentieth-century Britain. At first glance, one could easily be forgiven for believing that war had produced unprecedented administrative change in Kenya. The spirit of welfare imperialism seemed to have touched this white-settler colony in eastern Africa. In 1945, as the world was finally shaking off the misery of mass conflict, Sir Charles Mortimer, commissioner for local government, lands, and settlement, complained to his colleagues in Nairobi that they had more or less committed themselves, for the time being, to an adviser on social welfare. Dr. Philip, a senior medical officer (MO), would return from Witwatersrand University, where he was attending a course in social science, and take charge of an organization that consisted of himself, an assistant (Fortie Ross), and a social worker in Nairobi, Mary Kenny. Additionally, Philip had eight former civil reabsorption officers in the field and could look forward to the prospect of not-yet-trained African social welfare workers to be stationed at not-yet-built community centers. Efforts made by the Colonial Office to dispatch an expert to help were firmly rebuffed. Although London and the Uganda government queried this decision, senior officials in...

Rykker vi stadig frem? – Dansk arkæologi 2001 mellem nostalgi og realisme

Are we still advancing?Danish archaeology in the year 2001 between nostalgia and realismDanish archaeology is a queer specimen which is favoured by an outstanding source material and a long and mostly proud research tradition. Around the turn of the millennia, Danish archaeology is benefiting from two circumstances: Every year excellent new finds are made, and every year thorough investigations are made into both the new and the old existing material. However, Danish archaeology also holds comprehensive problems that go a long way back. One of the more serious ones is the lacking ability to take care of the relics of the past in the countryside and the lack of funds for investigating relics of the past threatened by destruction.The first Danish law to ensure a general protection of the relics of the past was the nature conservancy law, which was passed in 1937 – a rather late date compared with other European countries and drawn up in conflict rather than in cooperation with Danish archaeology. During the last decades of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century, the leading Danish archaeologists harboured a strong aversion to legal measures that might put the good relations to the farming community at risk. They preferred voluntary agreements with the individual farmers although intensified farming was threatening the relics of the past already then. Nevertheless, the Danish nature conservancy association, which was and still is a strong nongovernmental organisation, had the relics of the past included in the nature conservancy law. This secured numerous relics in the last moment. However, as the transformation of the law into practice was left to the National Museum, which choose to be lenient, most of the relics of the past were kept outside the conservation. The result was that most of the Danish relics of the past are still being cultivated and consequently getting worn down (fig. 2). Farming during the last two decades especially has severely affected both settlements and graves, and each year relics of the past are being destroyed in alarmingly large numbers. For numerous structures and even types of structures a total destruction is drawing shockingly near.Apparently the responsible politicians and officials have neither the will nor the ability to secure the relics of the past. However, the fact that there is no will either to find the necessary means for rescue archaeology is completely incomprehensible. The need for funds for rescue excavations is far larger than the appropriation, which is a well-known and well-documented fact (fig. 1).The article discusses different means of solving this problem. First, there is a need for politicians and officials to work seriously for safeguarding the rehcs of the past. Secondly, they must provide necessary funds for the rescue excavations. However, further professionalisation of the local museums is also needed, as very little has happened since the first wave of professionalisation in the 1960s and 1970s. The manning and means have far from kept up with the tasks, and if the museums are to enter public planning with some importance, resources and routines of a different kind than those developed thirty years ago are necessary. Much has happened within the excavation field (fig. 3), but the museums have not yet reached the professional levels of year 2001. One solution is a better cooperation between the museums and the universities. Today, most problems are solved within the field of responsibility of the individual museum, which rarely seeks advice and guidance. Fusing the museum into larger units is hardly a good solution as enlarged fields of responsibility will also give a longer distance to the local polticians, citizens, and users and result in fewer finds (fig. 4). Finally, there is also a need for revising the archaeological education. The way it is organised today, the candidates do not achieve sufficient skills within the practical museum-relevant areas that they are expected to serve when they have finished their studies. This goes for excavations, but also for planning, project management, economy, law, and communication. A professionalisation of the museum field is naturally linked to a qualification of the candidates.Claus Kjeld JensenKulturhistorisk Museum RandersTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

YESTERDAY AS TOMORROW'S SONG: THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE 1960S "CHICAGO SCHOOL" TO URBAN GEOGRAPHY

On December 17,1971, a 33-column-inch article by Alan Wilson appeared on the front page of the "books" section of The Times (London, UK), titled "Big boost for new geography." In it, Wilson reviewed four textbooks: Spatial Organization (Abler, Adams, and Gould); Industrial Location (Smith); Internal Structure of the City (ISC) (edited by Bourne); and The North American City (NAC) (Yeates and Garner). Given that at least two of these books {ISC and NAC) are firmly in the realm of urban geography, what had happened in the field to warrant this banner treatment? Examination of ISC and NAC indicates that both are in large part rooted in research themes pursued in the Department of Geography (particularly by Brian Berry, and graduate students) at the University of Chicago from the late 1950s to the early 1970s. Some of these themes are as follows: the emphasis on process over place; the notion of the geographical matrix; the idea of systems within systems; the spatial topology of commercial structure; social theory and the internal structure of cities; the connection between social space and housing space in a race-determined society; the need for research relevance; and the importance of "professionalism" to the geographical research enterprise. The paper concludes by situating the collective work of this group within the proud tradition of the Chicago School of urban studies and by identifying the ways in which this efflorescence of activity continues to energize developments in urban geography and in the discipline at large. [Key words: urban geography, research themes, Chicago School, Brian Berry.]

Science Survives in Breakaway States

Slovenia, which escaped unscathed from its 1-week war of independence in 1991, has emerged from the chaos of the Yugoslav breakup with the biggest head start in science. Croatia also has a proud scientific tradition, but it paid a much higher price than Slovenia paid for its freedom: a bloody war for independence that took nearly 4 years to settle. The problems of Croatian researchers pale in comparison to those in neighboring Bosnia-Herzegovina, however.

Foreword: A Long and Proud Tradition

This introduction to following collection of essays about AFA's fifty-year history is merely to remind us of a few points: Forensics has a long history which predates AFA; forensic activities and terminology have changed as cultures, philosophies, and educational practices have changed; future changes are inevitable; and despite changes, we have a proud tradition. These points are so obvious that they are easily overlooked, especially since studies in rhetorical history tend to focus on theory rather than on speaking exercises. In this sketch of our pre-AFA tradition, theory will receive only incidental mention and forensic activities will be emphasized. EARLY EUROPEAN TRADITIONS The precise origins of our forensic traditions are lost in mists of history, not only because historical data are in short supply, but also because of changing definitions. The word forensic originally had restricted meaning of legal oratory rather than broad range of speech exercises with which today's AFA members are familiar. However, we know that what we call forensic activities date back at least to fifth century BCE, when sophists (a word that originally meant but later was used pejoratively) devised speaking exercises for their students. One of earliest exercises was called dialegesthai. Although word was sometimes used to label informal speech (like our word conversation), it was also used to designate a definable, rule governed event in which participants (as in modern group discussion) would discuss aspects of a topic or issue for purpose of coming to a mutual agreement or (Timmerman, 1993, p. 120). The types of questions varied. Some were philosophically abstract while others were practical political issues. As time went by, teachers initiated various spin-offs of dialegesthai. Formats, educational goals, and theoretical underpinnings differed, but despite differences, these exercises were what today we call forensic activities. Protagoras (c. 485-4 15 BCE), often called the father of debate, believed that absolute truth is unknowable. He developed theoretical concept of dissoi logoi: two opposing views have equal validity, one being that which is most persuasive. In keeping with his skepticism, he invented some debate exercises, exact formats of which are unknown. However, we know that students argued a thesis pro and con. Some theses were abstract philosophical ones, but his primary educational goal was not to train philosophers. It was to train students to deliver argumentative speeches in law courts and political assemblies--a skill that would later be called rhetoric (for details on origin of word rhetoric, see Schiappa, 1990). Socrates (469?-399 BCE), who converted dialegesthai into dialectic, had a passion for argumentation, but he stood in marked contrast to both Protagoras and earlier practitioners of dialegesthai. He had little use for popular opinion, whether it was opinions of juries or group discussants or political assemblies. Although he left no writings, he apparently taught that truth was absolute and knowable and that a clear distinction should be made between dialectic, question and answer method of obtaining one correct answer, and rhetoric, which does not seem interested in universal validity of answer but only in persuasiveness for moment (Kennedy, 1963, p. 14). His student, Plato (428-348 BCE), also believed that Absolute Truth could be discovered via dialectic. He composed his Dialogues in a question-answer format and used dialectic as a method of instruction in his school (the Academy). Question-answer formats were set up, not only between teacher and student, but also between students. The purpose was to bring students around to understanding Truth about some philosophical question and to develop skills necessary to defend Truth. …

The Papers of General Nathanael Greene: Volume X: 3 December 1781-6 April 1782

The Papers of General Nathanael Greene: Volume X: 3 December 1781-- 6 April 1782. Edited by Dennis M. Conrad. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1998. Pp. xlvi, 663. Illustrations, maps. $85.00.) Nathanael Greene, Rhode Island-born anchorsmith and Quaker preacher's son, stands second only to George Washington as military mastermind of War for Independence. A gifted strategist, he offered sage advice to Washington during northern campaigns of Revolution, served as quartermaster-general, and then, beginning in 1780, commanded war in South. At Cowpens, Guilford Court House, Ninety Six, and Eutaw Springs, his forces thrilled Americans by harassing British and wearing them down. Greene, who walked with a slight limp, pursued redcoats on an unrelenting march all way back to Charleston. Meanwhile, triumph at Yorktown of Washington and Comte de Rochambeau, French lieutenant general, effectively ended war. Greene's mission became defensive. The preservation of his tired, undermanned, and undersupplied army-which remained vulnerable to attacks by resilient British-now constituted his principal task. As this excellent collection of correspondence makes clear, Greene succeeded as best he could. Edited by Dennis M. Conrad, tenth installment of Nathanael Greene papers continues proud tradition set by its predecessors. It faithfully reproduces most important letters to and from Greene and compresses into well-annotated abstracts less significant communications, which constitute 69 percent of documents covered by volume. Conrad's fine introduction ably surveys documentary record that he and his team have assembled. The greatest problem facing this politically astute general during four-month period covered by this volume, according to Conrad, revolved around reluctance of states in Southern Department ... to provide men and supplies in wake of victory at Yorktown (xv, xiii). Greene addressed these problems in innovative ways that tested his mettle as a politician and yielded interesting results. First, Greene tried to conciliate loyalists by allowing them to start anew, demonstrate their patriotism, and take up revolutionary cause. In keeping with his plan, increasing numbers of George BIll's former partisans earned citizenship by enlisting to fight against Crown. Greene also pursued a policy of constructive engagement with loyalist merchants in British-held Charleston, giving them food in exchange for clothing for his troops. To secure their assistance he employed not only carrots but also bluffs about forthcoming sticks: to one correspondent, who Greene apparently thought would leak (mis)information, he wrote in February about the arrival of a French fleet which may soon be expected (358). …

Guest editorial: Women?s health in New South Wales: Where to now?

New South Wales has a proud tradition of innovation and excellence in women’s health. When the Leichhardt Women’s Health Centre opened in Sydney on 8 March 1974 (International Women’s Day), it became the first dedicated women’s health centre in Australia. By the end of 1975, two more centres, Liverpool and the Working Women’s Centre at Mayfield in Newcastle, had been established.