Viability Of Protoscolices Research Articles

Effectiveness Evaluation of Leaves Nerium oleander Extract on the Viability of Protoscolices: In vitro

Background: Echinococcus granulosus is a type of taeniid tapeworm, present in the small intestine of its primary hosts, including dogs and occasionally in other carnivores. The larval stage of E. granulosus causes cystic hydatidosis in humans and livestock. Although most hydatid cysts are found in the liver and lungs, the disease can occur anywhere in the body. Therefore, Hydatidosis remains a problem and causes significant economic losses in animals. Methods: A study was performed to evaluate the activity of the leaves Nerium oleander extract on the viability of protoscolices. We used three graduated concentrations of extract (10, 30 and 50 mg/ml). 2 ml of the protoscolices suspension (containing at least 2700 protoscolices) was placed in test tubes using a Pasteur pipette. Then, 2 ml of various concentrations of the Nerium oleander extract were added to each test tube and mixed gently, incubated at 37°C for 5, 10, 20 and 30 min. One control group was kept that contain normal saline. The viability of protoscolices was evaluated by eosin method where, protoscolices suspension was mixed with 0.1% eosin for 5 minutes. The dead protoscolices absorb eosin and becomes red, whereas the live protoscolices remains colorless. Before drawing the conclusion, each experiment was performed thrice. Result: The analysis of phytochemicals by FT-IR for alcoholic extracts of Nerium oleander extracts revealed the presence of 12 effective chemical ingredients. Nerium oleander extract showed the strongest scolicidal effect (85.6, 92.3%) after 20 and 30 min at a concentration of 50 mg/ml, respectively moderately (69.3%) after 30 min at 30 mg/ml and lowest (41.9%) after 30 min at 10 mg/ml. Microscopic examinations of dead protoscolices showed distortion of their morphology and degenerative effects. These effects were characterized by loss of hooks, or presence of free hooks and dissolution and rupture of the protoscolices wall. It can be concluded from this study that ethanol extract of Nerium oleander is effective against Protoscolies in vitro.

Comparison of the activity of boiling water extract of purple cabbage leaves and albendazole drug against protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus In vitro study.

Hydatid cystic disease is a financial burden in Iraq because it reduces the productivity of sheep, goats, cows, and camels by leaving their afflicted organs unsuitable for human consumption, causing weight loss and poor health. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and applicability of Brassica oleracea boiling water extract as an in-vitro anti-protoscolices therapy model to albendazole. Fresh leaves of purple cabbages (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) were extracted comprehensively by maceration in boiling water, and the required 100, 200, and 300 mg/ml concentrations were tested. Hydatid (human or animal) samples were collected from the hospital and external laboratories in Babylon province and stored in Kreb ringers culture media and cyst fluid (4:1) until use. For comparison, several concentrations of albendazole were generated. In three replications, the control group received one milliliter of distilled water and all of the extract and drug concentrations stated above. The viability rates of the protoscolices were determined for (0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216) hours. According to the findings, the proportion of viable protoscolices was 84 % at zero time and 0 % on the ninth day after the experiment began. The boiling water extract for purple cabbages with a concentration of 300 mg/ml was shown to be the most successful in removing protoscolices viability at a percentage of 0.67% after 96 hours, compared to the albendazole medicine at a percentage of 0% after 120 hours. The findings of a boiling water extract from Brassica oleracea var. capitata revealed that protoscolices' viability had been effective. It can also be used as an alternative to chemotherapy in treating cyst hydatid infection. Keywords: Purple cabbages, Protoscolices, Echinococcosis, Albendazole, plant extract

Effectiveness Evaluation of Viti's vinifera Leaf Extract on the Viability of Echinococcus Eggs and Protoscolices In Vitro.

Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the genus Echinococcus. Globally, it is one of the most central helminthic diseases. Surgery remains the method of choice to remove cystic Echinococcus. Various sporicidal agents have been used to invalidate the substances in hydatid cysts. Nevertheless, many sporicidal agents cause inflammation and can cause side complications, so their use should be limited. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Vitis vinifera leaf methanolic extract as a sporicidal agent for Echinococcus eggs and protoscolices and determines the best concentration. The mortality and viability of protoscolices were measured in samples exposed to four concentrations of V. vinifera leaf extract (VVLE) (5, 10, 30, and 50 mg/mL) for 5, 10, 20, and 30 min and in eggs exposed to three concentrations (100, 200, and 300 mg/mL) for 24 and 48 h. An infrared spectroscopy chemical test was conducted to assess the presence of numerous expected active components in the extract. The viability of eggs and protoscolices was confirmed using 0.1% eosin staining. Vinifera leaf extract exhibited the decisive sporicidal effect at 100%, 91%, 60%, and 41% after 30 min at concentrations of 50, 30, 10, and 5 mg/mL, and in eggs at 11% and 19% after 24 and 48 h at a concentration of 200 mg/mL, respectively. Increased incubation times and higher dosages often increase mortality. The results exhibited that V. vinifera is effective. This study confirmed that grape leaf extract has high sporicidal activity in vitro. However, more studies are required to determine the exact active chemical and its action mechanism and perform in vivo utilization to confirm these results.

Investigation of scolicidal effect of CM11 on Hydatid cyst

In present study, in order to evaluate scolicidal effect of CM11anti-microbial peptide (α-helical peptide with 11 amino acids) against hydatid cyst, Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices were collected and washed with normal saline. At first, the percentage of viability of protoscolices was evaluated using eosin staining. Different concentrations of CM11 peptide (16, 64, 128, and 256 μmol.), along with positive and negative control group, were used against protoscolices for 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes. Eosin staining was done at the end of the incubation time, and the images were taken with a camera equipped with Tcapture software. Finally, the number of dead and live protoscolices was determined by ImageJ software, and the viability and mortality percent was calculated. Data analysis was carried out by using Sigma Stat (version 3.5). P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Up to 2 hours, the effect of all concentrations of CM11 peptide on protoscolices was not significant compared to the negative control group. However, after 4 hours of exposure, 128 and 256 μm of peptide, were significantly decreased the viability of protoscolices (P<0.05). With regard to the results of this study and considering the resistance of the present antiprotoscolics drugs, the CM11 can be used as a relatively effective peptide against protoscolices in future research.

EFFECT OF ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF CLOVE (SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM) ON VIABILITY OF PROTOSCOLICES OF SHEEP HYDATID CYSTS IN VITRO

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is one of the most valuable spices that has been used for centuries as food preservative and for many medicinal purposes such as antispasmodic, carminative, antioxidant and antimicrobial. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of alcoholic extract of clove, on the viability of Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices in vitro. Different concentrations of the clove extract were assessed (1, 50 and 100 mg /ml). The results of the current study showed significant complete inhibition (100%) of protoscolices viability in vitro treated with100 mg/ml of alcoholic extract of S. aromaticum after 3 hours of exposure. Also, 85% inhibition with concentration of 50 mg/ml after 3 hours, progressing to complete inhibition of protoscolices viability after 4 hours. With concentration of 1 mg /ml, 70 % inhibition was observed after 3 hours, progressing to 100% inhibition after 5 hours of exposure to S. aromaticum alcoholic extract. There were significant correlations between efficacy and concentration and between efficacy and exposure time.

Anti-hydatidosis Potential of Sodium Valproate: Evaluating New Therapeutic Potential for Sodium Valproate

Background: Larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus is the main cause of the hydatid cyst. Surgery, which is both aggressive and high-risk, is the most common treatment for this type of cyst. Some medicines, such as mebendazole, are also used as a complementary approach to preventing the recurrence of hydatid cysts. Objectives: Considering the approved antiparasitic effects of sodium valproate (VPA) on some parasites, this research intended to examine the potential of VPA against protoscolices and hydatid walls. Methods: Liver hydatid cysts caused by E. granulosus were collected from a slaughterhouse. Protoscolices and hydatid cysts were exposed to RPMI and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) media (control groups) or different concentrations of VPA and mebendazole in vitro. The viability of protoscolices was evaluated via light microscopy. Also, tissue changes and expression of apoptotic caspase-3 were examined in hydatid cyst walls (HCWs) using histological and immunohistochemical methods, respectively. Results: The mortality rates of VPA-treated and mebendazole-treated protoscolices were dose- and time-dependent. There was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups (P < 0.05). Tissue changes and apoptosis were observed in VPA-treated and mebendazole-treated HCWs. Conclusions: Valproate and mebendazole had significant effects on protoscolices and HCWs, although VPA exerted its effects more rapidly. It seems that VPA can be a new promising protoscolicidal agent and anti-hydatid medicine.

Prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda: Taeniidae) Infection in Stray Dogs and Local Herbivores in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia

Background: Echinococcus granulosus is a cyclophyllid cestode parasite that lives as an adult in the intestine of canids and is the most common cause of hydatidosis in ruminants (intermediate hosts). It also offers a public health risk because of the possibility of human infection. The incorrect disposal of dead animals, access of farm dogs to the internal organs of sheep and grazing in areas with wayward dogs are the most common production methods that might increase the risk of sheep being exposed to hydatidosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the natural spread of E. granulosus infection in wayward dogs, as well as the sterility and fertility rates of hydatid cysts in herbivores of Al-Kharj (Saudi Arabia). Methods: Fecal samples from 150 dogs were collected from several locations in Al-Kharj (Saudi Arabia) where livestock rearing takes place and the existence of wayward and semi-feral canines from August 2021 to February 2022. Parasitic eggs were recovered from fecal samples using the flotation method, followed by centrifugation at 1200 × g. Examination of slaughtered animals was done by comprehensive visual examination, palpation and incision of the internal organs, including lungs, liver, muscles, kidneys and heart. All hydatid cysts detected in the organs were collected for cyst count, cyst fertility testing and protoscolices viability testing. Examination of cysts and viability of protoscolices. A 0.1% aqueous solution of eosin stain was used to examine the survival of protoscolices. According to Smyth and Barret (1980), deceased protoscolices became stained (purplish-red color) five minutes after exposure to staining, whereas living protoscolices remained colorless (recorded as alive) under the microscope. Result: 1698 sheep, 450 goats and 240 camels (slaughtered in Al-Kharj Abattoir) were examined as to their livers, lungs, muscles, kidneys and hearts were checked for hydatidosis. In a study of 150 dogs, 21 (14%) were shown to be naturally infected with E. granulosus eggs. Hydatid cysts were also identified in 156 (9.18%) sheep, 36 (7.5%) goats and 24 (10%) camels. In comparison to other tissues, the liver and lungs had the highest percentage of infestation, with values of 50.6% and 25.6% in sheep, 58.3% and 16.6% in goats and 66.6% and 16% in camels, respectively. The older age groups had higher infection rates than the younger ones. The highest percentage was seen in sheep over the age of 12 months (10.4%) and camels over the age of 6 years (12%). Hydatidosis is a serious economic and zoonotic problem. Therefore, we should take preventative measures in Al-Kharj city to avoid environmental pollution and infection of both humans and animals.

Secondary bacterial infection of hydatid cysts infected livestock animals (In vitro study)

Isolation and identificationof the bacteria-infected hydatid cystsof livestock animals were carried out. The study lasted for five months. A total of 302 slaughtered livestock were checked to find hydatid cyst naturally infected livers and lungs of sheep and goat at local Mosul abattoir/ Nineveh/ Iraq. Each cysts' aspirated fluid was cultured separately on blood or nutrient agar at 37C for 24 hours then detected secondary bacteria. Each bacterium was incubated independently with 1000 viable protoscolices in a culture tube containing tryptic soy broth at 37°C and examined every two hours for 6 hours, followed by 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours afterward.The degeneration rate of protoscolices resulting from treatment with bacteria isolated depending on viability was studied in vitro.The results were revealed that the liver was the preponderant affected organ in sheep and goats. About 57.1% of sheep and 50% of goats harbored fertile cysts. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria were observed in the infected cysts. The most common bacteria infect the cyst was Escherichia coli. The protoscoleces treated with the bacterial isolates had completely deteriorated, whereas 97% of protoscoleces throughout the control groups were still alive and intact even after completing the incubation time. The experiments detect a significant time-dependent scolicidal effect on decreased viability of protoscolices in vitro study. This could pave the door for more research into the scolicidal validity of bacteria or their by-products as protoscolices both in vitro and in vivo.

Evaluation of the Effects of Bunium persicum and Albendazole on Killing Hydatid Cyst Protoscolices In Vitro

Objectives: Hydatidosis is a parasitic disease of zoonoses and the best treatment for this parasitic disease is cryosurgery. From time immemorial, many protoscolice-destroying chemicals have been used to inhibit the distribution of protoscolices within the cyst during surgery. However, the side effects of chemical compounds and medicinal plants should always be considered. Due to the antiparasitic properties of Bunium persicum (Boiss), this study was performed to evaluate and compare the effects of B. persicum (Boiss) essential oil and albendazole on protoscolices inside hydatid cyst in vitro. Materials and Methods: In this study, the essential oil used from the desired plant seeds was prepared. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to determine its components. Hydatid cyst protoscolices were extracted from hydatid cyst-infected livers and exposed to B. persicum (Boiss) (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL) for 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes, respectively. The viability of protoscolices was measured by the effect of plant essential oil by eosin staining. Albendazole was also used as an effective antiparasitic drug in this study. Results: The amount of essential oil protoscolices at 2.5 μg/mL in 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes was 48.5%, 68.2%, 79.5%, and 96.1%, respectively. The antiparasitic drug albendazole showed less toxic effects at similar doses at the same intervals, but both treatment groups had a significant effect (P<0.001). The highest toxic effects of essential oil were observed at a concentration of 10 μg/mL 30 minutes after treatment. For albendazole, this effect was achieved at a dose of 10 μg/mL after 2 hours. Conclusions: The results and statistical data of this study showed that the essential oil of B. persicum (Boiss) in comparison with the antiparasitic drug albendazole has an acceptable scolicide effects in hydatidosis and can be used as an alternative to scolicide compound.

Effects of Psidium Guajava Leaves Extract on the Viability of Echinococcus Granulosus Protoscolices in Vitro and in Vivo

Echinococcosis is a common parasitic disease in humans and ruminants; it is considered as a health and economic problem in most parts of the world. The present study aims to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo scolicidal effects of Psidium guajava extracts on the protoscolices from hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus. Protoscolices were aseptically aspirated from the livers of naturally infected sheep. Various concentrations of the extract were used for 6-48hrs. Eosin staining (0.1%) was used to determine the viability of protoscolices. The findings showed that the extract at the concentrations of 100 mg/ml killed 100% protoscolices after 48 hrs. However, the concentrations of 75 and 50 mg/ml were not effective in killing the protoscolices after 48 hrs. of exposure. The results of this investigation demonstrated that P. guajava could be used as a natural source for the production of new scolicidal agents.

Effect of Some Drugs on the Viability of the Protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus (Batch, 1876) in Vitro

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a number of drugs on the viability of primary protoscolices isolated from sheep infected with the larval stage of E. granulosus. These drugs included Oxfendazole (OFZ) at a concentration of 0.05 mg/ml, mixed with Praziquantel (PZQ) at a concentration of 4 mg/ml and Albendazole (ABZ) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The results showed that OFZ was the most effective in influencing the viability of the protoscolices. The percentage of killing after five minutes of treatment was 85.63% and it was 17.21%, 15.10% and 13.09% for OFZ+ABZ, OFZ+PZQ and ABZ+PZQ, respectively. After 30 minutes, the killing percentage was 99.04%, 71.63%, 40.19% and 31.09%, respectively. The percentage of killing reached 100% after 35 minutes, 40 minutes, 2 hours and 3 hours, respectively. The results confirm the use of OFZ as a lethal drug, or a viability-suppressant for protoscolices in the future, after conducting more researches to know the side effects of this drug in laboratory animals for access to the best treatment to those infected with hydatid cysts.

Antioxidant, Antiprotoscolices Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Some Medicinal Plants Against Echinococcus granulosus as Eco-friendly System

The principal objective of the study is to investigate the use of Mentha spicata, Thymus vulgaris and Ocimum basilicum as a good alternative option to Antiprotoscolices in-vitro. Hydatid disease, a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus, an important economic and human public health problem with a wide geographical distribution. Fertile hydatid cysts were collected from livestock and the viability of the protoscolices was confirmed. Protoscolices were subjected to four different concentrations of organic extracts (12.5, 25, 50 and 75 mg/ml) for 10, 20 and 30 min. Each extract was investigated and viability of the protoscolices was tested using 0.1% eosin staining. The highest efficacy was by T. vulgaris, M. spicata (100%), and O. basilicum (98.8%) respectively, after exposure of 20 minutes at 75 mg/ml, that lead to the significant reduction in the viability of protoscolices. The extract had time-dependent effect. Phytochemical were identified qualitatively and weighted quantitatively, that help in the identification of bioactive compounds involved in selective action on the protoscolices tegument layer. In conclusion, all the selected medicinal plants could be a promising source of potent antiprotoscolices effect. The mechanism by which plant extracts killed protoscolices and also their safety for living cells are unclear and need to be investigated further.

In vitro scolicidal effects of Sideritis perfoliata extract against Echinococcus granulosus.

Cystic echinococcosis, caused by helminths within the genus Echinococcus, is mainly localised in the liver and lungs of affected hosts. Surgery has been the best choice for the treatment of hydatidosis and using effective scolicidal agents during hydatid surgery is required to prevent secondary infection. Several plant extracts have been shown to exert scolicidal efficacy. This study was designed to investigate the in vitro scolicidal activity of methanol extract of Sideritis perfoliata against the protoscolices of hydatid cysts. The protoscolices were collected from a liver of a sheep slaughtered in Adiyaman city slaughter, Turkey. Three concentrations of the aerial part extract of S perfoliata (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4mg/mL) were assessed at three different exposure periods. All tests were carried in duplicate. The viability of protoscolices was assessed by the eosin exclusion test (0.1% eosin staining). Scolicidal effect of S perfoliata extract at exposure periods of 10, 20 and 30minutes was 29.6%, 32.5% and 43.6% at the concentration of 0.1%, 37.8%, 50% and 58.1% at concentration of 0.2mg/mL, and 57.9%, 71.8% and 79.1% at the concentration of 0.4mg/mL, respectively; indicating a longer time is required to display protoscolicidal effects. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that some phenolic acids, such as fumaric acid (260.13mg/L), syringic acid (27.92mg/L) and caffeic acid (26.84mg/L), and a flavonoid, luteolin (11.23mg/L) were detected in high concentrations in the extract. This study has demonstrated that the methanol extract of S perfoliata has high scolicidal activity in vitro. However, research on the in vivo efficacy of S perfoliata extract and its potential side effects is required.

Inhibitory Effects of Some Jordanian Medicinal Plants on In Vitro Viability of Protoscolices of Hydatid Cysts

Inhibitory Effects of Some Jordanian Medicinal Plants on In Vitro Viability of Protoscolices of Hydatid Cysts

Treatment of a giant hepatic echinococcal cyst with percutaneous drainage and in vivo assessment of the protoscolicidal effect of praziquantel

Therapy choices for cystic echinococcisis (CE) are stage-specific: surgical, minimally invasive, medical or observation without intervention. PAIR (percutaneous aspiration, instillation of a scolicide, and re-aspiration) has been considered the treatment of choice for uncomplicated echinococcal liver cysts. However, PAIR carries the risk of toxic cholangitis or hypernatremia and that the cyst frequently refills with bile after withdrawing the catheter. We treated a patient with a giant CE 1 liver cyst with puncture drainage (PD) under albendazole coverage. Drainage enabled us to monitor the morphology of protoscolices under praziquantel (PZQ) co-medication. Protoscolices degenerated within 5 days of PZQ 50 mg/kg/d. The cyst cavity solidified with no evidence of reactivation or secondary spread. Percutaneous treatments can replace surgery in a significant number or cases with hepatic CE. PD allows to assess microscopically the viability of protoscolices under co-medication with PZQ–albendazole and to avoid the instillation of topical scolicides.

Effect of Taxus baccata L. Extract on Hydatid Cyst Protoscolices In vitro.

Hydatidosis is the most important global parasitic infectious disease both in humans and animals, which can lodge at different organs of the host, such as liver, lung (even heart), and brain which may lead to death. Surgery is the main method for the treatment of hydatidosis. In surgical therapy of hydatidosis, the use of sporicidal agents is very important since these agents inactivate live protoscolices and prevent recurrence of infection. Presently, numerous scolicidal chemical agents have been administrated to inactivate the hydatid cyst contents. Recently, there has been a high tendency among researchers to evaluate and present herbal plants as alternative option due to inexpensiveness, availability, low side effects, and toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the scolicidal effect of hydro alcoholic Taxus baccata L. extract in vitro for the first time. The scolicidal activities of the extract were tested in concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 mg/ml following 10, 30, and 60 min of incubation, and the experiments were performed in triplicate. Viability of protoscolices was confirmed by 0.1% eosin vital staining. The data were analyzed in SAS software (version 9.4). The results showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of Taxus baccata L. at the concentration of 150 mg/ml led to killing 66.6% of protoscolices at 60 min. according to the results of this investigation, it is recommended to use this plant as a scolicidal plant. The findings of the present study showed that Taxus baccata L. had potent scolicidal effects. However, further studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of Taxus baccata L. in vivo.

Evaluation Activity of Boiled Aqueous Extract of Broccoli Flower Plant (Brassica Oleraceae L. Var. Italic) And Albendazole Drug Against the Protoscolices in Vitro

The present study aimed to testing the efficacy of the boiled aqueous extract of broccoli flowers andalbindazole drug against the viability of protoscolices In vitro. The results showed the percentage of viabilityof the protoscolices were 94% at zero time then become (0%) after nine days after the start of the experimentwhen using culture media of (Kreb ringers and the cyst fluid ) (4 : 1) respectively as control group forcomparison. . the aqueous extract of boiled for the flower of (Brassica oleraceae) with concentration of 300mg / ml showed most effective in eliminating viability of protoscolices after 168 hours and the albendazoledrug after 120 hours at percentage 0 % for both.

Application of ultrasound contra infection with secondary hydatidosis in mice

The present research explained the impact of ultrasound on the viability of Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices in vitro application of fixed frequency waves at 20000 pulse/sec and 1.8 w/cm2, with different exposing periods, thirty, twenty, fifteen, twelve, ten and five seconds respectively, subsequently prevention of mice against interjected with minor hydatid cysts, in comparison with the control animals infected with protoscolices without exposure to ultrasound waves, depending on many criteria including the numbers, weights and diameters of developed hydatid cysts. The results displayed an obvious impact of ultrasound waves on Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices viability number by increase of exposure period in vitro, in addition to a decrease of 100% of hydatid cysts numbers in the dealt ones with 17% fertility exposed for 20 seconds, the reduction rate was 99.23% in the group of fertility 35% which exposed for 15 seconds, after four and five months of infection.

Scolicidal Activity of Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles Against Protoscolices of Hydatid Cysts

Hydatidosis is a sickness that affects human and farm animals. This disease is deemed as a public health problem in different regions of the world until nowadays. Surgical overlaps is the best way to treat the disease, while the risk of surgery lies in the possibility of cyst rupture and leakage of protoscolices and the recurrence of infection again, this prompted researchers to use scolicidal agents before surgery such as ethanol, plant extracts, to reduce parasite spread and recurrence of infection, recently researchers have been using nanoparticles as a scolicidal agent, like gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, selenium nanoparticles, and others. This research aims to evaluate the fatal effect of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles to protoscolices of hydatid cysts. The Protoscolices were collected from sheep livers infected with hydatid cyst disease. The protoscolices were treated with different concentrations (250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 ?g/ ml) of ZrO2 NPs. The viability of protoscolices was determined by using an eosin staining method after 15, 30, and 60 min. The results showed that the concentrations of 1000, 2000, and 4000 µg/ml were significantly effective in the killing of protoscolices after 60 min., where the fatality rate of protoscolices was 49.6%, 52.7%, and 53.1% respectively when compared with the control group 38.5% (p<0.05).

Effects of Some Herbs on Viability of Protoscolices of Hydatid Cysts an in Vitro Study

Effects of Some Herbs on Viability of Protoscolices of Hydatid Cysts an in Vitro Study