Protocol For Wireless Sensor Networks Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of LEACH Network Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Comparative Analysis of LEACH Network Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Yellow Saddle Goatfish Optimization Algorithm based Energy Aware Multihop Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Yellow Saddle Goatfish Optimization Algorithm based Energy Aware Multihop Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Advancing Wireless Sensor Networks through Performance Evaluation of M-PDCH Routing Protocol for Enhanced Quality of Service

Objective: The decisive aim of this investigation is to improve the capabilities and limitations of PEGASIS with Double Cluster Head (PDCH), for enhancing the overall Quality of Service (QoS) in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Methods: This research is intended at the application of efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. It works on the principle of the formation of cluster head and clustering. This is accomplished to achieve high QoS for WSN. Improving the efficacy of a WSN protocol is decisive for optimizing communication, resource utilization, and overall effectiveness. An innovative and novel protocol named Mobile-PDCH (M-PDCH) has been devised, developed, and tested. Here several parameters have been carefully investigated for enhancing the performance of a WSN protocol such as energy consumption, delay, and packet loss. A simulation environment has been created to evaluate, compare, and validate the performance and to suggest the desired applications of the proposed protocol. Findings: In the hierarchical category, PDCH performs better compared to all the other protocols. But it suffers from high packet drop, which decrease the performance of the protocol. To improve the performance of sensor networks, there is a need for adaptive routing protocol. The examination of simulation outcomes for the recommended protocol, M-PDCH, has been conducted in comparison with PDCH. The findings indicate that the protocol exhibits superior performance. The proposed algorithm improves the packet drop by 29.75%, reduces delay by 23.28%, and lowers energy consumption by 19.18% when compared to PDCH. Novelty: A novel adaptive routing protocol termed M-PDCH has been proposed for the enhancement of the WSN life span and durability of the sensor nodes. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm produces better results compared to PDCH protocol. The various QoS parameter results are compared, verified, and validated with existing protocol PDCH. Keywords: WSN, PDCH, Design issues, Metrics, QoS, HRP

A Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic-Optical Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Packet Hierarchy and Void Processing

A Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic-Optical Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Packet Hierarchy and Void Processing

Energy-efficient cluster-based routing protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor network

Energy-efficient cluster-based routing protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor network

A Review Summary on Various Cluster-Head Selection Improvement Techniques for LEACH-Based Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

A Review Summary on Various Cluster-Head Selection Improvement Techniques for LEACH-Based Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Mathematical Modeling and Comparative Assessment of Centroid Based Leach Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

This research evaluates the performance of two key routing protocols, LEACH and an enhanced version of Centralized LEACH, in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The study sets initial simulation parameters, gathers data over numerous rounds, and presents results through diagrams. Additionally, it conducts a comparative analysis with existing research. In WSNs, nodes within transmission range communicate directly, while distant nodes rely on intermediaries. The study introduces hierarchical clustering with cluster heads for network efficiency. The number of cluster heads significantly impacts energy consumption .LEACH is explored, emphasizing its two phases: setup and steady-state. The setup phase involves autonomous cluster formation without central control. Cluster heads are selected based on thresholds and advertise their presence. Nodes then choose clusters based on signal strength. TDMA scheduling optimizes data transmission. In the steady-state phase, nodes follow a timetable to send data to cluster heads. Uneven node distribution among cluster heads may lead to varying data loads. Power control minimizes energy usage, and TDMA scheduling maximizes bandwidth use. Cluster heads forward aggregated data to the base station. The paper includes an energy model detailing communication components. Findings offer insights into LEACH and its enhanced variant, contributing to energy-efficient routing protocols in WSNs.

A Location-Based Deterministic Load Balancing for Cluster Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

A Location-Based Deterministic Load Balancing for Cluster Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

Enhancing energy efficiency in intrusion detection: a cluster-based wireless sensor network protocol using PSO

Enhancing energy efficiency in intrusion detection: a cluster-based wireless sensor network protocol using PSO

Multi-objective may-badger optimizer based energy efficient routing protocol in dense wireless sensor network

Multi-objective may-badger optimizer based energy efficient routing protocol in dense wireless sensor network

Key Distribution and Authentication Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

We use sensor technologies in many areas of everyday life. We use sensors to check and study various phenomena and to improve our lives. Hence, the sensors are used in medicine, industry, sports, and many other aspects of everyday life. Interconnected sensors and other wireless devices and servers form Wireless Sensor Networks. During communication between the nodes of such networks, we often send private and sensitive data. These data should be properly secured. Securing communication in a Wireless Sensor Network mainly affects the reconciliation and distribution of session keys and authentication. Specially designed protocols must protect both methods. In turn, the protocols may be exposed to dishonest users of such networks and thus exposed to various attacks (for example, replay attacks and smart card stolen attacks). This article surveys the existing session key negotiation, distribution, and authentication protocols. We will explain the security problems and threats to which the sensor networks are exposed. We will discuss the security levels implemented by the protocols currently used in sensor networks. We will analyze the challenges and requirements faced by the newly designed protocols.

A public static agreement key based cryptography for secure data transmission in WSN based smart environment application

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is an emerging networking technology that allows for the low-cost, unattended monitoring of a variety of environments, thus WSN technologies have become increasingly important. Simultaneously, lack of security and poor energy efficiency is considered the major concerns in many routing protocols in various existing WSN protocols. Security and energy efficiency concerns are mainly due to the emergence of various kinds of malicious attacks because of advancements in networking technology. To mitigate these issues secured transmission is essential in any routing protocol. In order to provide safe data transfer in WSN-based smart environment applications, the TABEESR protocol (Trust Analysis Based Energy Efficient and Safe Routing) was developed. The proposed routing protocol encompasses four phases such as network creation and node deployment, grading for trust evaluation, route identification process and data transmission. The trust evaluation is performed with the aid of sensor packet features to categorize the positive nodes and negative nodes. The path identification process includes two processes such as cluster head selection through red fox optimization and relay node selection using a fuzzy interference system for energy efficient and secure path selection. A public static agreement key based cryptography technique is introduced for secure data transmission. The proposed TABEESR is tested with MATLAB software to validate its performance. SMEER, SHER, SRPA and AFSA are the prior routing protocols in WSN that are considered to compare the performance of the proposed routing protocol. The proposed TABEESR algorithm attained 95(%) of Average Residual Energy, 91 (%) of packet delivery ratio, 1350 (sec) network lifetime, 0.131 (Mbps) of throughput and 7(%) Packet Loss. Moreover, the proposed PSAKC algorithm attained 5.8 (%) information loss, 3.8 (sec) encryption time, 2.3 (sec) decryption time, 6 (sec) execution time, and 6.5 (J) energy consumption which is better than the prior methods. The proposed routing algorithm is applicable for providing security in both server to device and device to device in various smart applications.

An efficient three-factor authentication protocol for wireless healthcare sensor networks

An efficient three-factor authentication protocol for wireless healthcare sensor networks

Performance enhancement of efficient clustering and routing protocol for wireless sensor networks using improved elephant herd optimization algorithm

Performance enhancement of efficient clustering and routing protocol for wireless sensor networks using improved elephant herd optimization algorithm

WOAD3QN-RP: An intelligent routing protocol in wireless sensor networks — A swarm intelligence and deep reinforcement learning based approach

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are a crucial part of the Internet of Things (IoT), and research on WSN routing protocols has always been a hot topic in academia. However, traditional WSN routing protocols have limited utilization of available information during the routing decision process, leading to challenges such as insufficient adaptability to network topology changes, high communication delays, and short network lifetimes. To address these issues, this paper proposes an innovative intelligent routing algorithm WOAD3QN-RP, which cleverly integrates swarm intelligence algorithms and deep reinforcement learning. The WOAD3QN-RP not only effectively reduces delay but also balances energy consumption and flexibly adapts to changes in network topology, while simultaneously determining the optimal multi-hop path, effectively extending the lifetime of the network. Firstly, the WOAD3QN-RP algorithm employs the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) to determine the optimal cluster heads (CHs). In the process of selecting CHs, the algorithm comprehensively considers key factors such as the residual energy of nodes, node distance, and communication delay, thereby significantly improving the accuracy and efficiency of CH selection, which contributes to better energy distribution and performance of the network. Secondly, in terms of multi-hop path selection, WOAD3QN-RP uses a dueling double deep Q-network (D3QN) to determine the optimal multi-hop path. Through utilizing neural networks to interact with the environment, intelligent agents are trained to learn routing policies to adapt to dynamic changes in the network topology and ensure the balance between energy consumption and multi-hop routing performance. Experimental results show that WOAD3QN-RP exhibits significant advantages over existing routing protocols in terms of network lifetime, energy efficiency, and communication delay.

Routing Methods For Data Transmission In Large Networks: A Review

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a network consisting of miniaturized smart sensors communicating the information gathered or collected from a monitored environment via a wireless link. The sensors are capable of sensing the events within their environment, process the data, and transmit the data to the base station (BS). The entire processing of data and subsequent transmission to BS requires high energy consumption. The operation of WSN is limited by repeated dead nodes, which results in energy depletion. Hence, to prolong the life-span of the network, several routing protocols have been developed. However, the effectiveness of these protocols has not been well examined in terms of increasing node population for a given WSN field or area. Therefore, in this work the effect of increasing node density on cluster based energy-efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor network was analysed. The implemented routing protocols were Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy LEACH, stable election protocol (SEP), and zone-SEP (Z-SEP). The dimension of the WSN was 100 × 100 square metre area with varying number of sensor nodes: 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100. The results of the simulation conducted in MATLAB revealed that increasing node density resulted in increased alive node and throughput (measures in terms of transmitted number of packets). On the contrary, the protocol with the best performance was ZSEP.

A Detailed Review and Comparative Analysis of Various Energyefficient Clustering Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

A Detailed Review and Comparative Analysis of Various Energyefficient Clustering Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Integrated Shared Random Key Agreement Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

The secured data transmission in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) relies on effective key generation and secured sharing. The generated key must be random to enhance data confidentiality. The processes associated with the security in WSN must be designed at reduced computing time and communication cost. Our research work aims to design a novel lightweight key-sharing protocol that is needed for ensuring data confidentiality. The protocol must meet the constraints of WSN by being lightweight and consuming less energy. Security breaches in WSNs occur due to insecure keys. This can be overcome by generating shared keys which are generated once using the dynamic features of Sensor Nodes (SNs) when the Cluster Heads (CHs) are selected. In this research work, we have generated the Master Shared Key (MSK) at the transmitter node by forming a Galois Ring (GR) using WSN parameters and derived the Shared Random Key (SRK) using matched positions of exchanged Random Sequences (RSs). It is protected using a Physically Unclonable Function (PUF). The novelty lies in the SRK generation from MSK which is chosen at random from the polynomials generated during the formation of GR. The MSK is securely shared with the receiver node by encrypting using a Preloaded Key (PK). After this exchange, the key for encryption and decryption is derived by the transmitter and the receiver by exchanging RSs. The SRK is then encrypted using a key which is a unique fingerprint of the SN generated using PUF and stored in the SNs and the CHs to prevent node capture attack that occurs in WSN. Our proposed Shared Random Key Agreement Protocol (SRKAP) is comparable to the Localized Encryption and Authentication Protocol (LEAP) and performs better compared to the Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman (ECDH) algorithm

Hybrid Optimized Deep Neural Network Based Intrusion Node Detection and Modified Energy Efficient Centralized Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Hybrid Optimized Deep Neural Network Based Intrusion Node Detection and Modified Energy Efficient Centralized Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Energy­efficient routing protocol in wireless sensor networks

Recently, self-organizing networks have gained popularity, which are distinguished by the possibility of connecting terminals anywhere and at any time without the need for a centralized network infrastructure. Mobile self-organizing networks are a promising direction for the development of information and communication systems. However, one should take into account the problems arising from the very nature of such networks: mobile nodes lead to an increase in the dynamism of the network topology due to the possibility of disconnection and the probability of movement; the limited supply of power sources of nodes requires careful management of power consumption in the design of hardware and protocols. Energy-saving design in self-organizing networks is more complex and important than in other wireless networks. The lack of infrastructure requires mobile nodes to act as routers, which increases traffic and therefore power consumption. Also, the energy-saving mode must take into account different network performance criteria, which can be caused by different protocols and power limitations. Thanks to the latest advances in technology and the rapid development of the production of small and affordable sensors, it has become possible to use them technically and economically effectively. These electronic sensors, which have high sensitivity, measure environmental parameters and convert the received data into an electronic signal that is transmitted over a wireless channel. After processing this signal, you can get information about the properties of objects or events that occur near the sensor. The application of a large number of such sensors, which can monitor a large area and exchange data wirelessly, forms a single wireless sensor network. Route allocation is a key challenge for resource-constrained networks. With the growth of computing power in wireless sensor technology, these sensor nodes are required to be equipped with more and more capabilities to perform more complex tasks. Each sensor is limited by its energy level, processing power, and ability to perceive information. Thus, the network of these sensors forms a more reliable and accurate structure. The article discusses the issue of using the HABRP protocol for its application in wireless sensor networks. The use of the HABRP protocol allows for improvement in the efficiency of wireless sensor networks, namely their energy efficiency. Therefore, the energy efficiency and simplicity of the HABRP protocol make it an excellent candidate for use in wireless sensor networks.