Protocols For Wireless Mesh Networks Research Articles

Advanced Recursive Best-First Search (RBFS) based Routing Protocol for Multi-hop and Multi-Channel Cognitive Wireless Mesh Networks

Cognitive Wireless Mesh Network (CWMN) is an opportunistic network in which radio channels can be assigned according to their availability to establish connections among nodes. After establishing a radio connection among nodes, it is necessary to find an optimal route from the source node to the destination node in the network. If there remain more channels among nodes, the minimum weighted channel should be taken into account to establish expected routes. The graph theoretic approach fails to model the multi-channel cognitive radio networks due to abrupt failure in finding new successful routes as it can’t figure multi-channel networks. In this paper, a multi-edged graph model is being proposed to overcome the problems of cognitive radio networks, such as flooding problems, channel accessing problems etc. A new channel accessing algorithm has been introduced, and optimal routes have been selected using a heuristic algorithm named RBFS. Simulation results are compared with DJKSTRA based routing protocols.

Fuzzy-based optimization of AODV routing for efficient route in wireless mesh networks

The performance of any communication system heavily relies on the efficient routing of interventions. This article addresses the significant issue of routing protocol selection for optimal path determination in networks. Particularly, when wireless communication occurs among mobile nodes with limited resources, such as batteries, the routing problem becomes even more challenging. This article proposes the Fuzzy Control Energy Efficient (FCEE) routing protocol to overcome these challenges. The FCEE protocol combines the Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol with fuzzy logic techniques to enhance network lifetime and performance. The proposed approach introduces a memory-based channel integrated with fuzzy logic methodologies, which effectively restricts the forwarding of unnecessary broadcast packets based on the energy availability of the operating node. Through extensive simulations, demonstrate the promising capabilities of FCEE as a routing protocol for wireless mesh networks. To further assess the effectiveness of the FCEE protocol, the proposed article compares it with two existing routing protocols: AODV and Intelligent Routing AODV (IRAODV). The simulation results shows that the FCEE routing protocol significantly enhances the reliability of the conventional AODV, providing improved link connectivity and longer route lifetimes. Additionally, our proposed protocol enhances the quality of service (QoS) for mesh routing, with an average throughput of 351.374 (Kbps) compared to 90 (Kbps) for IRAODV and 39 (Kbps) for AODV. Moreover, FCEE exhibits superior energy efficiency with an average energy consumption of 14, while IRAODV and AODV consume 40 and 90 joules, respectively. In conclusion, the FCEE routing protocol demonstrates its potential to address the challenges of efficient routing in wireless mesh networks. By leveraging fuzzy logic and integrating it with AODV, FCEE enhances network lifetime, performance, and energy efficiency, making it a promising solution for future wireless communication systems.

Critical Comparative Analysis and Recommendation in MAC Protocols for Wireless Mesh Networks Using Multi-objective Optimization and Statistical Testing

Critical Comparative Analysis and Recommendation in MAC Protocols for Wireless Mesh Networks Using Multi-objective Optimization and Statistical Testing

Efficiency analysis of routing protocols in wireless mesh networks

An important direction in the administration of the state is the creation of a single information environment that will provide reliable feedback, timely planning and coordination of the actions of various units and structures of the state for the effective performance of assigned tasks. These issues are very relevant for the armed forces and other power structures of the state. JADC2 (Joint All-Domain Command and Control) technology was adopted in 2022 as an important strategy in the US armed forces and the armies of NATO countries. It is envisaged that JADC2 will cover all branches of the armed forces in order to combine the communications of various devices in the overall structure of command and control. To achieve success, a constant connection between a large number of domains, including sensors and control objects – Internet of Things in the military sector with the use of artificial intelligence AI/ML (Artificial Intelligence/Machine learning) must be maintained. The communication between the elements of the JADC2 architecture at the respective levels should be provided by different telecommunication networks using different physical channels, such as KH and VHF radio links, satellite communication, fixed fiber optic lines, etc. At the same time, it is necessary to transfer large volumes of data through global networks in a timely manner without losing data integrity, so JADC2 networks must be ready for cyber attacks. To solve these problems, it is necessary to switch from existing conventional radio communication networks to high-speed broadband, including MANET mesh networks (Mobile Ad hoc Network). The main advantages of MANET networks are: deployment speed, low cost with high efficiency, the ability to transmit data over long distances without increasing the transmitter power, resistance to changes in the network infrastructure, the ability to quickly reconfigure in adverse interference conditions. Routing protocols in such networks are the most effective means of solving the problem of service quality. This work presents the results of evaluating the effectiveness of routing protocols in mesh networks in accordance with the requirements of the services provided.

Improved Multi-Channel Multi-Interface Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks

In recent years, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) are emerging as a potential technology to enhance the ability and availability of wireless networks. WMN consists of wireless mesh routers and terminals connected by wireless multi-hop communication. Besides, in WMN, each wireless node owns many interfaces, and each interface operates on many channels. However, effectively using multiple orthogonal channels and multiple interfaces to increase the performance of WMN and decrease the radio link transmission interference is of significant challenge. In this paper, we consider routing issues in WMN. Then, we proposed an on-demand routing protocol, adaptive multi-channel multi-interface operation, improved from the AODV protocol. This protocol is capable of effectively managing communication in the WMN and limited effects of co-channel interference. The simulation results on NS2 show that our proposed protocol improves throughput, delay and packet delivery rate compared to existing traditional protocols.

Privacy Preserving Multi-Party Key Exchange Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks.

Presently, lightweight devices such as mobile phones, notepads, and laptops are widely used to access the Internet throughout the world; however, a problem of privacy preservation and authentication delay occurs during handover operation when these devices change their position from a home mesh access point (HMAP) to a foreign mesh access point (FMAP). Authentication during handover is mostly performed through ticket-based techniques, which permit the user to authenticate itself to the foreign mesh access point; therefore, a secure communication method should be formed between the mesh entities to exchange the tickets. In two existing protocols, this ticket was not secured at all and exchanged in a plaintext format. We propose a protocol for handover authentication with privacy preservation of the transfer ticket via the Diffie–Hellman method. Through experimental results, our proposed protocol achieves privacy preservation with minimum authentication delay during handover operation.

Performance evaluation of energy aware QoS-enabled routing protocol for wireless mesh networks

Performance evaluation of energy aware QoS-enabled routing protocol for wireless mesh networks

Performance evaluation of energy aware QoS-enabled routing protocol for wireless mesh networks

Performance evaluation of energy aware QoS-enabled routing protocol for wireless mesh networks

OAP-WMN: optimised and secure authentication protocol for wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMN) proposes many attractive features to mobile networking area such as: self-reconfiguration and self-organisation which make it more flexible, easy deployed and not expensive. But, these features make it constantly overwhelmed with different types of security threats. In this article, we propose an optimised and secure authentication and re-authentication schemes based on the extensible authentication protocol (EAP) mechanism. The proposed solution ensures security of WMN handoff and with a better QoS. It achieves this by reducing the number of exchanging messages and computations in the proposed authentication and re-authentication processes. Besides, we choose to secure the link layer that makes the authentication process more efficient and optimised. For performance evaluation, we use the OPENSSL tool to compare our work with some related work and the result is good. Moreover, the security of our authentication scheme has been affirmed with the AVISPA tool.

OAP-WMN: optimised and secure authentication protocol for wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMN) proposes many attractive features to mobile networking area such as: self-reconfiguration and self-organisation which make it more flexible, easy deployed and not expensive. But, these features make it constantly overwhelmed with different types of security threats. In this article, we propose an optimised and secure authentication and re-authentication schemes based on the extensible authentication protocol (EAP) mechanism. The proposed solution ensures security of WMN handoff and with a better QoS. It achieves this by reducing the number of exchanging messages and computations in the proposed authentication and re-authentication processes. Besides, we choose to secure the link layer that makes the authentication process more efficient and optimised. For performance evaluation, we use the OPENSSL tool to compare our work with some related work and the result is good. Moreover, the security of our authentication scheme has been affirmed with the AVISPA tool.

An Efficient Local Repair-Based Multi-Constrained Routing for Congestion Control in Wireless Mesh Networks

Multi-constrained routing is a key driver to support quality-of-service (QoS) for real-time multimedia applications in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). Due to the difficulty of applying strict admission control into a public WMN, it is inevitable to accommodate multiple application flows with different QoS requirements exceeding the capacity of a certain link shared by multiple flows. However, existing multi-constrained routing protocols under such an environment find the QoS degradation based on end-to-end path quality probing and trigger flooding-based route discovery from a scratch for resolving the QoS degradation, which incurs a longer recovery time and much routing overhead. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-constrained routing protocol for WMNs that finds problematic links that may affect QoS degradation to end-to-end paths and replaces them with a detour path using a local repair principle. We model congestion threshold estimation for finding problematic links and design algorithms for quickly finding detour paths and selecting an optimal path by minimizing the negative effect on existing flows nearby the detour path. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol achieves up to 19.6% more goodput of live video streaming applications with up to 33% reduced routing overhead compared with an existing work.

Cluster Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are emerged as prominent solution to provide seamless connection to the internet. WMNs are typically used for providing broadband wireless internet access to a large number of users and networks. Guaranteeing the quality of service to end users with efficient resource utilization is a challenging issue in WMNs. To accomplish this, we propose a hybrid routing protocol for wireless mesh networks. It is a combination of intra cluster routing protocol (ICR) and inter cluster routing protocol for mesh networks (ICMR). Intra cluster routing protocol is intended to facilitate the communication between mesh clients within a same cluster and inter cluster routing protocol (ICMR) intended to facilitate the communication for mesh clients from different clusters. Intra cluster routing protocol is a proactive type of routing protocol and inter cluster routing protocol is a reactive type of routing protocol. The performance of the proposed protocol is analyzed and the results shown superior performance compared to baseline routing protocols in terms of throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio and jitter.

An anonymous batch handover authentication protocol for big flow wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh network (WMN), as a new generation of wireless network technology, has raised increasing concerns in recent years. Due to the strong mobility nature of the clients in WMNs, the handover events frequently occur. Therefore, taking into consideration the openness of the wireless communication channel, the handover authentication protocols for WMNs have to be both efficient and secure, which remains a challenge. In this paper, an anonymous batch handover authentication protocol is proposed using group signature technique to pre-distribute handover keys. Unlike existing protocols based on group signature, the proposed protocol does not involve group signature correlation operations in the handover authentication phase, hence achieving a better performance.

A hybrid encryption technique for Secure-GLOR: The adaptive secure routing protocol for dynamic wireless mesh networks

As we progress in into a digital era where most aspects of our life depend upon a network of computers, it is essential to focus on digital security. Each component of a network, be it a physical network, virtual network or social network requires security when transmitting data. Hence the dynamic wireless mesh network must also deploy high levels of security as found in current legacy networks. This paper presents a secure Geo-Location Oriented Routing (Secure-GLOR) protocol for wireless mesh networks, which incorporates a hybrid encryption scheme for its multilevel security framework. The hybrid encryption technique improves the network’s overall performance compared to the basic encryption by using a combination of symmetric key as well as asymmetric key encryption. Using the combination of the two encryption schemes, the performance of the network can be improved by reducing the transmitted data size, reduced computational overhead and faster encryption–decryption cycles. In this paper discussed multiple encryption schemes for both symmetric and asymmetric encryption, compare their performance in various experimental scenarios. Proposed security scheme achieves better performance based on the results obtained with most viable options for our network model.

Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol for coal mine hybrid wireless mesh networks

Hybrid wireless mesh networks are suitable for complex environment communication in coal mine. Mesh clients with application service and routing function in hybrid wireless mesh networks can form a highly robust hybrid network with mesh routers. The processes of nutrient flux transfer and path choice in Physarum network are similar to data transmission and routing selection in hybrid wireless mesh networks. In this article, we use Physarum-inspired autonomic optimization model to design a Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol to improve the service quality of coal mine hybrid wireless mesh networks. Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol has achieved distributed routing decision by drawing the hybrid wireless mesh network parameters into Poisson’s equation of Physarum-inspired autonomic optimization model to measure the quality of link and implements two adjustment strategies to make the protocol more adaptive. The resource-dependent adjustment, which considers the irreversible energy consumption and recoverable buffer occupation, makes the energy consumption problem prominent when there is a lack of energy. The position-dependent adjustment makes routing decision efficient according to the load of different positions, which is caused by many-to-one data transmission model in coal mine. Based on NS2, simulation experiments are performed to evaluate the performance of Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol, and the results are compared with those of ad hoc on-demand distance vector, HOPNET, ANT-DSR, and Physarum-inspired routing protocols. The experimental results show that the route path selected by Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol is better than those selected by the other four protocols in the performance of average end-to-end delay and delivery ratio. The balance of energy consumption and network load is achieved and the network lifetime is effectively prolonged when using Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol.

The Design and Implementation of the XWCETT Routing Algorithm in Cognitive Radio Based Wireless Mesh Networks

The Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) technology has recently emerged as a promising high-speed wireless technology, which provides the last mile broadband Internet access and delivers integrated wireless communication solutions. Integrating the traditional wireless with new wireless technologies such as cognitive radio (CR) technology creates a platform for high-speed broadband communication. In a multihop ad hoc cognitive radio network (CRN) environment, the performance of the network is degraded by the routing protocols, which are adapted from the traditional wireless networks. In an endeavor to optimize the performance of the CRNs, existing routing protocols can be adapted and optimized. Secondly, new dynamic routing protocols can be designed to meet the requirements of CRNs. This paper investigates the existing routing protocols in WMNs and proposes a new routing protocol called extended Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time (xWCETT). The xWCETT routing protocol was evaluated through network simulations using the NS 2. Its performance was evaluated with respect to the end-to-end average latency, the throughput, jitter, packet delivery ratio, and the normalized routing load. The comparative evaluation results show that the xWCETT achieves superior results in terms of average throughput, latency, and the normalized routing load.

Evaluation of Energy Consumption of Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid Routing Protocols in Wireless Mesh Networks Using 802.11 Standards

This paper provides a deep evaluation of the energy consumption of routing protocols. The evaluation is done along with other metrics such as throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). We introduce two more metrics to capture the efficiency of the energy consumption: e-throughput and e-PDR. Both are ratios in relation to the energy. We consider the three low layers of the stack. Three types of routing protocols are used: proactive, reactive, and hybrid. At the MAC and PHY layer, three radio types are considered: 802.11a/b/g. Finally, the number of nodes is varying in random topologies, with nodes being static or mobile. Simulations are conducted using NS3. The parameters of a real network interface card are used. From the results in mobile position scenarios, no protocol is outperforming the others; even if OLSR has the lowest energy consumption, most of the time. However, in constant position scenarios, AODV consumed a lower energy, apart from the scenarios using the 802.11a standard where HWMP energy consumption is the lowest. Regarding the energy efficiency, AODV protocols provided the best e-throughput and OLSR the best e-PDR in overall configurations. A framework for selecting energy-efficient routing protocol depending on network characteristics is proposed at the end.

Routing Protocols for WMNs: A Survey

Routing is one of the most challenging issues encountered in the Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) due to the dynamic nature of WMNs. The survey observes that literature is rich with wide range of routing protocols. Each protocol has its own features which we have briefly discussed. The routing protocols could be divided into three categories i.e. reactive, proactive and hybrid. In this paper we have reviewed wide range of existing routing protocols which are being applied for wireless mesh networks. The literature survey also points to the rising popularity of soft computing based approaches to the optimal cost path evaluation as compared to the classical or hard computing based approaches.

Routing protocols in wireless mesh networks: a survey

Routing protocols in wireless mesh networks: a survey

Routing protocols in wireless mesh networks: a survey

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are one of the emerging wireless networking technologies that can deliver self-configuring, scalable, flexible, and market-viable networks. Routing protocols play a crucial rule in the functionality of WMNs since their performance affect the network throughput, connectivity, and the quality of service (QoS) level, among others. Initially, WMNs adopted many routing protocols that were originally designed for other types of networks, e.g., mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). However, due to the specific characteristics and architecture of WMNs, many new routing protocols with various metrics were specifically developed for WMNs over the past few years. In this paper, we survey these routing protocols with emphasis on their routing metrics, operation, and design considerations. Extensive summaries and many comparisons among different categories of these protocols are discussed throughout this paper. We also highlight the main issues that affect the general design of both protocols and routing metrics in WMNs. The paper concludes with future directions in this vital field.