Wireless Network Protocols Research Articles

C-FD MAC: Constellation based Full-Duplex MAC protocol

Simultaneous transmission and reception of data packets in Full-Duplex (FD) communication can theoretically double the system throughput. However, efficient self-interference mitigation and symbol detection at the receiver is required to realize the full potential of FD communication in practical scenarios. In this paper, we propose a constellation-based FD medium access control (MAC) protocol (C-FD) for wireless local area networks (WLAN). In the proposed C-FD MAC protocol, the node and Access Point (AP) can exchange packets simultaneously by transmitting the symbols and using different modulation schemes. The superimposed constellation diagram has been used to decode the symbols efficiently at both ends. The novel feature of the C-FD MAC protocol is that it does not require any complicated interference cancellation techniques. The analytical results for Symbol Error Rate (SER), Packet Error Rate (PER), and throughput have been derived for the symmetrical and asymmetrical FD link considering the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with Rayleigh fading. The proposed C-FD MAC protocol achieves nearly twice the throughput compared to Half duplex (HD) communication without compromising the SER. The analytical results have been validated with extensive simulation.

Enhancing the lifetime and performance of WSNs in smart irrigation systems using cluster‐based selection protocols

AbstractThis paper presents a comparative analysis of cluster‐based selection protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in smart irrigation systems. The study evaluates the performance of stable election protocol (SEP)‐based protocols, including conventional SEP, zonal SEP (ZSEP), enhanced SEP (ESEP) and threshold‐sensitive SEP (TSEP), and distributed energy‐efficient clustering (DEEC)‐based protocols, including conventional DEEC, developed DEEC (DDEEC), enhanced DEEC (EDEEC) and threshold‐sensitive DEEC (TDEEC). Simulation results show that TSEP and ZSEP outperform other SEP‐based protocols in terms of network lifetime, stability period, number of dead nodes and throughput. EDEEC and TDEEC show superior performance compared to other DEEC‐based protocols. However, TDEEC and EDEEC have a lower performance in terms of packets sent to cluster heads (CHs) due to the three levels of energy heterogeneity, which reduce the average packets sent to CHs. Finally, a comparative analysis between the SEP‐based and DEEC‐based protocols is presented. The findings reveal that TSEP outperforms all other protocols in terms of the performance metrics examined in this paper, except for throughput, which is higher in the case of ZSEP. Overall, the proposed cluster‐based selection protocols improve the energy efficiency and lifetime of WSNs in smart irrigation systems, and the results demonstrate their effectiveness in supporting the performance of smart irrigation systems.

Design and implementation of a wireless CAN module for marine engines using ZigBee protocol

AbstractThis paper describes the design and implementation of a wireless control area network (CAN bus) protocol for communication between the smart NOx (nitrogen oxide) sensor on diesel engines and the engine control unit (ECU). In this research, the approach taken is based on a case study of Wärtsilä's smart NOx sensor on a W4L20 diesel engine with the objective of replacing the wired CAN protocol with a wireless CAN communication node. In the current setup, the smart NOx sensor is connected to the engine control unit (ECU) with a wired CAN bus connection. The XBee module, which uses the ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) technology was used in the design and implementation of the wireless CAN prototype. With the emergence of 5G networks and the era of IoT, the topic of wireless industrial automation becomes essential in the modern industry. In addition to the great advantages and opportunities that the use of wireless nodes has in automation systems, there are many real challenges. The practical design challenges have been addressed in this paper.

RLTD: A Reliable, Link Quality, Temperature and Delay Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Sensor Networks

RLTD: A Reliable, Link Quality, Temperature and Delay Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Sensor Networks

Design of improved deer hunting optimization enabled multihop routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) encompasses a huge set of sensor nodes employed to collect data and transmit it to a base station (BS). Due to its compact, inexpensive, and scalable nature of sensors, WSN finds its applicability in diverse real-time applications. The battery-operated sensor nodes necessitate the design of a multi-hop routing protocol for the effective utilization of available energy in the network. Routing can be considered an optimization problem and can be solved by the design of bioinspired algorithms. This study introduces an improved deer hunting optimization-enabled multihop routing (IDHO-MHR) protocol for WSN. The major intention of the IDHO-MHR approach is to optimally find the routes to the destination in WSN. The IDHO algorithm is initially derived by the incorporation of the Nelder Mead (NM) concept into the traditional DHO algorithm. In addition, the IDHO-MHR technique primarily derives a fitness function with the inclusion of two major variables, namely residual energy (RE) and distance. The nodes with higher RE and minimum distance have the probability of becoming optimal routes from the networks. The performance validation of the IDHO-MHR approach is performed, and the outcomes are inspected in various aspects. The experimental outcomes reported the supremacy of the IDHO-MHR protocol over the other recent approaches.

Priority-based Energy Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks

Priority-based Energy Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks

A machine learning based Distributed Congestion Control Protocol for multi-hop wireless networks

The application areas of multi-hop wireless networks are expected to experience sustained growth in the next years. This growth will be further supported by the current possibility of providing low-cost communication capabilities to any device. One of the main issues to consider with this type of networks is congestion control, that is, avoiding an excessive volume of data traffic that could lead to a loss of performance. In this work, a distributed congestion control mechanism is proposed for generic multi-hop networks. Different categories of data traffic are taken into account, each of them with different quality of service requirements. The mechanism is based on machine learning techniques, specifically, the CatBoost algorithm that uses gradient boosting on decision trees. The obtained decision trees are used to predict whether the packets to be transmitted over the network will reach their destination on time or not. This prediction will be made based on the network load state, which will be quantified by means of two parameters: the utilization factor of the different transmission channels, and the occupancy of the buffers of the network nodes. To make the values of these parameters available to all nodes in the network, an appropriate dissemination protocol has also been designed. Besides, a method to assign different transmission priorities to each traffic category, based on the estimation of the network resources required at any time, has also been included. The complete system has been implemented and evaluated through simulations, which show the correct functionality and the improvements obtained in terms of packet delivery ratio, network transit time, and traffic differentiation.

QoS-based routing protocol and load balancing in wireless sensor networks using the markov model and the artificial bee colony algorithm

QoS-based routing protocol and load balancing in wireless sensor networks using the markov model and the artificial bee colony algorithm

Performance Comparison of Wireless Body Area Network Protocol with Dual Carrier Modulations

Performance Comparison of Wireless Body Area Network Protocol with Dual Carrier Modulations

An Efficient LEACH Clustering Protocol to Enhance the QoS of WSN

The development of an energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks has been a challenging task for academics. It is very different from the conventional routing protocols, which are based on I.P. addresses. These conventional routing protocols are not preferable for WSNs since conventional routing protocols depend heavily on the routing tables, which often require updates. Also, the WSN varies from thousands to ten thousand, making the task of managing routing tables not easy and economical in terms of hardware resources. There is always research going on to develop an efficient routing protocol in terms of energy for WSNs. LEACH protocol is one of them. Energy consumption in WSNs became a vital factor to be focused on in enforcing an efficient routing strategy. Numerous LEACH protocol variations propose improvements to the current Protocol. In our study, we looked at different LEACH protocol iterations and adopted a modified LEACH protocol to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. We adopted various power levels for transmission between the cluster node, cluster head, and base station, as well as a novel method for choosing the cluster head. Our modified Protocol performs better when compared to parameters like network lifetime, dead nodes per round, Cluster heads formed, packets sent to the base station, etc.

Energy‐efficient multipath clustering with load balancing routing protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks

AbstractWireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) has the capability of collecting scalar information, as well as multi‐media events like moving object tracking and traffic fatalities. Because energy in WMSNs is a constrained resource, several researchers offered cluster routing approaches, and most protocols generally do not offer an average resource usage of the network that is balanced and minimised. To address this issue, this paper proposes an Energy‐Efficient Multipath Clustering with Load Balancing Routing Protocol for WMSNs (EEMCL) to prolong the network lifetime. The suggested protocol, which segments the network into layers of clusters, would be implemented using multi‐hop. Sensing data from the sensor is transmitted to the sink by the main cluster heads in each layer, cooperating with the cluster heads in the upper layers. The proposed protocol improves energy dissipation, network life‐times, and network stability according to simulation results when compared with SEP, SEP‐E, and SEPFL protocols. The last node dead for the proposed protocol is at round 5833, 4027 for SEPFL, 2828 for SEP‐E, and 2325 for SEP.

An Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Using AI Techniques

In the past many years different types of routing protocols, single-path and Multipath, have been designed for wireless sensor networks. We have also found various multipath routing protocols available that send similar data to the base station via multiple paths to increase reliability. We have found that a new simulation environment Castalia is developed based on OMNET++. They have provided implementation of Multipath rings routing protocol. We found that it is based on a technique called Synopsis Diffusion. We observed that although the implementation of the protocol is there, a detailed understanding of the technique is not available in the literature. Hence, in this paper, we have discussed the Multipath rings routing protocol for wireless sensor networks implemented by Castalia Simulator. Here, we have also, evaluated the performance (and hence verified its working) of the Multipath rings routing protocol through simulation. We have taken a view that the Multipath rings routing protocol can route the packet from source to Sink via multiple paths so the network becomes more robust and fault tolerant than the Single path routing. Simulation results also show that the Multipath rings routing protocol is more robust than the Proposed EE routing technique.

Energy-efficient clustering and cooperative routing protocol for wireless body area networks (WBAN)

Energy-efficient clustering and cooperative routing protocol for wireless body area networks (WBAN)

Meta-Routing Paradigm for Robotic Ad-hoc Networks

With the increasing use of robotic networks, communication issues such as maintaining connections between nodes are becoming more prevalent. While previous routing protocols for wireless networks have been developed, they tend to address routing and link maintenance separately. Consequently, the separation leads to increased costs and delays in network communication. Existing routing protocols typically focus on discovering links, connecting them, finding the most efficient path, and reducing costs associated with the path. However, their limitations have led to the development of a new routing mechanism for robotic networks called Meta-Routing. Meta-Routing builds on existing routing protocols by incorporating regular routing of packets and maintenance of links in mobile agent environments. This approach aims to improve efficiency and reduce routing and link maintenance costs. In addition, meta-Routing seeks to minimize communication path costs and the overhead cost associated with discovering a route, repairing a link, or creating a new communication path among nodes. This paper presents a method for achieving Meta-Routing by controlling robot motion based on recognizing the radio frequency (RF) environment through Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and gradient descent methods. Simulation results show that Meta-Routing, based on controlling individual robot motion, can provide self-healing capabilities in mobile robot networks, decrease network latency, and improve network performance.

Trust aware secured energy efficient fuzzy clustering-based protocol in wireless sensor networks

Trust aware secured energy efficient fuzzy clustering-based protocol in wireless sensor networks

Performance Analysis of HWMP Protocol in Wireless Mesh Network

Performance Analysis of HWMP Protocol in Wireless Mesh Network

Generic Home Automation System Using IoT Gateway Based on Wi-Fi and ant+ Sensor Network

This research article explores the use of internet of things (IoT) technology in home automation, including cloud computing and sensor networks to improve quality of life, and the increasing affordability through mobile connectivity. In this proposed smart home system, our main objective is to build a home automation system for the common consumer, which can help him to use home appliances with confidence and control at a low cost. The paper describes the building of an IoT gateway using the ANT multi-hop wireless network protocol and the Wi-Fi protocol, specifically utilizing the nRF24L01 and Esp8266 chips. Various sensor nodes, such as a water tank level sensor, human presence sensor, smart LED door sensor, and smart switch, will be integrated into the system. The main goal of the research is to develop an affordable solution for smart home technology for everyday consumers.

Dynamic source routing protocol with transmission control and user datagram protocols

Dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) is a common routing protocol in wireless network without infrastructure, called ad-hoc network, DSR used just above internet protocol (IP) at the network layer. The upper transport layer provides reliability by transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP). The choice between DSR/TCP and DSR/UDP is an actual issue for network designers and engineers. The question arises: which one provides better quality of service (QoS) parameters, less delay and jitter, greater throughput, and data rates. This paper focuses on the study and analysis of DSR and comparison of DSR/TCP and DSR/UDP by simulation in network simulator (NS2) environment. Another comparison of DSR and ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) is provided. Design and simulation of the protocols in ad hoc network accurately describe the behavior in real system and QoS parameters are obtained.

Analysis of the Influence of Self-Similar Traffic on Efficiency Multiple Access Protocols

Introduction. Traffic in modern telecommunication radio networks is self-similar, therefore, the use of methods for calculating the parameters of Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) protocols adopted in the classical theory of teletraffic, based on Poisson distribution models, leads to an underestimation of the load and stability of these protocols. Purpose. Build a mathematical model for the operation of synchronous CSMA protocols with flexible and rigid strategies in conditions of self-shaped traffic. Obtain average transmission rate equations and their comparative analysis of the results of studies of the same protocols for traffic with the Poisson distribution. Methods. The goal is achieved by creating and analyzing a mathematical model for the operation of synchronous CSMA protocols with flexible and rigid strategies under conditions of Pareto-distributing traffic. The model is described by the equations of the average protocol transfer rate, which are a function of traffic intensity and Pareto distribution parameters. Results. It has been proven that self-similar traffic has a significant impact on the stability limit of CSMA protocols and their throughput, which must be taken into account when using these protocols in radio networks with long-term dependence on traffic distribution. At the same time, there is a slight decrease in the maximum average transmission rate of CSMA protocols compared to the traffic model with the Poisson distribution. Conclusions. The proposed mathematical model of CSMA protocols with flexible and rigid strategies makes it possible to calculate the real values of the average speed, stability limit, and throughput of these protocols under conditions of self-similar traffic.

Enhancing energy efficiency of IEEE 802.15.4- based industrial wireless sensor networks

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard protocol has been widely used in many industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSN), due to its low energy, optimal data rate and relative long-distance characteristics. The protocol operation, however, should be optimized to maximize efficiency and minimize interference between wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes. The protocol supports two media access modes: carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA). In this paper, we use the enhancing energy efficiency of wireless sensor networks (EEE-WSN) protocol that alternates between these two modes. The objective is to accommodate for traffic load and to produce better efficiency. EEE-WSN utilizes CSMA in the case of having lightweight traffic, which is normally the case when having normal and non-critical events in the area of interest (AoI). It switches operation in case of heavy traffic load conditions, which often happen when a critical event is detected. Furthermore, a modified selective activation (SA) technique is used to minimize the energy consumption and to reduce the interference between redundant nodes. The protocol has been implemented using Qualnet simulator and its performance has been evaluated for different simulation time, packet rate ratios, and sent packets. The simulation results showed that the EEE-WSN outperformed the IEEE 802.15.4 while operated in either CSMA or TDMA by decreasing the energy consumption by around 1%. The amount of energy saving is exponentially increasing as a function of the simulation time. The EEE-WSN has lower end-to-end delay by 0.4, 0.1 s under light traffic conditions when compared with IEEE 802.15.4- TDMA, and IEEE 802.15.4-CSMA modes, respectively. At heavy traffic conditions, the EEE- WSN has similar end-to-end delay to IEEE 802.15.4- TDMA, and less end-to-end delay values by 0.3 s when compared to IEEE 802.15.4- CSMA. Although IEEE 802.15.4- TDAM has lower packet loss values by 5% when compared to EEE-WSN under light traffic conditions and similar loss at heavy traffic conditions, EEE-WSN still has lower packet loss values by 5% and 25% when compared to IEEE 802.15. 4- CSMA, under light and heavy traffic conditions, respectively.