Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Protocols Research Articles

MANETS and Internet of Things: The Development of a Data Routing Algorithm

Internet of things (IoT), is an innovative technology which allows the connection of physical things with the digital world through the use of heterogeneous networks and communication technologies. IoT in smart environments interacts with wireless sensor network (WSN) and mobile ad‐hoc network (MANET), becoming even more attractive and economically successful. Interaction between wireless sensor and mobile ad‐hoc networks with the internet of things allows the creation of a new MANET‐IoT systems and IT‐based networks. Such systems give the user greater mobility and reduce costs. At the same time new challenging issues are opened in networking aspects. In this work, author proposed a routing solution for the IoT system using a combination of MANET protocols and WSN routing principles. The presented results of solution's investigation provide an effective approach to efficient energy consumption in the global MANET‐IoT system. That is a step forward to a reliable provision of services over global future internet infrastructure.

A secure and efficient cluster based location aware routing protocol in MANET

Mobile adhoc network (MANET) is a collection of node under a communication with each other nodes in the network. They are mobile nodes which can change its location according to the requirement. So the location based routing is needed for transmission of packet. For the data packet security, the existing algorithm is enhanced as “A secure location aware routing protocol”. In this nodes are arranged by means of a clustering technique. This protocol will predict the future location of node using particle swarm optimization. The link lifetime, speed, distance and position of node is calculated earlier to find the optimized route. The trust value of node is computed from neighbor node which helps in prediction of future location and also to find malicious node in network to reduce packet loss. To prevent data from malicious node, the packets are encrypted using elliptic curve cryptography. Due to trust value, the routing information can be updated for easily and also improve the network throughput.

Optimized dynamic source routing protocol for MANETs

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks comprising of small, battery powered mobile devices/nodes. All these nodes communicate cooperatively without fixed infrastructure and able to operate alone or in coordination with wired infrastructure by using gateway nodes. In this work, the performance of optimized dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) is investigated for MANETs. To find the optimal paths between the communicating nodes, traditional DSR algorithm is modified by using the Fire fly algorithm. In recent times a population based method named as Firefly algorithm is stimulated by the surveillance of real firefly and its brightness behaviour. So firefly algorithm is used for the proposed method on MANET which improves the DSR routing performance with well-organized packets transfer from the source to destination node. Optimal route is found based on link quality, node mobility and end to end delay. Simulations are conducted with 25 nodes and the performance of the traditional DSR, link quality based DSR for selecting a route and proposed firefly algorithm for optimal route finding are compared by the parameters such as throughput, end to end delay, number of retransmitted packets and the number of hops to the destination.

Considerable Detection of Black Hole Attack and Analyzing its Performance on AODV Routing Protocol in MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network)

A Mobile Ad hoc Network is an aggregation of mobile terminal that form a volatile network with wireless interfaces. Mobile Ad Hoc Network has no any central administration. MANET more vulnerable to attacks than wired network, as there is no central management and no clear defence mechanism. Black Hole Attack is one of the attacks against network integrity in MANET. In this type of attack all data packets are absorbed by Black Hole node. There are lots of techniques to eliminate the black hole attack on AODV protocol in MANET. In this paper a solution named Black Hole Detection System is used for the detection of Black Hole attack on AODV protocol in MANET. The Black Hole Detection System considered the first route reply is the response from malicious node and deleted, then the second one is chosen using the route reply saving mechanism as it come from the destination node. We use NS-2.35 for the simulation and compare the result of AODV and BDS n solution under Black Hole attack. The BDS solution against Black hole node has high packet delivery ratio as compared to the AODV protocol under Black hole attack and it’s about 46.7%.The solution minimize the data loss and decrease the average Jitter 5% and increase the throughput.

Examining Possible Supplementary Nature of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs): A Discussion

Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is critical. As such, there are many routing protocols that have been proposed over the years. Each routing protocol has weaknesses and strengths. Currently, much of research on routing protocols in MANETs concentrates on literature reviews, performance comparison and proposition of new protocols. However, there has been very little or no attempt to examine the possibility of combining several routing protocols for effective routing in MANET. By highlighting the characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of eight routing protocols selected from the Flat Routing, Hierarchical/hybrid Routing, and Geographical Position Assisted Routing protocols, this article attempts to establish whether different routing protocols in MANETs can be combined for effective routing. A hypothetical situation that uses a combined Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) and Location-Aided Routing (LAR) for cluster networking is used for the sake of the proposition. This paper refers to such protocol as ZRP-LAR driven. According to the findings from the literature review on MANETs routing protocols, this study establishes that it is possible to combine more than one routing protocols in MANETs to achieve effectiveness in packets transmission.

Average Link Stability with Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for MANETs

This paper suggests the A-LSEA (Average Link Stability and Energy Aware) routing protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). The main idea behind this algorithm is on the one hand, a node must have enough Residual Energy (RE) before retransmitting the Route Request (RREQ) and declaring itself as a participating node in the end-to-end path. On the other hand, the Link Life Time (LLT) between the sending node and the receiving node must be acceptable before transmitting the received RREQ. The combination of these two conditions provides more stability to the path and less frequent route breaks. The average results of the simulations collected from the suggested A-LSEA protocol showed a fairly significant improvement in the delivery ratio exceeding 10% and an increase in the network lifetime of approximately 20%, compared to other re-active routing protocols.

Energy Consumption Evaluation of AODV and AOMDV Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are mobile, multi-hop wireless networks that can be set up anytime, anywhere without the need of pre-existing infrastructure. Due to its dynamic topology the main challenge in such networks is to design dynamic routing protocols, which are efficient in terms of consumption of energy and producing less overhead. The main emphasis of this research is upon the prominent issues of MANETs such as energy efficiency and scalability along with some traditional performance metrics for performance evaluation. Two proactive routing protocols used in this research are single-path AODV versus multi-path AOMDV. Extensive simulation has been done in NS2 simulator, which includes ten scenarios. The simulation results revealed that the performance of AOMDV is more optimal as compared to AODV in terms of throughput, packet delivery fraction and end to end delay. However, in terms of consumption of energy and NRL the AODV protocol performed better as compared to AOMDV.

Benefits of Using Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Protocols in Federated Satellite Systems for Polar Satellite Missions

The operational network of individual observation nodes project evaluated the benefits of applying distributed satellite system (DSS) architectures to Earth observation. One of its outcomes is the identification of Arctic services as top priority current user needs that require near-real-time observations. Using inter-satellite communications (ISC) capabilities, a federated satellite system (FSS) can establish a win-win collaboration between two spacecrafts to provide these services. However, as a FSS is established during the contact between two satellites, the service duration is limited. Therefore, the Internet of satellites (IoSat) paradigm promotes the use of multi-hop sporadic networks to deploy FSS. In this paper, the routing protocol (which identifies routes between a source-destination pair) becomes crucial. One of the most extended networks is the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), in which nodes are constantly moving and changing the network topology. In principle, applying MANET technologies in the IoSat context would provide self-organization, self-configuration, and flexibility to satellite systems. The optimized link-state routing (OLSR) protocol is the predominant solution in MANET, because it quickly reacts against topology changes. This paper aims at studying the benefits of using satellite networks with MANET solutions (e.g. OLSR) for polar satellite missions. The results presented in this article demonstrate that the access time is significantly improved, and thus these new Arctic services can be achieved.

BAMR: a novel bandwidth aware multipath reactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network

Increasing traffic in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) demands high bandwidth. Mobility of communicating nodes is another crucial concern for such type of networks. Providing successful end to end communication in mobile ad hoc networks is a challenging task. In this paper, we aim at providing a bandwidth aware multipath reactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The proposed protocol is an extension of ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The proposed protocol, named as BAMR, attempts to discover paths with sufficient bandwidth and less link failures. The performance comparison of BAMR routing protocol is done with AOMDV and BAOMDV, an another bandwidth aware on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol for MANETs. Simulation results exhibit that proposed protocol BAMR significantly improves the performance of other two routing protocols and can be used more effectively for data transmissions in MANETs.

BAMR: a novel bandwidth aware multipath reactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network

Increasing traffic in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) demands high bandwidth. Mobility of communicating nodes is another crucial concern for such type of networks. Providing successful end to end communication in mobile ad hoc networks is a challenging task. In this paper, we aim at providing a bandwidth aware multipath reactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The proposed protocol is an extension of ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The proposed protocol, named as BAMR, attempts to discover paths with sufficient bandwidth and less link failures. The performance comparison of BAMR routing protocol is done with AOMDV and BAOMDV, an another bandwidth aware on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol for MANETs. Simulation results exhibit that proposed protocol BAMR significantly improves the performance of other two routing protocols and can be used more effectively for data transmissions in MANETs.

Energy-based efficient authenticated routing protocol for MANETs for DDOS attacks with minimised power consumption

In MANET, reliable and secure communication is the most challenging task. Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is characterised by mobile hosts, dynamic topology, multi-hop wireless connectivity and infrastructure less ad hoc environment. Limited resource availability such as battery power and security are the major issues to be handled with mobile ad hoc networks. An attacker can easily disrupt the functioning of the network by attacking the underlying routing protocol. Hence, security in ad hoc networks is still a debatable area. In this paper, we have proposed energy-based efficient authenticated routing protocol (EBEARP) for mobile ad hoc networks. Our protocol provides efficient security against route discovery attacks using hop-by-hop signatures. It quickly detects the malicious nodes, thus assisting the nodes to drop the invalid packets, earlier. It also uses an efficient node selection mechanism, which maximises network life time and minimises power consumption. With the help of detailed simulation studies, we show that EBEARP provides better packet delivery ratio with minimised energy.

An Adaptive Approach for AODV Routing Protocol in MANET

Presently a day, Ad-hoc arrange has turned into a resolute part for correspondence for cell phones. A mobile adhoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a network topology without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. Routing is the procedure which transmitting the information bundles from a source node to a given destination or goal. The primary classes of steering conventions are Proactive (table driven), Reactive (on request) and Hybrid. A Reactive (on-request) directing technique is a famous routing classification for remote specially appointed steering. The most productive receptive convention is Ad-hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing convention. This paper gives an outline of AODV conventions by displaying their attributes, usefulness, different convention property parameters, for example, Route Discovery, Flooding, Route Maintenance and Advantages and constraints. The NS-2 is utilized for the re-enactment reason. In this paper we exhibit the AODV convention and review different security improvements that have been proposed for AODV by various researcher.

Data-driven generation of spatio-temporal routines in human mobility

The generation of realistic spatio-temporal trajectories of human mobility is of fundamental importance in a wide range of applications, such as the developing of protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks or what-if analysis in urban ecosystems. Current generative algorithms fail in accurately reproducing the individuals’ recurrent schedules and at the same time in accounting for the possibility that individuals may break the routine during periods of variable duration. In this article we present Ditras (DIary-based TRAjectory Simulator), a framework to simulate the spatio-temporal patterns of human mobility. Ditras operates in two steps: the generation of a mobility diary and the translation of the mobility diary into a mobility trajectory. We propose a data-driven algorithm which constructs a diary generator from real data, capturing the tendency of individuals to follow or break their routine. We also propose a trajectory generator based on the concept of preferential exploration and preferential return. We instantiate Ditras with the proposed diary and trajectory generators and compare the resulting algorithm with real data and synthetic data produced by other generative algorithms, built by instantiating Ditras with several combinations of diary and trajectory generators. We show that the proposed algorithm reproduces the statistical properties of real trajectories in the most accurate way, making a step forward the understanding of the origin of the spatio-temporal patterns of human mobility.

ORGMA: Reliable opportunistic routing with gradient forwarding for MANETs

For decades, numerous routing protocols have been designed to serve unicast traffic in wireless ad hoc networks. However, these routing protocols still provide limited performance in dynamic environments of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In this paper, we review representative routing protocols and evaluate their performance through NS-3 simulations to identify their main weaknesses. Based on our observations, we develop a reliable and practical opportunistic routing protocol for MANETs, named as ORGMA. We adopt the gradient forwarding approach, where the sender simply broadcasts a packet and the receivers make the routing decision. Our contributions include the use of instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the routing cost and the development of light-weight cost management based on flooding. They enable ORGMA to achieve high packet delivery ratio under dynamic MANET environments. Through NS-3 simulations, we evaluate ORGMA in comparison with other routing schemes, and the results show that ORGMA not only greatly outperforms the state-of-the-art routing schemes, but also achieves the performance close to an ideal routing scheme with global information.

Double Layer Cryptographic Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) by Commitment Scheme

Double Layer Cryptographic Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) by Commitment Scheme

Quality of Service Based Multicasting Routing Protocols for MANETs: a Survey

The modern electronic age consists of many new approaches for the communication among the human civilizations and the AD HOC network is one of the successful self-configuring and infrastructure-less communicating approach. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) comprised of mobile nodes organize themselves in such a manner that the can move freely inside the network and frequently change their position. Open architecture and dynamic nature of the network enhance its use in multimedia applications that needs graphics, audio, data, image, video and animation. Now a day’s the increasing use of multimedia and Internet technology needs quality of service (QoS) in MANETs in order to provide better service for the companies. This type of applications lends themselves well to multicast operations. As multicasting supports group oriented computing it can improve the QoS of the wireless medium by means of sending multiple copies of packets by exploring the internet broadcast properties of wireless transmission. Hence QoS multicasting plays a great role in MANETs for multimedia applications. However it is very difficult and challenging task to provide QoS multicasting. With unique features and by means of different recovery mechanisms, many researchers have been proposed various QoS based multicasting routing protocols for MANETs. In order to assist QoS multicasting routing protocols design for MANETs, we characterize the taxonomy of the multicast routing protocols and design features in this paper.

A Survey Study on Attacks in MANET Ad-Hoc Network

In this time of instant units, Mobile Ad-hoc Network(MANET) has become an indivisible part for transmission for mobile devices. Therefore, curiosity about study of Mobile Ad-hoc Network has been growing because last several years. In this report we have mentioned some simple routing protocols in MANET like Destination Sequenced Distance Vector, Active Source Redirecting, Temporally-Ordered Redirecting Algorithm and Ad-hoc On Need Distance Vector. Protection is just a serious problem in MANETs because they are infrastructure-less and autonomous. Principal target of writing this report is to handle some simple problems and security considerations in MANET, operation of wormhole strike and acquiring the well-known routing protocol Ad-hoc On Need Distance Vector. This short article will be a great help for the people performing study on real world problems in MANET security.

A REVIEW OF MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS REACTIVE OR ON-DEMAND ROUTING PROTOCOLS

A MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc network) is a self-configuring infrastructure less network of portable routes associated by wireless connections. All mobile node plays the role of a router moreover as a host. The topology of MANET is not stable. It is similar to the TCP/IP stack with little modification for end to end transmission. Routing is the challenging task in MANET because nodes moves freely and works as a host and router at the same time in different environment. Many researchers have proposed many routing protocols which work well in different conditions. This paper provides a survey of different reactive routing protocol in MANET.

TRUST BASED MULTI PATH ROUTING & TOPOLOGY HIDING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK : A SECURE PERSPECTIVE

Abstract— Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) has been atracted large number of researchers in recent years due to its inherent potential for the data transmission .The peculiar charectristics of MANET like limited battery power, mobility of nodes , limited bandwidth provides challenge for the effective and efficient routing among the mobile nodes and at the same time it is necessary to ensure secure data transmission within the given constraints of MANET . Multipath routing is much more flexible and effective approach of routing . Topology hiding protocol i.e. TOHIP resolves the topology exposure problem in multi path routing . FL-TOHIP & AFL-TOHIP has demonstrated the improvement in solution searching and enhanced the efficiency of TOHIP . Malicious nodes and other attacks make MANET vulnerable even with topology hiding . Trust based approach is used to secure communication using the trust between the neighbours . Trust based approach is an alternative to cryptographic techniques . This paper evaluates various trust based protocols and provide a direction to integrate trust based approach with topology hiding multi path routing protocols in MANET to provide optimal data transmission with utmost security .

Improving Bandwidth Utilization of Intermittent Links in Highly Dynamic Ad Hoc Networks

Non-uniform node densities occur and intermittent links exist in highly dynamic ad hoc networks. To fit these networks, researchers usually combine delay tolerant network (DTN) routing protocols and mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols. The DTN protocol separates end-to-end links into multiple DTN links, which consist of multi-hop MANET links. Determining how to arrange DTN links and MANET links from source to end and dealing with intermittent links are performance issues, because node density ranges from sparse to dense and MANET protocols are much lighter than DTN protocols. This paper presents HMDTN, an application-network cross-layer framework, to solve the previously mentioned issues. The application layer in HMDTN supports disrupt tolerance with a large data buffer while adjusting the routing table on the basis of the connection state of links (link is disrupted or recovered), which are collected by the network layer. As a result, HMDTN increases the bandwidth utilization of intermittent links without compromising the efficiency of the MANET protocol in a reliable network. The HMDTN prototype was implemented based on Bytewalla (a Java version of DTN2) and Netfilter-based AODV. Experiments on Android devices show that unlike AODV and Epidemic, HMDTN increases the bandwidth utilization of intermittent links with a negligible increase of network overhead. In particular, HMDTN maintains the network throughput as high as regular network conditions even if the network undergoes relatively long-term (dozens of seconds or few minutes) data link disruptions.