Protestant Christianity Research Articles

Congregation members’ response to worship and fellowship in the digital space during the COVID-19 pandemic

This article investigates the congregation members to the transition from face-to-face worship and fellowship to digital spaces amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with a sample of the Huria Kristen Batak Protestan (HKBP – Batak Protestant Christian Church), specifically in District Daerah Khusus Ibukota (DKI) Jakarta province, Indonesia. This study uses an empirical questionnaire method to assess the level of satisfaction, engagement and future preferences of the congregation regarding digital versus face-to-face worship practices. The questionnaire was built on current theories of encounter and fellowship and what the congregation members need in digital worship services. Data from 421 congregations with a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error showed a dominant 62.7% preference for returning to face-to-face worship services and a participation decline during the pandemic. Respondents also felt a 60%–90% difference in digital services from church services, especially related to the need for communal fellowship. Participation in digital services correlates with higher education levels, while older congregations preferred face-to-face worship.Contribution: This study highlights the importance of incorporating Batak cultural values into digital ministry strategies to increase community connectivity and engagement. This article suggests further research on integrating cultural elements into digital religious practices, aiming to provide insights for churches navigating the digital transformation of religious services.

Pengaruh Keteladanan Guru Pendidikan Agama Kristen terhadap Karakter Peserta Didik Kelas X SMK Negeri 1 Raya Kabupaten Simalungun Tahun Pembelajaran 2023/2024

The purpose of this study was to determine the positive and significant influence of the Exemplary Christian Education Teacher on the Character of Class X Students of SMK Negeri 1 Raya, Simalungun Regency in the 2023/2024 Academic Year. The research method used was a quantitative method with descriptive statistics. The population was 159 Protestant Christian students of class X of SMK Negeri 1 Raya, Simalungun Regency in the 2023/2024 Academic Year and a sample of 40 people was determined using a random sampling technique. Data were collected using a positive closed questionnaire of 39 items, namely 20 items for variable X and 19 items for variable Y. The results of the data analysis showed that there was a positive and significant influence of the Exemplary Christian Religious Education Teachers on the Character of Class X Students of SMK Negeri 1 Raya, Simalungun Regency in the 2023/2024 Academic Year, as evidenced by the following data analysis: 1) Analysis requirements test: a) Positive relationship test obtained rxy value = 0.479> rtable ( = 0.05, n = 40) = 0.312. b) Significant relationship test obtained tcount = 3.364> ttable ( = 0.05, dk = n-2 = 38) = 2.021. 2) Influence test: a) Regression equation test Y ̂="2.85" + 0.79X. b) Regression determination coefficient test (r2) = 22.9%. 3) Hypothesis testing using the F test obtained Fcount > Ftable = ( = 0.05, df numerator k = 13, df denominator = n-2 = 40-2 = 38) which is 11.3 > 2.00. Thus Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected.

Hubungan Model Project Based Learning dengan Kreativitas Belajar Pendidikan Agama Kristen Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Purba

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between the Project Based Learning learning model in increasing the learning creativity of Christian Religious Education for class VIII students at SMP Negeri 1 Purba. The method used in this research is an inferential descriptive quantitative method. The population was all class VIII students from class VIII-1 to VIII-6 who were Protestant Christians, totaling 155 people and a sample of 39 people was determined using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using a positive closed questionnaire with 34 items, namely 16 items for variable proven by data analysis as follows: 1) positive relationship test obtained value rxy = 0.488 > r table(a=0.05,n=39) = 0.316 thus it is known that there is a positive relationship between variable X and variable Y, and the value rxy 0.488 if classified into the correlation coefficient is in the medium category. 2) Testing a significant relationship obtained a value of tcount= 3.397 > t table(a=0.05,dk=n-2=37)=2.021, thus there is a significant relationship between variable X and variable Y. So Ha says there is a positive relationship and the significance of the Project Based Learning model in increasing the Learning Creativity of Christian Religious Education for Class VIII Students of SMP Negeri 1 Purba was accepted and H0 which said there was no relationship was rejected.

The interplay of divine grace with forgiveness and humility in mainline Protestant Christianity: A consensual qualitative approach.

The interplay of divine grace with forgiveness and humility in mainline Protestant Christianity: A consensual qualitative approach.

Pengaruh Metode Demonstrasi terhadap Minat Belajar Pendidikan Agama Kristen dan Budi Pekerti Peserta Didik Kelas VII SMP Negeri 4 Siborongborong Tahun Pembelajaran 2023/2024

The aim of this research is to determine the influence of students' interest in learning using the demonstration method. The research hypothesis is: "There is a difference in students' interest in learning in class VIII SMP N 4 Siborongborong for the 2023/2024 academic year before and after learning using the demonstration method. The population is all class VIII of SMP Negeri 4 Siborongborong, North Tapanuli Regency for the 2023/2024 academic year with 206 Protestant Christians consisting of 7 classes. The research sample was determined using the Purposive Sampling technique, namely 35 students in class VIII 3 as the experimental class using the demonstration method and class VIII 5 totaling 35 students as the control class using ordinary treatment (conventional class). This research method is the Quasy Experimental Design method using a Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The instrument used in this research was a 30-item questionnaire. Research data for the questionnaire was analyzed using the average difference test formula (N-Gain Score). It was found that the average value for the experimental class was 0.7454 in the high category. And the average value for the control class is 0.1481, which is in the low category. Then carrying out an independent test using the t test obtained a value of t = 15.168 > t table (α = 0.05; df = 68) = 2,000. Thus, it can be concluded that the research hypothesis is accepted, namely that there is a difference in students' interest in learning in class VIII of SMP N 4 Siborongborong for the 2023/2024 academic year before and after learning using the demonstration method.

Emptiness/Nothingness as Explained by Ryu Yongmo (Tasŏk) (1890–1981) and Isaac Jacob Schmidt (1779–1847): A Cross-Cultural Study of the Integration of Asian Intellectual Heritage into the Worldview of Two Protestant Christians

Emptiness/Nothingness as Explained by Ryu Yongmo (Tasŏk) (1890–1981) and Isaac Jacob Schmidt (1779–1847): A Cross-Cultural Study of the Integration of Asian Intellectual Heritage into the Worldview of Two Protestant Christians

Strategi Pembelajaran Aktif Tipe Team Quiz Terhadap Keaktifan Belajar Pendidikan Agama Kristen Dan Budi Pekerti Siswa Kelas X SMK Negeri 1 Raya Kabupaten Simalungun Tahun Pembelajaran 2023/2024

The research aims to determine the positive and significant influence of the team quiz type active learning strategy on the active learning of Christian Religious Education and Character Education of class The research hypothesis is that there is a positive and significant influence of the team quiz type active learning strategy on the active learning of Christian Religious Education and Characteristics of class Descriptive and inferential quantitative research methods. The population of all class X students at SMK Negeri 1 Raya Simalungun Regency for the 2023/2024 academic year who are Protestant Christians is 159 people. The sample was random (random sampling), namely 40% of the total population minus 30 questionnaire test respondents, namely 40% x 129 people = 52 people. The research instrument is a closed questionnaire. The results of data analysis obtained: a) The value rcount=0.555>rtabel=0.297 and tcount=4.718>ttable=2.000 shows that there is a positive and significant relationship between the team quiz type active learning strategy and students' active learning in Christian Religious Education and Character. b) Regression equation. c) The determination test shows that the magnitude of the effect is 30.80%. d) Hypothesis testing obtained Fcount=22.284>Ftable=3.15 then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. The research concluded that there was a positive and significant influence between the active learning strategy of the team quiz type on the active learning of Christian Religious Education and Characteristics of class

Christian school leaders’ perspectives on identifying and hiring high-quality teachers

Teacher quality is one of the most important factors influencing a student’s educational outcomes, yet scant research has examined teacher hiring and quality in Protestant Christian schools. In this qualitative work, we thematically analyze interviews about Christian schools’ teacher hiring practices with a group of 12 leaders from 10 member schools in the Association of Christian Schools International. We find that these 10 schools generally follow a standard hiring process. The qualifications they seek in teachers could be arranged into a pyramid, where the base—the most fundamental quality—is demonstration of authentic belief in Protestant Christian doctrines. After faith, school leaders desired teachers to demonstrate Christian virtue and to be a good “fit” for their school culture; at the tip of the pyramid is the category of professional and pedagogical skills. While there was some heterogeneity in the top three tiers among school leaders, all agreed on the importance of Christian school teachers having “a heart for Christ and a heart for kids.”

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Talking Stick Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Pendidikan Agama Kristen Dan Budi Pekerti Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 4 Tarutung Tahun Pembelajaran 2023/2024

The aim of this research is to find out whether there is a significant influence of the Talking Stick learning model and the learning motivation of class VIII students at SMP N 4 Tarutung for the 2023/2024 academic year. The method used in this research is a quantitative method with a pre-experimental designs research type in the form of a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population was all Protestant Christian students in class VIII of SMP Negeri 4 Tarutung consisting of 4 classes totaling 121 students and a sample of 31 people was determined using purposive sampling. Data was collected using a closed questionnaire with 30 items. The results of data analysis show that there is a positive and significant influence on the Talking Stick learning model on the learning motivation of Christian Religious Education students and character in class VIII SMP Negeri 4 Tarutung for the 2023/2024 academic year as evidenced by the significant test obtained by the value tcount > ttable (α=0 .05; dk=n-1=30) which is 7.197 > 2.042, thus there is a significant influence between variable X and variable Y. Thus H0 is rejected and Ha is that there is a positive and significant influence on the Talking Stick learning model on learning motivation students of Christian Religious Education and character education in class VIII of SMP Negeri 4 Tarutung for the 2023/2024 academic year were accepted.

The Greening of Dutch Protestant Christianity (1960-2020)

The Greening of Dutch Protestant Christianity (1960-2020)

Contingent Companion with the Cantonese: Uncovering a Hidden History of Written Cantonese Christian Literature in the Late Nineteenth Century

This paper aims to uncover a hidden history of Cantonese Christian literature. Written Cantonese has been present since the late Ming dynasty in parallel to the emergence of a distinct Cantonese identity. Western missionaries, for the sake of evangelism, facilitated the development of written Cantonese in South China since the mid-nineteenth century. At that time, missionaries put a lot of effort into translating religious leaflets and booklets, the Bible, the book of prayers, and even Cantonese–English dictionaries. These works contributed to standardizing written Cantonese and indirectly helped to develop Cantonese identity. I will critically examine how Cantonese Christian literature declined for the sake of nationalism, as the first publication of Heheben 和合本 (Mandarin Union Version) in Protestant Christianity in 1919 represented the unification of the Church by using written Mandarin. After elaborating on the unintentional alliance of missionaries with Cantonese in the nineteenth century, in conclusion, I will make a brief comparison of Hong Kong Church in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, which is inactive in the continuous written Cantonese movement in Hong Kong.

How Post-1965 Asian Migration Changed US Protestant Christianity

The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act (or the Hart-Celler Act) remade the racial and ethnic composition of the nation, opening the United States to large numbers of Asian migrants for the first time. The new immigration system, based on job skills and family reunification, flipped the racial demographics of US-bound migrants from majority European to majority Asian and Latin American. It is estimated that as many as 75 percent of Asians who migrated to the United States between 1965 and 2000 had some kind of Christian background. This article provides a brief overview of how post-1965 Asian migrants have changed a range of US Protestant institutions and organizations.

A Reading in History of the Jews and its Impact on Religious Thought

The aim of this research is to elucidate the history of the genesis of Judaism and the impact of this history on its followers. The problem of research was represented in the following questions: What is Judaism, how did it originate, and who are its followers? What are the most significant historical events that have affected the formation of Jewish identity? What is the impact of history in forming Jewish religious thought? Through the researcher's adoption of the historical method and the analytical deductive method in his research, it appears that: Judaism is the oldest religion that its followers – according to their claim – belong to Abraham, which is still alive to this day, with millions of followers worldwide, primarily located in occupied Palestine, America, and parts of Europe. Jews have several names: Hebrews, Israelites, and the people of Moses, and they claim descent from Jacob and his twelve sons. They also claim lineage from Abraham, from whom they are distinct. The history of the Jews, through which they have passed many stages, was the main factor in forming Jewish religious thought. Judaism is based more on nationality and history than on doctrines, which have seen many changes over the ages. The writing of the Torah did not take place in the time of Moses, but after several centuries, in the time of Ezra and the priests after returning from Babylonian captivity. Zionist movements were built on the idea of the national union of Jews in Palestine after they faced significant persecution in Europe, as they claim. A Protestant Christian trend supporting the Jews emerged, asserting their right to return and occupy Palestine. This Jewish-Protestant alliance continues to exist.

Levirate Marriage & Theo-doctrinal Embargo a Kenyan Experience

African scholars have found themselves in a theo-doctrinal embargo, especially after the 19 th and 20 th century European missionary explosion, that ushered a vibrant protestant Christianity in East Africa that was largely dismissive of cultural dialogues with Christianity. One of the most contested subject, that went beyond the missionary era, and reverberates across the twenty-first century, is the levirate marriage (hereafter, levirate marriage). Outside the missionary armpits, African scholars have continued to debate its efficacy to the christian teachings. In view of this, the theo-doctrinal embargo that has evidently persisted across the mainstream churches and some African Instituted churches (AIC) in Kenya motivated the eventual research and publication of this article. Whereas the mainstream churches maintain that wife inheritance, especially where the male inheritor has another wife is sin, some AICs have tended to support the levirate marriage even where the male inheritor has another wife. They do this by quoting some Old Testament texts, as their reference point. The mainstream churches have insisted that wife inheritance narratives was permitted in the Old Testament in cases where the male inheritor was single and the deceased was childless. This article seeks to examine the biblical understanding of levirate marriage and its place in the Kenyan context. Overall, the article analyzed Scriptural texts dealing with the subject of Levirate marriages and reflected it from an African Christian perspective. The materials in this article were gathered through extensive reading of published works, interviews and via general observation of the practices therein.

Uncovering social assimilation disparities: immigrants’ volunteering in associations

ABSTRACT This study examines how much immigrants from different country of origin groups assimilate to native-level volunteering in organizations in Denmark. We employ multilevel linear probability models, analyzing a dataset that combines repeated cross-sectional survey data with administrative register information. The dataset encompasses 15,771 respondents, of which 1,918 are immigrants from 127 different countries. Unlike recent European comparative research that has suggested that immigrants of all ethnic backgrounds ultimately reach parity with natives in their levels of civic participation in their destination countries, our findings reveal a different scenario in Denmark. Our results suggest that immigrants from predominantly Protestant and other Christian countries reach parity with natives in their level of volunteering, while immigrants from other countries do not. We show that socioeconomic disparities across immigrant groups partially account for these variations in volunteering assimilation, but even after accounting for socioeconomic factors and many other covariates, significant differences persist.

Pengaruh Media Pembelajaran Visual Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Pendidikan Agama Kristen siswa kelas IX Di SMP Negeri 4 Tarutung Tahun Pembelajaran 2023/2024

The aim of this research is to find out how much positive and significant the influence of visual learning is on the learning motivation of Christian religious education students in IX SMP Negeri 4 Tarutung for the 2023/2024 academic year. The research method used is a quantitative method with descriptive statistics. The population is all 160 class IX students of SMP N 4 Tarutung, North Tapanuli Regency for the 2023/2024 academic year who are Protestant Christians and a sample of 40 people was determined using random sampling techniques. Data was collected using a positive closed questionnaire with 52 items, namely 24 items for variable North Tapanuli Regency for the 2023/2024 Academic Year, proven through the following data analysis: 1) Test the analysis requirements: a) positive relationship test obtained a value of rxy = 0.589 > Itabel(-0.05,n=40) = 0.312. b) Testing a significant relationship obtained a t value of 4.498 t table (= 0.05, dk = n-2-38) = 2.021. 2) Influence test: a) Regression equation test, obtained regression equation Y=42.15+0.65X = 42.15 +0.65X, b) Regression coefficient of determination test (r²) = 34.7%. 3) Test the hypothesis using the F test to obtain Fcount > Ftable=(=0.05, dk numerator k=23, dk denominator-n-2-40-2-38) namely 20.21 > 1.51. Thus Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected.

Pengaruh Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Team Assisted Individualization (TAI) terhadap Motivasi Belajar Pendidikan Agama Kristen Siswa Kelas VII SMP Negeri 1 Tarutung Tahun Ajaran 2023/2024

The purpose of this study was to determine the positive and significant effect of the application of the Team Assisted Individualization type cooperative learning model on Christian Religious Education learning motivation of seventh grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Tarutung in the 2023/2024 Learning Year. The research method used is quantitative method with the type of pre-experimental design research with the form of “One Shot Case Study”. The population was all seventh grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Tarutung who were Protestant Christians totaling 175 people and a sample of 32 people was determined using Purposive Sample technique. Data were collected using a positive closed questionnaire of 20 items for variable X and an observation sheet of 22 items for variable Y. The results of data analysis are shown through: 1) Analysis requirements test: a) positive relationship test obtained rxy = 0.560 > rtable (=0.05, n=32) = 0.349. b) significant relationship test obtained tcount = 3.704 > ttable (=0.05, dk=n-2=30) = 2.042. 2) Effect test: a) Regression equation test, obtained regression equation Y ̂ = “33.23”+0.58X. b) Regression determination coefficient test (r2) = 31.4%. 3) Hypothesis testing using the F test obtained Fhitung> Ftabel = (=0.05, dk numerator k = 21, dk denominator = n-2 = 32-2 = 30), namely 13.70> 1.62. Thus Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. So, the study concluded that there is a positive and significant effect of the Application of Team Assisted Individualization Type Cooperative Learning Model on Christian Religious Education Learning Motivation of Class VII Students of SMP Negeri 1 Tarutung Learning Year 2023/2024.

Orphans of the Orissa Famine: Capital, Charity, and Coercion in the Missionary System

Some of the most profound effects Britain imposed on society in Orissa, India came as a result of the missions that formed the majority of the protective infrastructure during the Orissa famine. Shortly after the British began their occupation of Orissa, a network of Protestant Christian missions based in England began to move into the region. Leadership came from the Christian Missionary Society, an Evangelical Anglican group, as well as Baptist figures such as Rev. J. Buckley. Their move was difficult, and for many years unsuccessful. However, the British East India Company and the Raj that followed it would pave the way for an increase in mission power through their laissez-faire policies of ignoring preexisting infrastructure and discontinuing preexisting social support systems. The missions, through their network of periodical publications, were then able to position themselves as a charitable counterpoint to the mainstream ideology of free markets at the time. In 1865, when a harvest failed as a result of British lack of infrastructure maintenance, the Protestant mission network’s opportunity arrived. The famine left many children without caretakers, and the missions, having begun a precedent of taking in orphans, became one of the only options for these children. The missions completed their takeover after the British first refused to acknowledge the famine, and then offered an ineffective response. The mission takeover quickly became so complete that secular authorities turned those seeking to give charity to the missions, since missions were some of the only organizations with a history of working directly with people in the region. The lives and identities of these famine orphans formed a microcosm of the changes to Orissa over the course of the Orissa famine.

Cross-Cultural Validation and the Psychometric Properties of the Korean Version of the Brief Religious Coping Scale.

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Brief Religious Coping Scale (RCOPE) among Korean Protestant Christians to determine its reliability and validity in South Korea considering the unique characteristics of Korean Protestant Christianity. Exploratory Factor Analysis (n = 251) and confirmatory factor analysis (n = 268) identified the original two-factor structure of the positive and negative religious coping subscales. Also, the scale exhibited robust reliability and construct validity. This study affirmed the scale is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring religious coping in Korean Christian adults.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Contextual Teaching and Learning Terhadap Motivasi Belajar PAK dan Budi Pekerti Siswa Kelas XI SMA Negeri 2 Sibolga Tahun Pembelajaran 2023/2024

The study aims to determine the positive and significant effect of the Contextual Teaching and Learning learning model on the motivation to learn PAK and Budi Pekerti of class XI SMA Negeri 2 Sibolga in the 2023/2024 Learning Year. The research hypothesis is that there is a positive and significant influence between the Contextual Teaching and Learning learning model on the motivation to learn PAK and Budi Pekerti of class XI SMA Negeri 2 Sibolga in the 2023/2024 Learning Year. Descriptive and inferential quantitative research methods. The population of all grade XI students of SMA Negeri 2 Sibolga in the 2023/2024 academic year who are Protestant Christians totaling 106 people. Random sampling is 32% of the total population, namely 34 people. The research instrument is a closed questionnaire. The results of the analysis requirements obtained the value of rxy= 0.573> rtable = 0.339 andtcount=3.955> ttable = 2.042 indicate a positive and significant relationship between the Contextual Teaching and Learning learning model with PAK and Budi Pekerti learning motivation of class XI students of SMA Negeri 2 Sibolga in the 2023/2024 Learning Year. The results of regression analysis obtained: a) regression equation. b) Determination test obtained the amount of influence, namely (r2) x100% = 32.83%. c) Hypothesis testing obtained Fhitung= 15.624> Ftabel= 3.32 then H0 is rejected andHa is accepted. The study concluded that the Contextual Teaching and Learning learning model applied by PAK teachers seriously in the teaching and learning process can increase the motivation to learn PAK and Budi Pekerti of class XI SMA Negeri 2 Sibolga in the 2023/2024 Learning Year.