Objective: To assess the difference between risk factors associated with a decline in renal function without a progression of proteinuria and those associated with a progression of proteinuria without a decline in renal function. Design and method: Retrospective longitudinal data from 2014–2017 specific health surveys among participants of National Health Insurance in Toyooka City were analyzed (n = 5,169 at baseline). Associations of risk factors at baseline and a ≧ 1.2-fold increase in creatinine or a progression of dip-stick proteinuria during follow-up were determined with a Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results: Multiple regression models revealed that a ≧ 1.2-fold increase in serum creatinine without a progression of proteinuria during 3-year follow-up was significantly associated with age, male gender (risk ratio (RR):2.2), proteinuria, and hypertension (RR:3.6), independently each other. After adjustments, qualitative tests for proteinuria revealed that, compared to (negative), (2 +) and (3 +) were associated with 7.7- (95% confidence interval (CI):1.2–25.8, p = 0.03) and 28- (95% CI:1.6–140, p = 0.03) fold increases in the risks for a worsening of renal function, respectively, while (±) or (1 +) did not show a significant difference. In addition, there was no significant association between a decline in renal function without a progression of proteinuria and body mass index (BMI), diabetes, or dyslipidemia. On the other hand, a progression of proteinuria to ≧ (1 +) without a decline in renal function was significantly associated with age, male gender (RR:1.8), higher BMI, hypertension (RR:1.6), dyslipidemia (RR:1.7) and diabetes (RR:1.7) at baseline after adjustments of baseline serum creatinine or proteinuria levels. Compared to the qualitative test proteinuria (negative), (±) and (1 +) were significantly associated with 4.3- (95% CI: 2.8–6.5, p < 0.0001) and 5.3- (95% CI: 2.8–9.4, p < 0.0001) fold increases in the risks for the further progression of proteinuria, respectively. Conclusions: Community data from specific health surveys among participants of National Health Insurance revealed differential risk factors associated with a worsening of chronic kidney diseases with respect to renal function and to proteinuria. Hypertension is one of the major risks for a decline in renal function, while a constellation of multiple risk factors was associated with a progression of proteinuria. In the present study, compared to (negative), even (±) of the qualitative test for proteinuria is associated with the 3-year risks not for a decline in renal function but for a further progression of proteinuria, while proteinuria ≧ (2 +) is significantly associated with a worsening of renal function.