High Biological Value Protein Research Articles

Nutrition and chronic kidney disease

The incidence of malnutrition disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD) appears unchanged over time, whereas patient-care and dialysis techniques continue to progress. Despite some evidence for cost-effective treatments, there are numerous caveats to applying these research findings on a daily care basis. There is a sustained generation of data confirming metabolic improvement when patients control their protein intake, even at early stages of CKD. A recent protein-energy wasting nomenclature allows a simpler approach to the diagnosis and causes of malnutrition. During maintenance dialysis, optimal protein and energy intakes have been recently challenged, and there is no longer an indication to control hyperphosphatemia through diet restriction. Recent measurements of energy expenditure in dialysis patients confirm very low physical activity, which affects energy requirements. Finally, inflammation, a common state during CKD, acts on both nutrient intake and catabolism, but is not a contraindication to a nutritional intervention, as patients do respond and improve their survival as well as do noninflamed patients.

Efeitos da radiação gama na cor, capacidade antioxidante e perfil de ácidos graxos em amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.)

A irradiação gama é eficiente para eliminar a contaminação fúngica em grãos de amendoim. Este apresenta proteínas de alto valor biológico, minerais, vitaminas E, complexo B e alta concentração de lipídios. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de radiações gama na cor, fenólicos totais, atividade antioxidante e perfil de ácidos graxos em amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.). Os cultivares IAC-Tatu ST e IAC-Runner 886 foram submetidos a radiações gama com doses de 5,0; 7,5; 10,0; e 15,0 kGy e armazenados em temperatura ambiente. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas na cor dos amendoins IAC-Tatu ST. Diferenças significativas foram detectadas para a luminosidade e o Croma do IAC-Runner 886. Os fenólicos totais diferiram significativamente entre o controle com 33,27 mg.g-1 e o tratamento com 10,0 kGy com 58,60 mg.g-1 no IAC-Tatu ST, neste parâmetro não foram observadas diferenças significativas no IAC-Runner 886, cujo controle foi 51,59 mg.g-1. Para atividade antioxidante não foi verificada diferença significativa com a dose de 10,0 kGy, recomendada para eliminação fúngica de amendoim. Na dose de 10,0 kGy, verificou-se a diminuição de ácidos graxos saturados, o aumento dos insaturados e o aumento de ácido linoleico. A relação oleico/linoleico diminuiu, justificando novos estudos correlacionando armazenamento e estabilidade oxidativa.

Mineral requirements for growth of Moxotó goats grazing in the semi-arid region of Brazil

Indigenous goats play an important role in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil as a biological resource with great genetic variability and historical value. In addition, they are a source of animal protein of high biological value, available to people of low income. However, there is a lack of information about these animals, mainly regarding their nutritional requirements. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine net requirements of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K for growth of 36 male Moxotó goat kids (15.69 ± 0.78 kg initial BW), grazing in the semi-arid region of Brazil. Four kids were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (baseline group, 15.37 ± 0.30 kg BW) and the remainder ( n = 32) were allocated randomly to one of the four levels of concentrate supplementation (treatments groups: 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% BW), with eight kids per group. When the animals in the 1.5% BW treatment group reached 25 kg BW, the animals in the other treatment groups were also slaughtered. The individual whole empty body was weighed, ground, mixed and sampled for chemical analyses. The body composition (g/kg empty body weight; EBW) ranged from 10.80 to 11.50 g Ca; 7.86 to 8.74 g P; 0.37 to 0.42 g Mg; 1.57 to 1.61 g Na and 1.58 to 1.74 g K, for Moxotó kids at 15 and 25 kg BW. The net mineral requirements (g/kg empty weight gain; EWG) were determined by comparative slaughter technique which ranged from 9.53 to 10.65 g Ca; 7.41 to 8.65 g P; 0.36 to 0.43 g Mg; 1.31 to 1.41 g Na and 1.47 to 1.70 g K for animals with BW ranging from 15 to 25 kg. In conclusion, our study indicated that indigenous goats grazing in the semi-arid region of Brazil have different mineral requirements from those values recommended by international committees for dairy and meat goats.

Protein and amino acid nutrition and metabolism in fish: current knowledge and future needs

Optimising the amino acid supply in tune with the requirements and improving protein utilization for body protein growth with limited impacts on the environment in terms of nutrient loads is a generic imperative in all animal production systems. With the continued high annual growth rate reported for global aquaculture, our commitments should be to make sure that this growth is indeed reflected in provision of protein of high biological value for humans. The limited availability of fish meal has led to some concerted efforts in fish meal replacement, analysing all possible physiological or metabolic consequences. The rising costs of plant feedstuffs make it necessary to strengthen our basic knowledge on amino acid availability and utilization. Regulation of muscle protein accretion has great significance with strong practical implications. In fish, despite low muscle protein synthesis rates, the efficiency of protein deposition appears to be high. Exploratory studies on amino acid flux, inter-organ distribution and particularly of muscle protein synthesis, growth and degradation and the underlying mechanisms as affected by dietary factors are warranted. Research on specific signalling pathways involved in protein synthesis and degradation have been initiated in order to elucidate the reasons for high dietary protein/amino acid supply required and their utilization.

Getting to the Meat of the Matter: Beyond Protein Supplementation in Maintenance Dialysis

Until recently, patients on dialysis with low serum albumin levels were characterized as suffering from protein malnutrition suggesting that the cause of this malady was due to an inadequate intake of protein. In fact, these patients tend to suffer from a wasting syndrome similar to cachexia commonly associated with inflammation in which there is loss of lean body mass and fat mass is underutilized. The term protein energy wasting has been used to characterize this syndrome and suggests that the simple addition of protein supplements to the dietary regimen of hemodialysis patients will not cure this malady. Correction of the underlying inflammatory disorder which drives losses of body protein and fuel reserves is far more important and is the single most effective therapy. Protein supplements which may promote albumin synthesis and synthesis of liver-related proteins tend to increase muscle catabolism. Muscle growth is not fostered by increasing dietary protein above recommended goals for dialysis patients, but can be promoted by the addition of protein of high biological value that is rich in leucine and other essential amino acids in tandem with repetitive exercises. Ultimately, correction of PEW hinges on the diagnosis and treatment of co-morbid conditions in combination with strategies to replenish caloric and protein stores. A supplementary exercise program would allow recovery of lean body mass. Given the multiple co-morbidities that exist in this population, therapy would have to be individualized.

Advancing beef safety and quality: ProSafeBeef

Summary ProSafeBeef is a 5‐year integrated project funded by the European Commission under the Sixth Framework Programme. Its overall aim is to ensure that the European beef chain thrives, by conducting research in a number of areas including food safety, nutrition, consumer research and innovations in processing. This article discusses the importance of beef in the diet as a whole. Beef contains protein of high biological value and provides an important range of micronutrients, most notably B vitamins, vitamin D, zinc and iron. It is hoped that ProSafeBeef will have a significant impact on the beef industry by successfully transferring appropriate knowledge direct to the end user via its work on technology transfer, training and dissemination.

Nutritional evaluation of Araucaria angustifolia seed flour as a protein complement for growing rats

AbstractBACKGROUND: The seeds of Araucaria angustifolia, namely pinhão, are consumed in south and southeast Brazil as flour or baked. There is relatively little information about the chemical composition and nutritional value of the seed and its flour.RESULTS: Pinhão flour was obtained by drying at constant temperature of 50 °C (PF50) or 80 °C (PF80) in a circulating air drier for 16 h, and evaluated as a feed additive for growing rats. Wistar rats were fed five experimental diets (n = 6 rats per diet) containing different protein sources: casein (diet CAS), casein supplemented with 20% (w/w) flour PF50 or PF80 (diets PF50 and PF80), casein supplemented with 20% pinhão without heat treatment (diet NPF), and a non‐protein group (diet APROT). Values for weight gain, feed ingest, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein ratio (NPR) were similar for diets CAS and PF80. Lowest values for all nutritional parameters were observed for diets complemented with pinhão flour. Trypsin inhibitor activity was detected in PF50 but not in PF80.CONCLUSION: Pinhão flour heated at 80 °C for 16 h and used as supplementary in diet had the most similar results in all nutritional parameters to casein‐based diets, and can be used as a complementary source, substituting up to 20% of a high biological value protein in food formulations. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Need for Multivitamin Use in the Postoperative Period of Gastric Bypass

Based on the reduced gastric volume and the malabsorption produced by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) and diet therapy, it is essential in the postoperative period to obtain and maintain an adequate nutritional state, with the aim of preventing malnutrition and seeking a healthy life. It is observed that patients have difficulty in understanding the new food choices that must considered, as they have eating habits that are very divergent from those currently proposed. There is often the need for vitamin and mineral replacement after laboratory tests. This study calculated and evaluated the 24-h eating records of 210 patients, collected in the course of nutritional visits in follow-ups of the first, third, sixth, ninth, 12th, 18th, and 24th months postoperative. It was possible to observe an increase in the consumption of nutrients in the course of the study period, but it was not regular and significant for all the nutrients. Also, it is noted that the minimal requirements for vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron and B-complex vitamins (except for cyanocobalamin and riboflavin) were not attained. The nutrients in which satisfactory results were obtained were total proteins of high biological value: cyanocobalamin and riboflavin. This study demonstrated the concern for nutrient supplementation in the postoperative period of RYGBP. Thus, the routine use of multivitamins is deemed necessary after the first month postoperatively, with its maintenance preferably for the rest of the patient's life, without abandoning periodic clinical and laboratory follow-up.

Nutritional composition of red meat

Lean red meats are: • An excellent source of high biological value protein, vitamin B12, niacin, vitamin B6, iron, zinc and phosphorus • A source of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fats, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, selenium and possibly also vitamin D • Mostly low in fat and sodium • Sources of a range of endogenous antioxidants and other bioactive substances including taurine, carnitine, carnosine, ubiquinone, glutathione and creatine.

Composição nutricional do casco da tartaruga-da-Amazônia (Podocnemis expansa) criada em cativeiro e em idade de abate

A criação de tartarugas em cativeiro no Brasil vem se expandindo nos últimos anos, destacando-se o aumento do volume de abate da espécie Podocnemis expansa para obtenção de carne. Este estudo foi realizado na UFRuralRJ, objetivando-se analisar quantitativamente a composição centesimal, valor calórico, teor de colesterol, perfil em ácidos graxos e aminoácidos, e minerais de 60 cascos de P. expansa em idade de abate mantidas em criatório legalizado e registrado pelo IBAMA. Concluiu-se que o casco de P. expansa é rico em nutrientes, apresentando proteína de alto valor biológico para adultos, lipídios, ácidos graxos essenciais, minerais e baixo teor de colesterol, possibilitando sua utilização como suplemento nutricional após estudos futuros comprobatórios da biodisponibilidade dos nutrientes presentes.

Requirements and Pathology in Humans: Discussion of Session 4

Requirements and Pathology in Humans: Discussion of Session 4

Role of Dietary Soy Protein in Obesity

Soy protein is an important component of soybeans and provides an abundant source of dietary protein. Among the dietary proteins, soy protein is considered a complete protein in that it contains ample amounts of all the essential amino acids plus several other macronutrients with a nutritional value roughly equivalent to that of animal protein of high biological value. Soy protein is unique among the plant-based proteins because it is associated with isoflavones, a group of compounds with a variety of biological properties that may potentially benefit human health. An increasing body of literature suggests that soy protein and its isoflavones may have a beneficial role in obesity. Several nutritional intervention studies in animals and humans indicate that consumption of soy protein reduces body weight and fat mass in addition to lowering plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. In animal models of obesity, soy protein ingestion limits or reduces body fat accumulation and improves insulin resistance, the hallmark of human obesity. In obese humans, dietary soy protein also reduces body weight and body fat mass in addition to reducing plasma lipids. Several potential mechanisms whereby soy protein may improve insulin resistance and lower body fat and blood lipids are discussed and include a wide spectrum of biochemical and molecular activities that favorably affect fatty acid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis. The biologic actions of certain constituents of soy protein, particularly conglycinin, soyasaponins, phospholipids, and isoflavones, that relate to obesity are also discussed. In addition, the potential of soy protein in causing food allergy in humans is briefly discussed.

Chemical composition and tenderness of longissimus dorsi muscle from non- castrated Murrah buffaloes slaughtered at different weights

Buffalo meat production has been arising interest breeder and emerges as alternative to consumer, more and more demanding of the quality products. Thus, this research was conducted to study the chemical composition and tenderness of Longissimus dorsi muscle from 10 non-castrated Murrah buffaloes slaughtered at different weights. The research was carried in feedlot of School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Animals were divided in two groups, received diet ad libitum and slaughtered when reached 450 and 500 kg of live weight. The experiment design was completely randomized, with five repetitions to each treatment. Meat sample from Longissimus dorsi muscle, taken between 12th and 13th ribs, were carried analysis of moisture, crude protein, fat, ash, Longissimus muscle area (LMA), fat thickness (FT), marbling, calorie and tenderness. It did not have significant difference between the groups. Average values at of 76.0; 20.7; 2.1 and 1.2 of moisture, crude protein, fat and ash respectively, were obtained. Calorie, tenderness, LMA, FT and marbling were obtained at average values of 132 kcal/100g; 3.94 kgf; 34.2 cm²; 5.9 mm and 2 points, respectively. Values obtained for tenderness are similar in the literature and has been proving that buffalo meat is tender (< 5kgf). Positive correlation was observed between the protein percentage and the shear force of the meat. The buffalo meat is excellent alternative source of red protein of high biological value to feeding of Brazilian consumers.

The impact of irrigation on the yield and tuber fraction distribution of potato cultivars

Potato is one of the most important plants in human nutrition, it is grown in about 140 countries. As a food, it can be prepared in many ways, it is easily digestable with proteins of high biological value, favourable dietetical-physiological characteristics, high starch content and good taste. An increase in its consumption would be favourable from the dietetical point of view. In Hungary, the growing area of potato has decreased considerably for the last decades and we are lagging behind the Western-European countries regarding yield. The experiments were carried out at the Experimental Site of the University of Debrecen at Látókép between 2002 and 2004. In the large-plot experiment, the yields and the distribution of the tuber fractions were studied for 9 medium early cultivars. The experiment was set up on 50 m2 plots on calcareous chernozem soil. Among the studied cultivars, 3 were of Dutch (Desiree, Kondor, Kuroda) and 6 were of Hungarian breeding ('Góliát', 'Hópehely', 'Kankan', 'Lilla', 'Százszorszép', and 'White Lady'). The experiment was set up in 4 repetitions in a randomized design, two of the repetitions were irrigated while two were non-irrigated.

The future trends for research on quality and safety of animal products

Quality must now be considered as a convergence between consumers' wishes and needs and the intrinsic and extrinsic quality attributes of food products. The increasing number of quality attributes which must be considered, increasing globalisation and the heterogeneity in consumption habits between countries are making this convergence progressively more difficult. In parallel, science is rapidly evolving (with the advent of genomics for instance), and a growing number of applications is thus expected for the improvement of food safety and quality. Among the meat and fish quality attributes, colour is very important because it determines, at least in part, consumer choice. The key targets to ensure a satisfactory colour are animal nutrition and management for fish, processing and product conditioning for meat. Tenderness and flavour continue to be important issues for the consumer because eating remains a pleasure. They both determine quality experience which itself influences repetitive purchase. Meat tenderness is a very complex problem which can be solved only by a holistic approach involving all the factors from conception, animal breeding and production, muscle biology and slaughter practice to carcass processing and meat preparation at the consumer end. Today, safety and healthiness are among the most important issues. Unfortunately, animal products can potentially be a source of biological and chemical contamination for consumers. The introduction of both control strategies along the food chain and the development of a food safety management system, from primary production to the domestic environment, are key issues that must be achieved. Despite a high dietary supply of saturated fats by dairy and meat products, it is imperative that professionals involved in animal research and in the associated industry convey the positive nutritional contributions of animal products to both consumers and health professionals. The latter include protein of high biological value, iron, zinc, healthy fatty acids including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid. Fish products are well known for their high content in PUFA. Meanwhile, new strategies in terms of antioxidant supply are required to limit PUFA and cholesterol oxidation, which has many detrimental effects including contributing to reduced sensory attributes. Traceability is another quality attribute used to implement food safety and quality. Traceability of an animal’s breed and identity, of geographical origin and of diet fed are increasingly important issues demanded by consumers. Safety and quality are thus important issues with increasing complexity, research has to adapt itself to meet this challenge.

Protein and Older Adults

Body composition changes as people get older. One of the noteworthy alterations is the reduction in total body protein. A decrease in skeletal muscle is the most noticeable manifestation of this change but there is also a reduction in other physiologic proteins such as organ tissue, blood components, and immune bodies as well as declines in total body potassium and water. This contributes to impaired wound healing, loss of skin elasticity, and an inability to fight infection. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for adults for protein is 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. Protein tissue accounts for 30% of whole-body protein turnover but that rate declines to 20% or less by age 70. The result of this phenomenon is that older adults require more protein/kilogram body weight than do younger adults. Recently, it has become clear that the requirement for exogenous protein is at least 1.0 gram/kilogram body weight. Adequate dietary intake of protein may be more difficult for older adults to obtain. Dietary animal protein is the primary source of high biological value protein, iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, biotin and other essential nutrients. In fact, egg protein is the standard against which all other proteins are compared. Compared to other high-quality protein sources like meat, poultry and seafood, eggs are the least expensive. The importance of dietary protein cannot be underestimated in the diets of older adults; inadequate protein intake contributes to a decrease in reserve capacity, increased skin fragility, decreased immune function, poorer healing, and longer recuperation from illness.

Health benefits and potential risks related to consumption of fish or fish oil

The nutritional benefits of fish consumption relate to the utilization of proteins of high biological value, as well as certain minerals and vitamins that fish provide. Fish or fish oil contains omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that appear to play several useful roles for human health. Conversely, some carcinogenic contaminants are also stored in the adipose tissue of fish. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential health benefits and risks related to the consumption of fish or fish oil. Health benefits related to the consumption of fish or omega-3 PUFAs were obtained by an extensive literature search. Potential health risks related to carcinogenic contaminants (e.g., dioxin, PCB, etc.) in fish were estimated using the U.S. EPA-approved cancer risk assessment guidelines. Potential health risk estimates were evaluated by comparing them with the acceptable excess risk level of 10 −6–10 −4. Scientific data indicate that the consumption of fish or fish oil containing omega-3 PUFAs reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, decreases mild hypertension, and prevents certain cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. Risk estimates in humans for carcinogenic environmental contaminants in fish ranged from an excess risk level of 3 × 10 −6–9 × 10 −4. These risk estimates appeared to meet the acceptable excess risk level criteria. Therefore, consumption of fish in accordance with the State of Michigan Fish Advisory Guidelines is safe and should be encouraged. The top 11 fish species [e.g., sardines, mackerel, herring (Atlantic and Pacific), lake trout, salmon (Chinook, Atlantic, and Sockeye), anchovy (European), sablefish, and bluefish] provide an adequate amount of omega-3 PUFAs (2.7–7.5 g/meal) and appear to meet the nutritional recommendation of the American Heart Association.

Horizontal, Technical Cooperation in Research on Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoaWilld.)

Quinoa possesses remarkable characteristics in terms of its productive potential and eco-geographical adaptation (0 to 4000 msnm; 200 to 1000 mm of rainfall; −1 to 35°C, and short to (neutral) photoperiod). The market potential is large, and quinoa is already known in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia, as a basic source of protein of high biological value. FAO has suggested the crop be included as a source for food security in the next century (FAO, [1998]) Bolivia and Peru are the major producers of quinoa, with 70000 ha under cultivation.

Crescimento e produtividade de duas cultivares de milho de alta qualidade protéica em solo de baixa fertilidade

As cultivares de milho com proteína de alto valor biológico (QPM), lançadas pela EMBRAPA, podem-se constituir em boa alternativa para a agricultura familiar brasileira. No trópico úmido seu desempenho dever ser confirmado nas condições prevalentes entre os agricultores. Diante disso, foi instalado, em janeiro de 1999, em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico arênico e sob sistema de cultivo em aléias, um experimento em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas de 4 x 6 m² e quatro repetições, para avaliar o crescimento e a produtividade de duas cultivares de milho de alto valor protéico (BR 473 e BR 2121), em comparação com outras três utilizadas na agricultura maranhense: Ferro (cultivar tradicional, recolhida junto aos agricultores), BR 106 e AG 1051 (de baixo e médio nível tecnológico respectivamente). Foram avaliados o índice de área foliar, a taxa de assimilação líquida, o número de espigas, grãos por espiga, massa da espiga e de 100 grãos e o índice de colheita. Concluiu-se que a cultivar BR 473 pode ser recomendada para condições de solos ácidos de baixa fertilidade e para temperaturas altas, exceto BR 2121. A cultivar AG 1051 apresentou produtividade muito superior em relação às demais cultivares. O uso generalizado da cultivar Ferro pela agricultura familiar só se justifica pela possibilidade de armazenamento na lavoura, que consiste em deixar o milho no campo, vários meses após a maturação, pela sua alta resistência às pragas de pós-colheita; ademais sua produtividade foi menor que todas as outras cultivares testadas.

Different protein sources in piglet feeding.

Weaning is a critical phase characterized by social stress (establishment of a new hierarchy), environmental stress (removal of and from the sow) and nutritional stress for the piglet. From a nutritional standpoint, weaning corresponds to a change from a liquid to a dry form of feed; in addition to this, post-weaning formulations commonly contain vegetable ingredients. To limit the problems arising from nutritional changes, piglets must be fed highly digestible diets containing high biological value proteins. The aim of the present trials was to investigate the effects on piglet growth and health of different diets containing some animal proteins that are not commonly used in post-weaning pig formulations (i.e. whole egg meal and dried plasma).