Protein Source Research Articles

Proximate Constituent and Mineral Content of the Seeds of Africa Yam Bean (Sphenostylis Stenocarpa) Purchased in Ebonyi State, Eastern Nigeria

In sub-Saharan Africa there have been various calls for development of a crop which will be high yielding with increased protein content. One of such plants currently being speculated to be an important source of high protein, carbohydrates, as well as other nutritional substances is African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich. Harms). This work is therefore designed to ascertain the proximate, mineral, vitamin and phytochemical composition of the seed of African yam bean. The seeds of African beans were analyzed for proximate mineral vectorment and phytochemical composition using standard methods. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using ANOVA. The results of the percentage proximate composition showed that the seeds contain 8.67% moisture, crude protein 22.22%, crude fiber 3.89%, ash 4.58%, fat 4.20%, and carbohydrate 56.44%. The mineral contents (mg/100g) were found to be 32.07 mg/100g (Sodium), 231.20 mg/100g (Potassium), 78.67 mg/100g (Magnesium), 159.66 mg/100g (Calcium), 133.53 mg/100g (Phosphorus), 2.32 mg/100g (Zinc), and 6.13 mg/100g (Iron). Africa yam bean is an important source of high-quality protein and carbohydrate, as well as other nutritious substances. The present constituent, especially their quantitative composition, may be an indication of the nutritional as well as medicinal importance of the seeds of Africa yam bean. Such interesting high content of certain bioactive compounds, such as phenol and flavonoid as well as elevated protein content, calls for improved cultivation of this crop for maximum yield and availability.

Exogenous Amyloid Fibrils Can Cause Significant Upregulation of Neurodegenerative Disease Proteins.

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are associated with the formation of amyloid fibrils. In familial cases, the mutant causative genes accentuate disease progression through overexpression or misfolding of amyloidogenic proteins. Besides, considerable amyloidosis cases arise from external factors, but their origin and mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Herein, we found that amyloid fibrils generated from egg and milk proteins, in addition to their nutritional effects to intestinal cells, can selectively reduce the viability of nervous cells as well as pancreatic islet cells. In contrast, soy protein amyloid fibrils lacked cytotoxicity to the aforementioned cells. This protein source and cell type-dependent cytotoxicity are demonstrated to be associated with the significant upregulation of amyloidogenic proteins. The finding was also confirmed by the vein injection of beta-lactoglobulin fibrils to mice, exhibiting the pronounced upregulations of amyloid beta1-42 (Aβ1-42) and islet amyloid polypeptide in vivo. The study therefore provides insight into the health implications of exogenous amyloid fibrils.

Impact of Various Extraction Technologies on Protein and Chlorophyll Yield from Stinging Nettle.

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) has gained attention as a sustainable protein source due to its rich bioactive compound profile and medicinal properties, but research on optimizing its protein extraction remains limited. This research explores various cell disruption methods, including pulsed electric fields and high-pressure homogenization, combined with extraction techniques like isoelectric precipitation, ultrafiltration, and salting-out, to enhance protein yield and assess its impact on chlorophyll content. The findings indicate that high-pressure homogenization combined with isoelectric precipitation achieved the highest protein yield of 11.60%, while pulsed electric fields with ultrafiltration significantly reduced chlorophyll content from 4781.41 µg/g in raw leaves to 15.07 µg/g in the processed sample. Additionally, the findings suggest that innovative extraction technologies can improve the efficiency and sustainability of protein isolation from stinging nettle, offering a valuable addition to the repertoire of alternative protein sources. These advancements could pave the way for broader applications of stinging nettle in food fortification and functional ingredient development.

Demand for milk and milk products in the rural household of Bangladesh: A panel data analysis

Milk is considered an essential source of protein for people of all ages. However, Bangladeshi people, particularly those living in rural areas, tend to consume less milk and milk products than necessary. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the demand for milk and milk products among rural consumers and the factors affecting their consumption habits. The study utilizes balanced panel data from three waves of the Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey: 2011–12, 2015, and 2018–19, collected by the International Food Policy Research Institute. Both the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) and Fixed Effects Model were employed. The expenditure elasticity for liquid milk, powdered milk, and condensed milk was found to be 1.013, 1.856, and 1.060, respectively, indicating that these products are considered luxury goods in rural Bangladesh. Additionally, powdered milk is more price-sensitive than liquid or condensed milk in these areas. Milk and milk products exhibit a substitutable relationship based on the Slutsky and Cournot cross-price elasticities matrix. Consumption of liquid milk is significantly influenced, either positively or negatively, by several factors, including age, education, family size, ownership of dairy animals, income, expense of food, and year. Furthermore, while the consumption of powdered milk is increasing over time, factors such as family size and livestock ownership negatively impact its consumption. Similarly, the consumption of condensed milk is negatively affected by education and ownership of dairy animals. Based on our study results, we recommend increasing household income through on and off-farm job creation, promoting educational campaigns on the benefits of milk, and supporting livestock ownership to reduce reliance on processed milk products.

A Soybean Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Dehydrogenase GmP5CDH1 Modulates Plant Growth and Proline Sensitivity

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], as a globally commercialized crop, is an important source of protein and oil for both humans and livestock. With more frequent extreme weather disasters, abiotic stress has become one of the critical factors restricting soybean production. Proline (Pro) is a well-known substance in plants that responds to abiotic stress. To identify potential effector genes involved in soybean resistance to abiotic stress, we focused on the pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH) which is a key enzyme in the degradation process of Pro. Through homologous sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree, and predicted expression, we chose GmP5CDH1 (Glyma.05G029200) for further research. Tissue-specific expression assay showed that GmP5CDH1 had higher expression levels in soybean seed and cotyledon development. Subcellular localization assay revealed that GmP5CDH1 was a nuclear-membrane-localized protein. As the result of the predicted cis-acting regulatory element indicates, the expression level of GmP5CDH1 was induced by low temperature, drought, salt stress, and ABA in soybean. Next, we constructed transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing GmP5CDH1. The results showed that GmP5CDH1 also strongly responded to exogenous Pro, and overcame the toxicity of abiotic stress on plants by regulating the endogenous concentration of Pro. The interaction between GmP5CDH1 and GmSAM1 was validated through yeast two-hybrid, LUC fluorescence complementary, and BIFC. In conclusion, overexpression of a soybean pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase GmP5CDH1 regulates the development of Arabidopsis thaliana by altering proline content dynamically under salt stress, especially improving the growth of plants under exogenous Pro.

African cichlid fishes: morphological data and taxonomic insights from a genus-level survey of supraneurals, pterygiophores, and vertebral counts (Ovalentaria, Blenniiformes, Cichlidae, Pseudocrenilabrinae).

The iconic freshwater cichlid fishes (Cichlidae) comprise about 1750 validly named species and hundreds more that are known, but not yet described and named. Cichlids are an important source of protein for millions of people on several continents, are model organisms in studies of evolution, speciation, ecology, development, behaviour and physiology and are popular as aquarium fishes. Yet, comparative studies of cichlid internal anatomy are rare. Even their osteology has not been taxonomically surveyed. The cichlid postcranial skeleton has been especially neglected. Here, I provide the first survey in cichlids of the considerable variation in numbers of vertebrae, supraneurals and dorsal- and anal-fin supports (pterygiophores), as well as the patterns with which the pterygiophores insert between the neural or haemal spines. The study includes some 1700 specimens of nearly 400 cichlid species. Focusing on the largest subfamily, the African cichlids or Pseudocrenilabrinae, the survey furnishes data from species in all but one of its 166 genera. Limited data from species in the other cichlid subfamilies (Etroplinae, Ptychochrominae and Cichlinae) and from the related leaffishes, Polycentridae, are also presented. Key examples of pterygiophore insertion patterns from throughout the range of variation are illustrated and discussed. Detailed analytical tables and all raw data are provided in supplementary files.A bizarre specialisation in Cyprichromis is noted, evidently for the first time. Uniquely in this Lake Tanganyikan genus, five to seven anal pterygiophores are abdominal in position, located anterior to the anal fin and inserting toward or between successive pairs of pleural ribs.Taxonomic changes: The most speciose tribe of African cichlids, currently known as Haplochromini, is correctly called Pseudocrenilabrini. Based chiefly on the molecular phylogenetic findings of other workers, I propose four pseudocrenilabrine subtribes, one occurring in rivers and three endemic to Lake Malawi. I also re-assign the Lake Tanganyikan tribe Tropheini as another subtribe of Pseudocrenilabrini, in line with numerous molecular studies placing tropheines firmly within this tribe. The remaining genera of Pseudocrenilabrini remain incertae sedis in this tribe pending clarification of their phylogenetic relationships.The character complex here surveyed is a promising source of taxonomically and phylogenetically informative characteristics distinguishing or uniting cichlid taxa at multiple hierarchical levels, from species through subfamily. This reference set of novel character data can also provide information for palaeontological studies of African cichlids. These attributes are skeletal features potentially available for study in well preserved fossils and may help determine their correct taxonomic placement.

The Shift Towards Plant-Based Lifestyles: Factors Driving Young Consumers’ Decisions to Choose Plant-Based Food Products

The shift in consumer dietary patterns from meat-based to plant-based food products has become a prominent trend worldwide. This shift is driven by various factors, including concerns about personal health and environmental awareness. Despite the global growth of the plant-based food industry, developing nations tend to be slow with adopting non-meat-based diets. This is mainly due to high levels of food insecurity and meat being the main source of protein, especially in countries like South Africa where food consumption is needs-based, and consumers are unaware of the environmental footprint of meat production. This paper is part of a two-phase study and reports on the quantitative results, which were obtained during the second phase. The main aim of this study was to investigate the factors that influence consumers’ decisions to choose plant-based food products. The factors that were selected were informed by the thematic results from phase 1, which involved focus groups that explored consumers’ opinions and behaviours towards plant-based lifestyles. By means of survey distribution, 426 online questionnaires were distributed among young consumers in South Africa. A conceptual model with six hypotheses was tested and the data were analysed using SmartPLS 4.1.0.8. The findings indicated the product taste and product knowledge are the most important factors that drive young consumers’ decisions to choose plant-based food products. The study further found that product quality, affordability, social influence, and product packaging play a role but to a lesser degree. Food marketers can utilise these findings and implement marketing strategies that can assist with persuading consumers to choose plant-based food products and adopt a healthier, more sustainable lifestyle.

Hydrolyzed milk infant formula effectively protects against milk protein allergy: Independent of whey protein source

AbstractMilk protein sensitivity is a major challenge in infant feeding, especially for infants who cannot receive adequate breastfeeding. Hydrolyzed milk protein is a mainstream way to address this difficulty. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of differences in whey protein concentrate (WPC) source and the degree of hydrolysis on blocking allergy and to analyze the possible mechanisms by which hydrolyzed infant formula (IF) blocks allergy through colony‐metabolism–immunity response. First, we prepared six groups of goat's milk IF with unhydrolyzed, partially, and extensively hydrolyzed WPC, which come from cow's milk WPC and goat's milk WPC. Subsequently, we evaluated their effects on allergy. The results showed that the hydrolyzed IF improved the allergic characteristics of mice, including low levels of total immunoglobulin E (IgE), specific IgE, histamine, and mucosal mast cell protease‐1 (mMCP‐1). Furthermore, the hydrolyzed IF promoted the immune response of T helper 1 (Th1) and regulatory T (Treg) cells by enhancing the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of T‐box transcription factor 21 (T‐bet) and forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3), which in turn suppressed the T helper 2 (Th2) overexpressed immune response in allergy (GATA‐binding protein 3 (GATA‐3) and retinoic‐acid‐receptor‐related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) mRNA expression, as well as interleukin 4 (IL‐4) and interleukin 5 (IL‐5) levels). Hydrolyzed IF promoted an increase in beneficial gut microbe Lactobacillus and Alistipes, which in turn promoted an increase in intestinal butyrate levels. The beneficial bacteria and their metabolized butyrate may have suppressed the abundance of the allergy‐characterizing bacterium Rikenellaceae‐RC9‐gut‐group. The final result we obtained was that for both cow's milk WPC and goat's milk WPC, at similar levels of hydrolysis, they did not bring about a significant effect on allergy symptoms. The hydrolyzed IF improved the allergic characteristics of mice, the deeper the degree of hydrolysis of WPC, the more obvious the effect of reducing allergic symptoms in model mice.

Characterization and Evaluation of Taihe Black-Boned Silky Fowl Eggs Based on Physical Properties, Nutritive Values, and Flavor Profiles.

Taihe black-boned silky fowl (TS) is a native chicken breed in China with more than 2000 years of history. The present study aimed to characterize and evaluate the physical, nutritional, and flavor properties of TS eggs with a comparison to two other commercial breeds. Eggs from TS (n = 60) crossbred black-boned silky fowl (CB, n = 60) and Hy-line Brown (HL, n = 60) were used for physicochemical analysis. The evaluation system was divided into four parts based on nutrient and flavor profiles: protein and amino acids, lipids and fatty acids, mineral elements, and flavor-related amino acids and volatile compounds. Results showed that TS eggs were typically associated with the lowest egg weight and the highest yolk color, as compared with CB and HL eggs. No differences were found in crude protein, crude fat, triglycerides, and cholesterol content between eggs from the different breeds, but these eggs were distinct in terms of the amino acid, fatty acid, and volatile flavor compound profiles. Moreover, the differences in amino acid and fatty acid profiles might contribute to the specific flavor of TS eggs. Evaluation results indicated that TS egg whites may be suitable as a protein source for premature infants and young children under three years old and TS egg yolks could be considered a beneficial dietary lipid source due to their potential anti-cardiovascular properties. Additionally, TS whole eggs could serve as a valuable source of selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn), and phosphorus (P) for adults aged 18 to 65. However, TS and CB eggs showed inferior Haugh units, eggshell quality, and essential amino acid compositions for older children, adolescents, and adults. These findings provide a better insight into the health benefits of TS eggs and contribute to the breeding and nutrition regulation of TS breeds.

Optimization and characterization of tomato seed protein isolate: a sustainable source of functional protein

Optimization and characterization of tomato seed protein isolate: a sustainable source of functional protein

Effects of poultry by-product meal and complete replacement of fish oil with alternative oils on growth performance and gut health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a FEEDNETICS™ validation study

BackgroundAquaculture, traditionally a form of biotechnology, has evolved to integrate innovative biotechnological applications, such as advanced feed formulations, aimed at improving the growth performance and health of farmed fish species. In the present study, the effects of feeding rainbow trout with novel feed formulations were investigated. Fish growth, gut and liver morphology, the concentration of fatty acids in the fillet, and volatile fatty acids in the gut were assessed. The study also validated scenarios from in vivo experiments using a nutrient-based model called FEEDNETICS™. This globally used model serves as a tool for data interpretation and decision support in the context of precision fish farming.MethodsAlternative protein and oil sources, including poultry by-product meal (PBM) and natural algae oil, were explored as sustainable replacements for fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO). A 90-day feeding trial was conducted using rainbow trout, comparing two isoproteic, isolipidic and isoenergetic diets. The control diet contained 15% FM, 5% PBM, and 8% FO, while the test diet replaced FM with 15% PBM and 5% feather meal hydrolysate (FMH), and fully substituted FO with VeraMaris® natural algae oil and rapeseed oil.ResultsPBM successfully replaced FM protein without negatively affecting feed intake, growth performance or feed utilization in trout. The combination of PBM and natural algae oil was well tolerated by the trout and showed no negative effects on gut health. A detailed analysis of fatty acids in the fillet revealed that PUFAs of the n3 and n6 series were significantly higher in the PBM group than in the FM group. Values of fatty acid-related health indexes, including atherogenicity index, and thrombogenicity index, confirmed the high nutritional value of trout filet, thus representing a healthy product for human. In addition, the predictions using the FEEDNETICS™ indicated that the tested novel alternative formulations are economically viable. The validation of the model for fish growth resulted in a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 8%.ConclusionsThe FEEDNETICS™ application enhances our ability to optimize feeding strategies and improve production efficiency in the aquaculture industry. VeraMaris® algae oil and PBM could serve as viable and sustainable raw materials for fish feed, promoting environmentally friendly aquaculture practices.

Insect Meal as a Dietary Protein Source for Pheasant Quails: Performance, Carcass Traits, Amino Acid Profile and Mineral Contents in Muscles.

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of replacing soybean meal with insect meal on the body weight and the chemical composition of selected muscle groups of common pheasant females and males, including the mineral composition and the amino acid profile of the thigh and breast muscles. The study was conducted on three feeding groups, namely one control and two experimental groups. In the control group, plant feed components were used, which are commonly used to feed pheasants in confined breeding facilities. In the experimental groups, 100 g (group II) and 200 g (group III) portions of insect meal were introduced instead of the plant-protein components. The experiment used a preparation of insect larvae (Hermetia illucens) containing approximately 52% crude protein. The pheasant diet supplementation applied contributed to an increase in the proportion of muscles in the carcasses, with the highest effectiveness obtained for a 20% addition of insect meal. Lower and significant differences were noted in the feed conversion by birds from the experimental groups, as compared to the control group. The chemical composition of the birds' muscles also changed. The experimental groups exhibited higher protein and fat contents and a lower water content. No significant changes in the amino acid profile or the mineral composition of the muscles were noted. The few exceptions concerned the methionine levels in both muscle groups and the isoleucine levels in the breast muscles. In most cases, the mineral composition did not vary significantly (p < 0.05). When supplementing the diet of breeding pheasants for improving meatiness, a 20% addition of insect meal is recommended, which affects the production effect of this trait while reducing feed consumption and maintaining the fatty acid profile.

Low-calorie, high-protein diets, regardless of protein source, improve glucose metabolism and cardiometabolic profiles in subjects with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity.

The aim was to study the effect of two low-calorie, high-protein (HP) diets, with most of the protein coming from animal or plant sources, on glycaemic and other cardiometabolic outcomes in subjects with overweight or obesity and glucose metabolism disorders. A total of 117 participants aged >18 years with body mass index over 27.5 kg/m2 and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were randomized to one of two HP low-calorie diets (35% of total calories from protein), in which 75% of the protein was from either plant-based sources (HPP) or animal sources (HPA). For both diets, 30% and 35% of the total calories were from fat and carbohydrates, respectively. The dietary intervention lasted 6 months. Both diets improved body composition to a similar extent, including weight loss (-8.05 ± 5.12 kg for the HPA diet and -7.70 ± 5.47 kg for the HPP diet at 6 months) and fat mass, mainly visceral fat. Both diets had a similar beneficial effect on glucose metabolism, including fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index and glycated haemoglobin. Other biochemical parameters, including lipid profiles, liver enzymes, adipokines and inflammatory biomarkers, similarly improved in both groups. Fasting incretins, mainly glucagon-like peptide 1, decreased significantly in both groups, and this effect correlated with weight loss. Low-calorie HP diets improved body composition, glucose metabolism and other cardiometabolic outcomes, regardless of protein source (either animal or plant sources), in outpatients with prediabetes or T2DM. The clinical trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT05456347) https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05456347?term=NCT05456347&rank=1.

Potential new methods to analyze basal and total endogenous protein losses of host and bacterial origin in pigs. Methods to analyze endogenous protein in pigs.

BackgroundCurrent systems for assessing protein quality such as the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) correct apparent amino acid digestibility for basal endogenous protein losses (bEPL), ignoring the potential influence of the diet on these losses. However, the quantification of total endogenous protein losses (tEPL) poses a challenge. ObjectiveTo evaluate different methods for quantifying tEPL and bEPL, and to assess their potential in discriminating between tEPL originating from bacteria and host. MethodsUsing an incomplete Youden square design, twelve ileal cannulated pigs received ten different protein sources, and a nitrogen-free (NF) diet. Ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7 of each 1-week feeding period, to quantify endogenous protein losses (EPL) and analyze apparent ileal digestibility. Ileal EPL were estimated based on 1) 16S-+18S gene copy qPCR, 2) diaminopimelic acid (DAPA)+18S, 3) differential AA profiles in digesta, EPL and bacteria, equaling tEPL, and 4) an NF diet and 5) whey protein isolate (WPI), equaling bEPL. ResultsIleal bEPL based on the NF and WPI method correlated moderately-highly (r=0.69, P<0.05), but the NF method probably underestimated bEPL. In pigs fed the WPI diet, EPL based on the WPI and AA profile method were highly correlated (r=0.88, P<0.01). Overall, tEPL based on the AA profile method were moderately correlated with the 16S+18S method (r=0.58, P<0.001), and DAPA+18S (r=0.57, P<0.001). Low correlations were observed between bacterial tEPL based on the AA profile method and 16S or DAPA. Host tEPL based on the AA profile method and 18S were weakly correlated (r=0.39, P<0.001). ConclusionsThe AA profile method seems the most appropriate method for tEPL quantification, while the WPI method is preferred for bEPL quantification. Despite challenges in distinguishing between bacterial and host EPL, it is evident that bacterial proteins substantially (on average 37-83%, depending on method) contribute to the EPL.

Optimizing Energy and Protein Contents in A Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala lam.) Leaf-Based Concentrate for Dairy Goats Fed Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum schumach) Basal Diet in Kenya

Dairy goats provide food and financial security through their milk and meat. The main basal diet for confined dairy goats in Kenya is Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach). However, optimal milk production is hampered by the high cost of protein and energy supplements that are required while feeding the grass. The protein supplement affordability is of greater limitation among farmers, therefore use of protein-rich forages in a supplement can lower the concentrate cost. Information on the optimal protein and energy inclusion levels in a forage-based concentrate for dairy goats is hardly available in Kenya. A study was therefore conducted whereby Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala Lam.) leaf hay was used as the main protein source in four concentrates formulated with crude protein (CP) content (gkg-1) and metabolizable energy (ME) levels (MJkg-1), respectively, of: 135, 12; 160, 10; 185, 8; and 210, 6; respectively. A fifth supplement was formulated, representing the commonly used cattle dairy meal (160 g CPkg-1 DM and 10 MJ MEkg-1 DM, respectively), using commercial sunflower seedcake as a protein source. The concentrates were fed at 300 gday-1 to lactating Toggenburg dairy goats on Napier grass basal diet, in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. The total dry matter intake by the goats was 1.059-1.128 kg DM/goat day-1, with a milk production of 221.3-285.5 mL/goat day-1. It was concluded that the appropriate CP and ME levels in the Leucaena-based concentrate are 135 gkg-1 DM and 12 MJkg-1 DM, respectively. It was recommended that other protein-rich forages be explored

A Critical Analysis of the Opportunities and Challenges of Phage Application in Seafood Quality Control.

Seafood is an important source of food and protein for humans. However, it is highly susceptible to microbial contamination, which has become a major challenge for the seafood processing industry. Bacteriophages are widely distributed in the environment and have been successfully used as biocontrol agents against pathogenic microorganisms in certain food processing applications. However, due to the influence of environmental factors and seafood matrices, using bacteriophages for commercial-scale biocontrol strategies still faces some challenges. This article briefly introduces the current processes used for the production and purification of bacteriophages, lists the latest findings on the application of phage-based biocontrol in seafood, summarizes the challenges faced at the current stage, and provides corresponding strategies for solving these issues.

Proteomic Analysis of the Major Alkali-Soluble Inca Peanut (Plukenetia volubilis) Proteins.

Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) oil press-cake (SIPC) represents a new source of proteins of high biological value, with promissory food applications. However, knowledge of these proteins remains limited. In this study, a Sacha Inchi protein concentrate (SPC) was extracted from the SIPC, and proteomic analysis was performed to identify the major alkaline-soluble proteins. The electrophoretic profile highlighted the efficacy of alkaline pH and moderate temperature to extract the major proteins, from which a group of proteins, not previously reported, were registered. LC-MS/MS analyses produced abundant high-quality fragmentation spectra. Utilizing the Euphorbiaceae database (DB), 226 proteins were identified, with numerous well-assigned spectra remaining unidentified. PEAKS Studio v11.5 software generated 1819 high-quality de novo peptides. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD052665. Gene ontology (GO) classification allowed the identification of sequenced proteins associated with biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components in the seed. Consequently, the principal alkali-soluble proteins from SPC were characterized through derived functional analysis, covering 24 seed-storage-, 27 defense-, and 12 carbohydrate- and lipid-metabolism-related proteins, crucial for human nutrition due to their sulfur-containing amino acids, antioxidant properties, and oil yields, respectively. This research makes a significant contribution to the current understanding of the Sacha Inchi proteome and offers valuable insights for its potential applications in the food industry.

Evaluation of storage stability of poultry by-product meal incorporated fish feed under aerobic storage condition

The research focused on development of fish feed utilising poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a substitute for fish meal (FM) and evaluating its shelf life under aerobic packaging conditions. Initially, a basal diet (C) was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements for optimal growth of Tilapia by using FM as the major protein source. After analysing the nutritional composition of PBM, an isoproteinaceous diet (T) was formulated by replacing FM with PBM. The product was packed in HDPE bags and kept at room temperature and analysed for physico chemical and microbial characteristics for 45 days at weekly intervals. Moisture content of both C and T decreased significantly (p0.05) was found between C and T. The TBARS value of both C and T followed an increasing trend. This increase in C was not significant (p&lt;0.01) between 28th and 35th day, and between 42nd and 45th day but that of T increased significantly (p&lt;0.01) throughout the storage period. T consistently displayed the highest TBARS value during storage period. Tyrosine Value (TV) of both C and T also increased during storage and was significant (p&lt;0.01) up to 42nd day of storage. C exhibited the highest TV throughout the storage period. Similarly, total viable count (TVC) of both C and T increased on storage. The increase in TVC for C was not significant (p&lt;0.01) between 21st and 28th days, whereas that of T was significant (p&lt;0.01) throughout the storage period. On 45th day, T exhibited highest count and was significantly different (p&lt;0.01) from C. Throughout the 45-day storage period, no observable coliform count or yeast and mould count was noted in either C or T. The present study indicated that fish feed can be effectively prepared by utilising PBM and can be stored under room temperature up to 45 days. Keywords: Poultry by-product meal, fish meal, fish feed, storage stability

BSFL As Alternative Halal Animal Feed

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as a bioconversion agent in converting organic waste into nutrient-rich biomass makes it a valuable alternative and sustainable protein source for animal feed formulation, addressing the high cost of traditional protein sources. Despite its nutritional benefits, the halal status of animals fed with BSFL is primarily concerned due to the impurity of larvae consumption. This study discusses the halal implications of feeding livestock with BSFL according to the Islamic jurisprudence. Findings suggest that animals predominantly fed with BSFL could be classified as al-Jallalah as feed of these animals are filth, requiring a quarantine process to eliminate any unpleasant effects on the animal’s meat or milk. If these effects are removed, the animals are permissible for consumption. The study concludes that while BSFL consumption is forbidden for mankind, its use as animal feed is permissible under the Islamic law, with necessary precautions are taken to maintain the halal status of the animals.

Substituting imported soybean meal with locally produced novel yeast protein in concentrates for Norwegian Red dairy cows: implications for rumen microbiota and fatty acid composition.

This research paper addresses the hypothesis that substituting soybean meal with locally produced yeast protein from Cyberlindnera jadinii in barley-based concentrates for Norwegian Red (NR) dairy cows does not have adverse effects on milk fatty acid (FA) composition, rumen microbiota and sensory quality of milk. As soybeans also represent valuable protein sources for human consumption, alternative protein sources need to be investigated for animal feed. A total of 48 NR dairy cows were allocated into three feeding treatments, with the same basal diet of grass silage, but different concentrates. The concentrates were all based on barley, but 7% of the barley in the barley-concentrate (BAR; negative control) was replaced by either soybean meal (SBM; conventional control) or yeast microbial protein (YEA). The experiment lasted for a total of 10 weeks, including 2 weeks of adaptation with the soybean meal concentrate. Analysis of the feed revealed some differences in the FA composition of the YEA concentrate compared to the SBM and BAR concentrates. In milk, only two FAs (C17:1n-8cis9 and an unidentified isomer of C18:3) were significantly different between the YEA- and SBM-group, while six FAs differed between the BAR- and SBM-group. However, the amount of these FAs was low compared to the entire FA profile (<0.7 g/100 g). The experimental diets did not affect rumen microbiota nor the milk sensory quality. This study shows that C. jadinii can replace soybean meal as a protein source in concentrates (7% inclusion) for NR dairy cows fed a diet composed of grass silage and concentrates without any effects on rumen microbiota, and without compromising the FA composition or sensory quality of milk.