Protein Secondary Structure Prediction Methods Research Articles

Protein Secondary Structure Prediction Using Convolutional Bidirectional GRU

In this paper, a protein secondary structure prediction method based on convolutional bidirectional GRU Model (CBi-GRU model) is adopted, which combines the advantages of sliding window in extracting local features of data. The use of CNN and Bi-GRU in the construction of the model improves the feature expression and data utilization, and improves the performance of the model. Protein data from FoxChase Institute were used, and high quality, complete and representative CullPDB dataset, CB513, CASP10 and CASP11 datasets were selected to train, test and validate the model. The results show that the proposed method achieves good prediction performance on CASP10 and CASP11 datasets, and the prediction accuracy of Q8 is 76.2% and 76.4%, respectively. Compared with RaptorX-SS, DeepCNF, CGAN-PSSP and other methods, the Q8 evaluation indicators are improved. Compared with the latest research data, our Q8 prediction accuracy is improved by 2% and 5.1%, which shows the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model.

SERT-StructNet: Protein secondary structure prediction method based on multi-factor hybrid deep model

Protein secondary structure prediction (PSSP) is a pivotal research endeavour that plays a crucial role in the comprehensive elucidation of protein functions and properties. Current prediction methodologies are focused on deep-learning techniques, particularly focusing on multi-factor features. Diverging from existing approaches, in this study, we placed special emphasis on the effects of amino acid properties and protein secondary structure propensity scores (SSPs) on secondary structure during the meticulous selection of multi-factor features. This differential feature-selection strategy results in a distinctive and effective amalgamation of the sequence and property features. To harness these multi-factor features optimally, we introduced a hybrid deep feature extraction model. The model initially employs mechanisms such as dilated convolution (D-Conv) and a channel attention network (SENet) for local feature extraction and targeted channel enhancement. Subsequently, a combination of recurrent neural network variants (BiGRU and BiLSTM), along with a transformer module, was employed to achieve global bidirectional information consideration and feature enhancement. This approach to multi-factor feature input and multi-level feature processing enabled a comprehensive exploration of intricate associations among amino acid residues in protein sequences, yielding a Q3 accuracy of 84.9% and an Sov score of 85.1%. The overall performance surpasses that of the comparable methods. This study introduces a novel and efficient method for determining the PSSP domain, which is poised to deepen our understanding of the practical applications of protein molecular structures.

Prediction of protein secondary structure based on an improved channel attention and multiscale convolution module.

Prediction of the protein secondary structure is a key issue in protein science. Protein secondary structure prediction (PSSP) aims to construct a function that can map the amino acid sequence into the secondary structure so that the protein secondary structure can be obtained according to the amino acid sequence. Driven by deep learning, the prediction accuracy of the protein secondary structure has been greatly improved in recent years. To explore a new technique of PSSP, this study introduces the concept of an adversarial game into the prediction of the secondary structure, and a conditional generative adversarial network (GAN)-based prediction model is proposed. We introduce a new multiscale convolution module and an improved channel attention (ICA) module into the generator to generate the secondary structure, and then a discriminator is designed to conflict with the generator to learn the complicated features of proteins. Then, we propose a PSSP method based on the proposed multiscale convolution module and ICA module. The experimental results indicate that the conditional GAN-based protein secondary structure prediction (CGAN-PSSP) model is workable and worthy of further study because of the strong feature-learning ability of adversarial learning.

Multistage Combination Classifier Augmented Model for Protein Secondary Structure Prediction.

In the field of bioinformatics, understanding protein secondary structure is very important for exploring diseases and finding new treatments. Considering that the physical experiment-based protein secondary structure prediction methods are time-consuming and expensive, some pattern recognition and machine learning methods are proposed. However, most of the methods achieve quite similar performance, which seems to reach a model capacity bottleneck. As both model design and learning process can affect the model learning capacity, we pay attention to the latter part. To this end, a framework called Multistage Combination Classifier Augmented Model (MCCM) is proposed to solve the protein secondary structure prediction task. Specifically, first, a feature extraction module is introduced to extract features with different levels of learning difficulties. Second, multistage combination classifiers are proposed to learn decision boundaries for easy and hard samples, respectively, with the latter penalizing the loss value of the hard samples and finally improving the prediction performance of hard samples. Third, based on the Dirichlet distribution and information entropy measurement, a sample difficulty discrimination module is designed to assign samples with different learning difficulty levels to the aforementioned classifiers. The experimental results on the publicly available benchmark CB513 dataset show that our method outperforms most state-of-the-art models.

Protein secondary structure prediction based on Wasserstein generative adversarial networks and temporal convolutional networks with convolutional block attention modules.

As an important task in bioinformatics, protein secondary structure prediction (PSSP) is not only beneficial to protein function research and tertiary structure prediction, but also to promote the design and development of new drugs. However, current PSSP methods cannot sufficiently extract effective features. In this study, we propose a novel deep learning model WGACSTCN, which combines Wasserstein generative adversarial network with gradient penalty (WGAN-GP), convolutional block attention module (CBAM) and temporal convolutional network (TCN) for 3-state and 8-state PSSP. In the proposed model, the mutual game of generator and discriminator in WGAN-GP module can effectively extract protein features, and our CBAM-TCN local extraction module can capture key deep local interactions in protein sequences segmented by sliding window technique, and the CBAM-TCN long-range extraction module can further capture the key deep long-range interactions in sequences. We evaluate the performance of the proposed model on seven benchmark datasets. Experimental results show that our model exhibits better prediction performance compared to the four state-of-the-art models. The proposed model has strong feature extraction ability, which can extract important information more comprehensively.

DLBLS_SS: protein secondary structure prediction using deep learning and broad learning system.

Protein secondary structure prediction (PSSP) is not only beneficial to the study of protein structure and function but also to the development of drugs. As a challenging task in computational biology, experimental methods for PSSP are time-consuming and expensive. In this paper, we propose a novel PSSP model DLBLS_SS based on deep learning and broad learning system (BLS) to predict 3-state and 8-state secondary structure. We first use a bidirectional long short-term memory (BLSTM) network to extract global features in residue sequences. Then, our proposed SEBTCN based on temporal convolutional networks (TCN) and channel attention can capture bidirectional key long-range dependencies in sequences. We also use BLS to rapidly optimize fused features while further capturing local interactions between residues. We conduct extensive experiments on public test sets including CASP10, CASP11, CASP12, CASP13, CASP14 and CB513 to evaluate the performance of the model. Experimental results show that our model exhibits better 3-state and 8-state PSSP performance compared to five state-of-the-art models.

A Deep Convolutional Neural Network to Improve the Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure

Background: Protein secondary structure prediction (PSSP) is a fundamental task in bioinformatics that is helpful for understanding the three-dimensional structure and biological function of proteins. Many neural network-based prediction methods have been developed for protein secondary structures. Deep learning and multiple features are two obvious means to improve prediction accuracy. Objective: To promote the development of PSSP, a deep convolutional neural network-based method is proposed to predict both the eight-state and three-state of protein secondary structure. Methods: In this model, sequence and evolutionary information of proteins are combined as multiple input features after preprocessing. A deep convolutional neural network with no pooling layer and connection layer is then constructed to predict the secondary structure of proteins. L2 regularization, batch normalization, and dropout techniques are employed to avoid over-fitting and obtain better prediction performance, and an improved cross-entropy is used as the loss function. Results: Our proposed model can obtain Q3 prediction results of 86.2%, 84.5%, 87.8%, and 84.7%, respectively, on CullPDB, CB513, CASP10 and CASP11 datasets, with corresponding Q8 prediction results of 74.1%, 70.5%, 74.9%, and 71.3%. Conclusion: We have proposed the DCNN-SS deep convolutional-network-based PSSP method, and experimental results show that DCNN-SS performs competitively with other methods.

Impact of protein dynamics on secondary structure prediction

Protein 3D structures support their biological functions. As the number of protein structures is negligible in regards to the number of available protein sequences, prediction methodologies relying only on protein sequences are essential tools. In this field, protein secondary structure prediction (PSSPs) is a mature area, and is considered to have reached a plateau.Nonetheless, proteins are highly dynamical macromolecules, a property that could impact the PSSP methods. Indeed, in a previous study, the stability of local protein conformations was evaluated demonstrating that some regions easily changed to another type of secondary structure.The protein sequences of this dataset were used by PSSPs and their results compared to molecular dynamics to investigate their potential impact on the quality of the secondary structure prediction. Interestingly, a direct link is observed between the quality of the prediction and the stability of the assignment to the secondary structure state. The more stable a local protein conformation is, the better the prediction will be. The secondary structure assignment not taken from the crystallized structures but from the conformations observed during the dynamics slightly increase the quality of the secondary structure prediction. These results show that evaluation of PSSPs can be done differently, but also that the notion of dynamics can be included in development of PSSPs and other approaches such as de novo approaches.

Protein secondary structure prediction based on integration of CNN and LSTM model

Protein structure prediction is an important issue in computational biology, and protein secondary structure prediction is the basis for protein three-dimensional structure prediction. A protein secondary structure prediction method based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is proposed in this paper. The architecture of CNN has two convolutional layers, one max-pooling layer and one ReLU activation layer. The feature maps extracted from second convolutional layer are used to feed to softmax classifier, and the first probability output is obtained. The LSTM model has a sequence layer and a last layer. The feature is extracted from last layer and input to random forest classifier to get the second probability output. The two probabilistic outputs are weighted and integrated to obtain the prediction model EN-CSLR in this paper. Based on the advantages of integration of the two models, cross-validation experiments are performed on the 25pdb dataset, and Q3 reaches 80.18%, which is higher than using only one model. The experimental results show that the features extracted from CNN and LSTM models can effectively improve the accuracy of protein secondary structure prediction.

A Protein Secondary Structure Prediction Method Based on BP Neural Network

Protein structure prediction is a main task in the field of bioinformatics, and the prediction of protein secondary structure is the key point of this task. Extracting representative features and efficient classification methods are the basis of the prediction process. In this paper, a prediction method based on BP neural network is proposed. We use valid protein features extracted by variable-sized sliding window and two different encoding modes (5-bit encoding and Profile encoding) as input data, to make predictions for the secondary structure of proteins. The prediction accuracies are calculated by Jackknife test on three commonly used low-similarity protein datasets: 25PDB, 1189 and 640, and this method achieves a high overall accuracy upon these three datasets.

Protein secondary structure prediction: A survey of the state of the art

Protein secondary structure prediction (PSSP) is a fundamental task in protein science and computational biology, and it can be used to understand protein 3-dimensional (3-D) structures, further, to learn their biological functions. In the past decade, a large number of methods have been proposed for PSSP. In order to learn the latest progress of PSSP, this paper provides a survey on the development of this field. It first introduces the background and related knowledge of PSSP, including basic concepts, data sets, input data features and prediction accuracy assessment. Then, it reviews the recent algorithmic developments of PSSP, which mainly focus on the latest decade. Finally, it summarizes the corresponding tendencies and challenges in this field. This survey concludes that although various PSSP methods have been proposed, there still exist several further improvements or potential research directions. We hope that the presented guidelines will help nonspecialists and specialists to learn the critical progress in PSSP in recent years.

Evaluation of in silico protein secondary structure prediction methods by employing statistical techniques

Background: With the advent of many new advanced techniques, sequences of a number of proteins have been made available. But the relative paucity of the experimentally determined three-dimensional structures of these proteins has paved way for the development of computational structure prediction methods. Protein secondary structure prediction is an essential step in modeling the tertiary structure. Among the various secondary structure prediction methods available, three different methods with unique working principles, namely, GOR, HNN, and SOPMA were evaluated for their efficiency to predict secondary structures. Methods: A set of 90 different proteins with known secondary structures from three major classes namely, mainly alpha, mainly beta, and mainly alpha beta was used as reference. Secondary structure data of these proteins obtained through experimental methods were compared with that of predictions made by GOR, HNN, and SOPMA respectively by employing various statistical analyses, namely paired sample test, correlation coefficient, standard deviation, standard error mean and scatter plots. Results: The secondary structure prediction tools namely, GOR and HNN were found to predict helical structures more accurately than the sheets. SOPMA was observed to predict sheets more accurately than helices. Conclusion: Based on the observed results, it could be concluded that there is no single tool that consistently predicts all the secondary structures accurately. It could also be anticipated that a combined use of these secondary prediction tools could further enhance the efficacy of in silico protein secondary structure prediction methods.

Distributed Machine Learning Algorithms to classify Protein secondary structures for Drug Design-A Survey

The arena of secondary structure based drug design is an evolving area in recent years. Structures help us to understand how the protein functions, and will help to design chemicals to be used pharmaceutically as modifiers of enzyme activity. X-Ray structures usually provide us with a quite static picture of the protein which is considered as expensive and time consuming. The recent modern drug design and development using knowledge of proteomics must rely on computational intelligence based machine learning model structures using efficient structure prediction techniques. In recent years, Machine learning, emerging on the basis of parallel and distributed computing for handling big data, is making huge advances in many areas. In this paper, we have captured a comprehensive review of protein structure prediction methods using Machine Learning approach in Distributed environment. Overall, the results are good and depicts that the accuracy and performance of protein secondary structure prediction methods are achieved using Machine Learning techniques and these would become a powerful aid, while implemented in Distributed environment like Hadoop or Spark. This research will be helpful for the recent medicine researchers, which aids in understanding the relation between protein sequences, structure and thereby determine the function to develop various drugs and designing novel enzymes and this is considered as one of the major focused areas in recent bioinformatics research.

Type I and II β-turns prediction using NMR chemical shifts.

A method for predicting type I and II β-turns using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts is proposed. Isolated β-turn chemical-shift data were collected from 1,798 protein chains. One-dimensional statistical analyses on chemical-shift data of three classes β-turn (type I, II, and VIII) showed different distributions at four positions, (i) to (i + 3). Considering the central two residues of type I β-turns, the mean values of Cο, Cα, H(N), and N(H) chemical shifts were generally (i + 1) > (i + 2). The mean values of Cβ and Hα chemical shifts were (i + 1) < (i + 2). The distributions of the central two residues in type II and VIII β-turns were also distinguishable by trends of chemical shift values. Two-dimensional cluster analyses on chemical-shift data show positional distributions more clearly. Based on these propensities of chemical shift classified as a function of position, rules were derived using scoring matrices for four consecutive residues to predict type I and II β-turns. The proposed method achieves an overall prediction accuracy of 83.2 and 84.2% with the Matthews correlation coefficient values of 0.317 and 0.632 for type I and II β-turns, indicating that its higher accuracy for type II turn prediction. The results show that it is feasible to use NMR chemical shifts to predict the β-turn types in proteins. The proposed method can be incorporated into other chemical-shift based protein secondary structure prediction methods.

Distributions of amino acids suggest that certain residue types more effectively determine protein secondary structure

Exponential growth in the number of available protein sequences is unmatched by the slower growth in the number of structures. As a result, the development of efficient and fast protein secondary structure prediction methods is essential for the broad comprehension of protein structures. Computational methods that can efficiently determine secondary structure can in turn facilitate protein tertiary structure prediction, since most methods rely initially on secondary structure predictions. Recently, we have developed a fast learning optimized prediction methodology (FLOPRED) for predicting protein secondary structure (Saraswathi et al. in JMM 18:4275, 2012). Data are generated by using knowledge-based potentials combined with structure information from the CATH database. A neural network-based extreme learning machine (ELM) and advanced particle swarm optimization (PSO) are used with this data to obtain better and faster convergence to more accurate secondary structure predicted results. A five-fold cross-validated testing accuracy of 83.8 % and a segment overlap (SOV) score of 78.3 % are obtained in this study. Secondary structure predictions and their accuracy are usually presented for three secondary structure elements: α-helix, β-strand and coil but rarely have the results been analyzed with respect to their constituent amino acids. In this paper, we use the results obtained with FLOPRED to provide detailed behaviors for different amino acid types in the secondary structure prediction. We investigate the influence of the composition, physico-chemical properties and position specific occurrence preferences of amino acids within secondary structure elements. In addition, we identify the correlation between these properties and prediction accuracy. The present detailed results suggest several important ways that secondary structure predictions can be improved in the future that might lead to improved protein design and engineering.

Extracting Physicochemical Features to Predict Protein Secondary Structure

We propose a protein secondary structure prediction method based on position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM) profiles and four physicochemical features including conformation parameters, net charges, hydrophobic, and side chain mass. First, the SVM with the optimal window size and the optimal parameters of the kernel function is found. Then, we train the SVM using the PSSM profiles generated from PSI-BLAST and the physicochemical features extracted from the CB513 data set. Finally, we use the filter to refine the predicted results from the trained SVM. For all the performance measures of our method, Q 3 reaches 79.52, SOV94 reaches 86.10, and SOV99 reaches 74.60; all the measures are higher than those of the SVMpsi method and the SVMfreq method. This validates that considering these physicochemical features in predicting protein secondary structure would exhibit better performances.

Using Maximum Entropy Model to Predict Protein Secondary Structure with Single Sequence

Prediction of protein secondary structure is somewhat reminiscent of the efforts by many previous investigators but yet still worthy of revisiting it owing to its importance in protein science. Several studies indicate that the knowledge of protein structural classes can provide useful information towards the determination of protein secondary structure. Particularly, the performance of prediction algorithms developed recently have been improved rapidly by incorporating homologous multiple sequences alignment information. Unfortunately, this kind of information is not available for a significant amount of proteins. In view of this, it is necessary to develop the method based on the query protein sequence alone, the so-called single-sequence method. Here, we propose a novel single-sequence approach which is featured by that various kinds of contextual information are taken into account, and that a maximum entropy model classifier is used as the prediction engine. As a demonstration, cross-validation tests have been performed by the new method on datasets containing proteins from different structural classes, and the results thus obtained are quite promising, indicating that the new method may become an useful tool in protein science or at least play a complementary role to the existing protein secondary structure prediction methods.

Bayesian Protein Secondary Structure Prediction With Near-Optimal Segmentations

Secondary structure prediction is an invaluable tool in determining the 3-D structure and function of proteins. Typically, protein secondary structure prediction methods suffer from low accuracy in beta-strand predictions, where nonlocal interactions play a significant role. There is a considerable need to model such long- range interactions that contribute to the stabilization of a protein molecule. In this paper, we introduce an alternative decoding technique for the hidden semi-Markov model (HSMM) originally employed in the BSPSS algorithm, and further developed in the IPSSP algorithm. The proposed method is based on the N-best paradigm where a set of most likely segmentations is computed. To generate suboptimal segmentations (i.e., alternative prediction sequences), we developed two N-best search algorithms. The first one is an A* stack decoder algorithm that extends paths (or hypotheses) by one symbol at each iteration. The second algorithm locally keeps the end positions of the highest scoring K previous segments and performs backtracking. Both algorithms employ the hidden semi- Markov model described in Aydin etal. [5], and use Viterbi scoring to compute the N-best list. The availability of near-optimal segmentations and the utilization of the Viterbi scoring enable the sequences to be rescored using more complex dependency models that characterize nonlocal interactions in beta-sheets. After the score update, one can either keep the segmentations to be employed in 3-D structure prediction or predict the secondary structure by applying a weighted voting procedure to a set of top scoring M ges 1 segmentations. The accuracy measures of the N-best method when used to predict the secondary structure are shown to be comparable or better than the classical Viterbi decoder (MAP estimator), tested under the single-sequence condition. When no rescoring is applied, the stack decoder algorithm with sufficiently large M improves the overall sensitivity measure (Q3) of the Viterbi algorithm by 1.1%. At the same M value, the N-best Viterbi algorithm improves the Q3 measure by 0.25% as well as the sensitivity measures specific for each secondary structure type (Qobs alpha, Qobs beta, Qobs L). When the sequences are rescored using the posterior probability distribution computed by the posterior decoding algorithm (MPM estimator), N-best Viterbi improves the Q3 measure of the Viterbi algorithm by 2.6%. The rescored N-best list approach also enables us to generate suboptimal segmentations that are valid sequences (i.e., realizable from the hidden semi-Markov model). Although the N-best algorithms and the score update procedure brought significant improvements over the Viterbi algorithm, they were not able to outperform the posterior decoding algorithm in the single-sequence condition. Further improvements in the prediction accuracy should be possible with the incorporation of sophisticated models for nonlocal interactions and other physical constraints that stabilize the overall structure of a protein.

The influence of gapped positions in multiple sequence alignments on secondary structure prediction methods

All currently leading protein secondary structure prediction methods use a multiple protein sequence alignment to predict the secondary structure of the top sequence. In most of these methods, prior to prediction, alignment positions showing a gap in the top sequence are deleted, consequently leading to shrinking of the alignment and loss of position-specific information. In this paper we investigate the effect of this removal of information on secondary structure prediction accuracy. To this end, we have designed SymSSP, an algorithm that post-processes the predicted secondary structure of all sequences in a multiple sequence alignment by (i) making use of the alignment's evolutionary information and (ii) re-introducing most of the information that would otherwise be lost. The post-processed information is then given to a new dynamic programming routine that produces an optimally segmented consensus secondary structure for each of the multiple alignment sequences. We have tested our method on the state-of-the-art secondary structure prediction methods PHD, PROFsec, SSPro2 and JNET using the HOMSTRAD database of reference alignments. Our consensus-deriving dynamic programming strategy is consistently better at improving the segmentation quality of the predictions compared to the commonly used majority voting technique. In addition, we have applied several weighting schemes from the literature to our novel consensus-deriving dynamic programming routine. Finally, we have investigated the level of noise introduced by prediction errors into the consensus and show that predictions of edges of helices and strands are half the time wrong for all the four tested prediction methods.

Integrating protein secondary structure prediction and multiple sequence alignment.

Modern protein secondary structure prediction methods are based on exploiting evolutionary information contained in multiple sequence alignments. Critical steps in the secondary structure prediction process are (i) the selection of a set of sequences that are homologous to a given query sequence, (ii) the choice of the multiple sequence alignment method, and (iii) the choice of the secondary structure prediction method. Because of the close relationship between these three steps and their critical influence on the prediction results, secondary structure prediction has received increased attention from the bioinformatics community over the last few years. In this treatise, we discuss recent developments in computational methods for protein secondary structure prediction and multiple sequence alignment, focus on the integration of these methods, and provide some recommendations for state-of-the-art secondary structure prediction in practice.