Serum S100B Protein Research Articles

Changes in the autoantibodies levels to neuroreceptors in the blood serum and brain tissue of rats during chronic administration of bromocriptine

The experiments were carried out on 46 white laboratory male rats Wistar with a body weight of 250–280 g. Animals were daily administered intraperitoneally for 28 days with bromocriptine at a dose of 1 mg/kg and, as a control, physiological saline. In animals treated with bromocriptine, an accumulation of autoantibodies in blood serum and in brain tissue to neuroreceptors was found compared to control animals: NMDA (subunits NR1, NR2A, NR2B) and to dopamine receptors of the first and second types (DR1 and DR2). At the same time, the level of autoantibodies in the brain was significantly lower. High levels of autoantibodies were detected after 2 and 4 weeks from the start of immunization of animals. After completion of the chronic administration of bromocriptine, a high level of autoantibodies persisted 3 and 7 days after the last administration of the drug. 14 days after completion of the injections, the level of autoantibodies in the blood and brain decreased significantly. In the group of rats in which autoantibodies were determined 4 weeks after completion of injections, their level did not differ from the values in control animals. An increase of autoantibodies to the S100B protein was found. The levels of autoantibodies to the S100B protein in the blood serum had a positive moderate relationship with the content of autoantibodies to NR2A, NR2B and DR2 in the brain tissue. At the same time, there were no correlations with the levels of AAT to neuroreceptors in the blood.

Comparative assessment of neurotrophic proteins in vibration disease

Introduction. The problem of health impairment due to the impact of physical factors, including vibration disease (VD), retains medical and social relevance due to the significant specific gravity in the structure of occupational morbidity and high prevalence. Under vibration exposure, the acid-base equilibrium, immune status are disturbed, rheological properties and properties of the neurohumoral system, as well as functional indices of the central and peripheral nervous system change. Neurotrophins are known to play an important role in regulating the development and functioning of the central and peripheral nervous systems. In this regard, research is needed to determine in VD patients the levels of neurospecific proteins, which may serve as one of the markers for tracing changes in the nervous system in workers. The aim of the study was to identify the peculiarities of changes in neurospecific proteins (BDNF, S100β, and MBP) in the serum of patients with VD of different genesis. Materials and methods. Serum concentrations of neurotrophic proteins: brain neurotrophic factor – BDNF, S100β protein and myelin basic protein (MBP) were studied by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results. There was an increase in serum BDNF, S100β protein, and MBP concentrations in persons with VD due to combined exposure to local and general vibration, and an increase in MBP was observed in patients with VD due to exposure to local vibration. Limitations. The limitations of this work are small groups of employees. Conclusion. As a result of studies, it can be assumed that in VD due to exposure to combined vibration, changes are observed in the peripheral and central parts of the nervous system, and in VD due to local vibration, disorders seem to be mainly associated with the peripheral nervous system. The general pattern of the revealed disorders in the content of MBP lies in the neurodestructive processes occurring in the nerve fibers in patients with VD, regardless of genesis. Summarizing the above mentioned, the validity of studying the concentration of neurospecific proteins in vibration disease occurring with damaging processes in the nervous tissue should be recognized.

Astrocytic connexin 43‐hemichannels aggravate seizures by modulating blood‐brain barrier permeability in temporal lobe epilepsy mice

AbstractThe involvement of astrocytic connexin 43 (Cx43) in epileptogenesis has been extensively studied through various approaches, yet the underlying mechanism remains enigmatic. In this study, we explored whether astrocytic Cx43 forms hemichannels (HCs) that contribute to seizure progression in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in mice. We focused on how these HCs influence the permeability of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB), a crucial factor in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis were employed to assess Cx43 expression in kainic acid‐induced TLE mice, while BBB permeability was evaluated in TLE mice and those treated with TAT‐Gap19 (an astrocytic Cx43 HC inhibitor) using Evans Blue permeation, serum S100β protein quantification, ZO‐1 expression, and albumin extravasation into brain parenchyma via western blotting. Furthermore, seizure burden was monitored continuously using telemetric electroencephalography (EEG) and video monitoring in epileptic and TAT‐Gap19‐treated mice. Results demonstrated a significant increase in Cx43 content in hippocampal tissue in the TLE group, with a pronounced expression around blood vessels. TAT‐GAP19 treatment alleviated EEG seizures and BBB permeability in TLE mice. These findings suggest that astrocytic Cx43 HCs in the hippocampus play a crucial role in epileptogenesis and seizure progression by regulating BBB permeability. Targeting Cx43‐formed HCs distributed around the neurovascular unit may offer a novel therapeutic approach for epilepsy.

Evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of antipsychotics by serum quantification of protein S100B

ObjectiveThis research delves into the intricate interplay between antipsychotic medications and neuroprotection focusing on the S100B protein—a central player in the regulation of neuroapoptotic activity. MethodBlood samples were collected to assess serum S100B protein levels using an immunoassay of immunoelectrochemiluminescence. The first two samples were collected with a 3-month interval between each, and the third sample was obtained 6 months after the previous one. Changes in S100B protein levels throughout the study were assessed using Friedman's ANOVA test. This was followed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Bonferroni correction to account for multiple comparisons. ResultsThis study involved 40 patients diagnosed with severe mental disorders (34 schizophrenia, 4 schizoaffective disorder, 1 bipolar disorder, and 1 borderline personality disorder). These patients had been receiving antipsychotic treatment for an average duration of 17 years. The results revealed that the S100B protein remained within physiological levels (median values 39.0 ng/L for the first sample, median values 41.0 ng/L for the second sample, and median values 40.5 ng/L for the third sample) with no significant changes (p = 0.287), with all anti-psychotic medicaments values consistently below 50 ng/L, a lower value compared to maximum range of 105 ng/L. Importantly, there were no significant differences in S100B protein levels between patients on monotherapy and those on combination antipsychotic therapy (p = 0.873), suggesting that combination therapy did not increase neuroapoptotic activity. ConclusionsThese findings provide compelling evidence for the potential neuroprotective effects of long-term antipsychotic treatment in individuals with severe mental disorders. By maintaining physiological levels of the S100B protein, antipsychotic medications may help protect against neuronal damage and dysfunction. This research contributes valuable insights into the neuroprotective mechanisms of antipsychotic drugs, enhancing our understanding of their potential benefits in the treatment of severe mental disorders.

Serum S100B Level in the Management of Pediatric Minor Head Trauma

Minor head trauma (HT) is one of the most common causes of hospitalization in children. A diagnostic test could prevent unnecessary hospitalizations and cranial computed tomographic (CCT) scans. To evaluate the effectiveness of serum S100B values in reducing exposure to CCT scans and in-hospital observation in children with minor HT. This multicenter, unblinded, prospective, interventional randomized clinical trial used a stepped-wedge cluster design to compare S100B biomonitoring and control groups at 11 centers in France. Participants included children and adolescents 16 years or younger (hereinafter referred to as children) admitted to the emergency department with minor HT. The enrollment period was November 1, 2016, to October 31, 2021, with a follow-up period of 1 month for each patient. Data were analyzed from March 7 to May 29, 2023, based on the modified intention-to-treat and per protocol populations. Children in the control group had CCT scans or were hospitalized according to current recommendations. In the S100B biomonitoring group, blood sampling took place within 3 hours after minor HT, and management depended on serum S100B protein levels. If the S100B level was within the reference range according to age, the children were discharged from the emergency department. Otherwise, children were treated as in the control group. Proportion of CCT scans performed (absence or presence of CCT scan for each patient) in the 48 hours following minor HT. A total of 2078 children were included: 926 in the control group and 1152 in the S100B biomonitoring group (1235 [59.4%] boys; median age, 3.2 [IQR, 1.0-8.5] years). Cranial CT scans were performed in 299 children (32.3%) in the control group and 112 (9.7%) in the S100B biomonitoring group. This difference of 23% (95% CI, 19%-26%) was not statistically significant (P = .44) due to an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.32. A statistically significant 50% reduction in hospitalizations (95% CI, 47%-53%) was observed in the S100B biomonitoring group (479 [41.6%] vs 849 [91.7%]; P < .001). In this randomized clinical trial of effectiveness of the serum S100B level in the management of pediatric minor HT, S100B biomonitoring yielded a reduction in the number of CCT scans and in-hospital observation when measured in accordance with the conditions defined by a clinical decision algorithm. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02819778.

Serum S100B protein and white matter changes in schizophrenia before and after medication

Schizophrenia patients have abnormalities in white matter (WM) integrity in brain regions. S100B has been shown to be a marker protein for glial cells. The atypical antipsychotics have neuroprotective effects on the brain. It is not clear whether antipsychotics can induce S100B changes and improve symptoms by protecting oligodendrocytes. To investigate WM and S100B changes and associations and determine the effect of quetiapine on WM and S100B in schizophrenia patients, we determined serum S100B levels with solid phase immunochromatography and fractional anisotropy（FA）values of 36 patients and 40 healthy controls. Patients exhibited significantly higher serum concentrations of S100B and decreased FA values in left postcentral，right superior frontal，right thalamus, and left inferior occipital gyrus, while higher in right temporal cortex WM compared with healthy controls. Following treatment with quetiapine, patients had decreased S100B and higher FA values in right cerebellum，right superior frontal，right thalamus, and left parietal cortex，and decreased FA values in right temporal cortex WM compared with pre-treatment values. Furthermore, S100B were negatively correlated with PANSS positive scores and positively correlated with FA values in the left postcentral cortex. In addition，the percentage change in FA values in the right temporal cortex was positively correlated with the percentage change in the S100B, percentage reduction in PANSS scores, and percentage reduction in PANSS-positive scores. Our findings demonstrated abnormalities in S100B and WM microstructure in patients with schizophrenia. These abnormalities may be partly reversed by quetiapine treatment.

Effects of Pulsatile and Non-Pulsatile Cardiopulmonary Bypass Techniques in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgeries on Cerebral Perfusion.

We aimed to evaluate the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) machines used in coronary artery bypass grafting surgeries on cerebral perfusion by performing cerebral oximetry monitoring [near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)], S100-β protein measurements, and neurocognitive function assessment tests using both pulsatile and non-pulsatile modes. A total of 44 patients, 22 non-pulsatile (Group NP) and 22 pulsatile (Group P), were included in the study. Hemodynamic parameters, arterial blood gas values, NIRS values and blood S100β protein levels were analyzed at five points: pre-induction (T1), initiation of CPB (T2), termination of CPB (T3), end of surgery (T4), and postoperative 24 h (T5). Two different neuropsychological tests were administered to patients in the preoperative and postoperative periods. There were no significant differences between the groups for demographic characteristics such as age, gender, body mass index, aortic cross-clamping, CPB, and operation durations. The mean arterial blood pressure and PaO2 values for the T2 measurements were significantly higher in group NP (P < 0.05). Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) (NIRS) values at T3 and T4 were significantly higher in group P (P < 0.05). Serum S100β measurement values at T3 and T5 were significantly higher in group NP than in group P (P < 0.05). Serum S100β protein levels at T3 correlate with rSO2 results. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of pH, lactate, glucose, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and peripheral oxygen saturation values. Despite no difference between the two groups for neurocognitive function tests, we believe that pulsatile perfusion may be more beneficial for cerebral perfusion when S100β protein and NIRS values are considered. Further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the benefits of the pulsatile technique for cerebral perfusion.

Predicting Short- and Long-Term Functional Outcomes Based on Serum S100B Protein Levels in Patients with Ischemic Stroke.

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability. The neuroimaging methods are the gold standard for diagnostics. Biomarkers of cerebral ischemia are considered to be potentially helpful in the determination of the etiology and prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke. This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of serum S100B protein levels as a short- and long-term prognostic factor in patients with ischemic stroke. The study group comprised 65 patients with ischemic stroke. S100B protein levels were measured by immunoenzymatic assay. Short-term functional outcome was determined by the NIHSS score on day 1 and the difference in the NIHSS scores between day 1 and day 9 (delta NIHSS). Long-term outcome was assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (MRS) at 3 months after the stroke. At the end of the study, patients were divided into groups based on the NIHSS score on day 9 (0-8 "good" and >8 "poor"), the delta NIHSS ("no improvement" ≤0 and >0 "improvement"), and the MRS ("good" 0-2 and >2 "poor"). Differences in S100B levels between groups were analyzed with the ROC curve to establish the optimal cut-off point for S100B. The odds ratio was calculated to determine the strength of association. Correlations between S100B levels at three time points and these variables were evaluated. We revealed a statistically significant correlation between S100B levels at each measurement point (<24 h, 24-48 H, 48-72 h) and the NIHSS score on day 9 (R Spearman 0.534, 0.631, and 0.517, respectively) and the MRS score after 3 months (R Spearman 0.620, 0.657, and 0.617, respectively). No statistically significant correlation was found between S100B levels and the delta NIHSS. Analysis of the ROC curve confirmed a high sensitivity and specificity for S100B. The calculated AUC for the NIHSS on day 9 were 90.2%, 95.0%, and 82.2%, respectively, and for the MRS, 83.5%, 83.4%, and 84.0%, respectively. After determining the S100B cut-off, the odds ratio for beneficial effect (NIHSS ≤ 8 at day 9 or MRS 0-2 after 3 months) was determined for each sampling point. S100B is a useful marker for predicting short- and long-term functional outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke.

Serum Neuron-Specific Enolase and S100β Protein as Serum Biomarkers of Brain Injury to Classify Outcome after Pediatric Sepsis

Serum Neuron-Specific Enolase and S100β Protein as Serum Biomarkers of Brain Injury to Classify Outcome after Pediatric Sepsis

Correlation between Serum S100β Protein Levels and Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury as measured by the FOUR Score and Rotterdam CT Score

Correlation between Serum S100β Protein Levels and Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury as measured by the FOUR Score and Rotterdam CT Score

Abstract 208: Evaluating the Predictive Power of Serum Biomarkers Neuron-Specific Enolase, S-100B Protein, and Neurofilament Light Chain for Neurological Outcomes Following Cardiac Arrest: A Diagnostic Accuracy Meta-Analysis

Introduction: The assessment of serum biomarkers, specifically Neuron-Specific Enolase, S-100B protein, and Neurofilament Light Chain, at 24 hours post-cardiac arrest is under investigation for its ability to predict brain injury. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of serum biomarkers NSE, S-100B protein, and NFL predicting post-cardiac arrest neurological outcomes. Methods: A systematic search up to December 2022 across PubMed, Embase, and Scopus identified studies examining the association between 24-hour serum levels of NSE, S-100B protein, or NFL and neurological outcomes post-cardiac arrest. Statistical analyses were conducted using R software with mada package to pool sensitivity, specificity, false-positive rates, diagnostic odds ratios, and positive and negative likelihood ratios; each expressed with a 95% Confidence Interval. Results: We incorporated 3 studies, with 759 patients in S-100B protein group, 753 in NSE group, and 799 in NFL group. At 24 hours post-cardiac arrest, NSE showed a pooled sensitivity of 37.7% (95% CI: 24.4-53.2%, I2=85.7%) and specificity of 85.5% (95% CI: 81.6-88.7%, I2=0%). S-100B protein demonstrated a pooled sensitivity of 54.7% (95% CI: 32.1-75.5%, I2=94.8%) and specificity of 81% (95% CI: 66.9-90.1%, I2=82.3%). NFL exhibited a pooled sensitivity of 88.1% (95% CI: 47.7-98.4%, I2=93.8%) and specificity of 93.6% (95% CI: 85.4-97.3%, I2=77.7%). The diagnostic odds ratios were 3.57 (95% CI: 1.79-7.15) for NSE, 5.15 (95% CI: 1.55-17.14) for S-100B protein, and 108.65 (95% CI: 11.02-1071.24) for NFL. The positive Likelihood Ratios were 2.61 (95% CI: 1.64-4.14) for NSE, 2.88 (95% CI: 1.37-6.06) for S-100B protein, and 13.87 (95% CI: 5.64-33.69) for NFL, while the negative Likelihood Ratios were 0.73 (95% CI: 0.57-0.93) for NSE, 0.19 (95% CI: 0.9-0.33) for S-100B protein, and 0.06 (95% CI: 0.03-0.15) for NFL. Conclusion: Brain biomarkers NSE, S-100B protein, and NFL, especially NFL, with its superior sensitivity and specificity, are promising in predicting neurological outcomes post-cardiac arrest, aiding clinicians in patient management and family communication. The limited number of studies and heterogeneity in results necessitate further validation and research of their predictability.

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, Neuron-specific Enolase, S100 B and Tau Protein Levels in the Patients with Carbon monoxide Poisoning

Background: S100B, NSE, MMP-9, and Tau protein levels increase in cases causing hypoxic cell damage. The diagnosis of the severity of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning in the early period of these parameters was studied. Material and Method: COHb level measurement was made using a signal capture CO-pulse oximeter (Masimo's SET Rainbow, Masimo's Co, USA) at the first admission of the patients. Then, COHb levels were confirmed by arterial blood gas(ABG) analysis. The patients were divided into two groups as mild and moderate-severe, according to their Glasgow coma scores (GCS) [Mild (14–15); Moderate (9–13) or Severe (3–8)]. The control group was composed of 16 healthy and non-smoking volunteers. Results: The serum S100B protein and MMP-9 values at 0 hr of admission in the hospital and 3hr of treatment were not significantly different in the patient group as compared to the control group. Tau protein levels were significantly higher in the patient group at 0 and 3 hours (p&gt; 0.05) as compared to healthy person. Conclusion: There was no relationship between CO poisoning and MMP-9 and S100B protein levels. NSE and Tau protein were significantly higher in the patient group than the control group. Tau protein may be more useful marker as compared to neuron-specific enolase.

Prediction of Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) After Radiation Therapy Using Imaging and Molecular Biomarkers and Multivariate Modelling.

The aim of this study was to design a predictive radiobiological model of normal brain tissue in low-grade glioma following radiotherapy based on imaging and molecular biomarkers. Fifteen patients with primary brain tumors prospectively participated in this study and underwent radiation therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained from the patients, including T1- and T2-weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and a generalized equivalent dose (gEUD) was calculated. The radiobiological model of the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) was performed using the variables gEUD; axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) of the corpus callosum; and serum protein S100B by univariate and multivariate logistic regression XLIIIrd Sir Peter Freyer Memorial Lecture and Surgical Symposium (2018). Changes in AD, RD, and S100B from baseline up to the 6months after treatment had an increasing trend and were significant in some time points (P-value < 0.05). The model resulting from RD changes in the 6months after treatment was significantly more predictable of necrosis than other univariate models. The bivariate model combining RD changes in Gy40 dose-volume and gEUD, as well as the trivariate model obtained using gEUD, RD, and S100B, had a higher predictive value among multivariate models at the sixth month of the treatment. Changes in RD diffusion indices and in serum protein S100B value were used in the early-delayed stage as reliable biomarkers for predicting late-delayed damage (necrosis) caused by radiation in the corpus callosum. Current findings could pave the way for intervention therapies to delay the severity of damage to white matter structures, minimize cognitive impairment, and improve the quality of life of patients with low-grade glioma.

S100B and brain ultrasound: Novel predictors for functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients

ObjectiveStroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. This study aimed to assess the prognostic value of serum S100B protein, transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCD), and optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in predicting functional outcomes in critically ill patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). MethodsIn this prospective observational study, 80 adult AIS patients were evaluated. Serum S100B protein levels, ONSD, and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (MCA PI) were measured on days 1 and 3. Functional outcomes at 90 days were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and categorized into favourable (mRS 0–2) or unfavourable (mRS 3–6) groups. The association of demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging parameters with mRS outcomes was analyzed. ResultsPoor mRS outcomes occurred in 82.5 % of patients. Factors significantly associated with poor outcomes were female sex, higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores on days 1, 3, and 7, and larger stroke size. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that ONSD at days 1 and 3, serum S100B levels at day 1, and right MCA PI at day 1 had significant predictive value for poor mRS outcome. Multivariate analysis identified female sex, S100B on day 1, and NIHSS on days 1, 3, and 7 as independent predictors of poor mRS outcomes. ConclusionsThe combination of S100B, ONSD, and MCA PI improved the prediction of functional outcomes in critically ill AIS patients. Early S100B measurement and brain ultrasound evaluation may serve as valuable prognostic tools for guiding therapeutic decision-making. This study provides novel insights into the role of S100B and brain ultrasound in stroke outcome prediction, particularly in critically ill AIS patients.

Analysis of the S100B protein level in patients with acute coronary syndrome associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms

Background. Acute coronary syndromes are often associated with the onset or aggravation of anxiety and depressive disorders, delirium, cerebral ischemia up to the development of a stroke.Aim: To study the level of brain-specific protein S100B in blood plasma in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) associated with anxiety-depressive disorders (ADD).Material and Methods. The study included 81 patients with ACS and the presence of anxiety and depression. Patients were surveyed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Sheehan Patient-Rated Anxiety Scale. All patients underwent blood sampling to study the level of S100B protein.Results. Patients included in the study were diagnosed with clinical anxiety and subclinical depression. In 35 patients (43%), the S100B protein level varied from 0 to 90 ng/l, and in 46 patients (57%), its level was above 90 ng/l. According to correlation analysis in patients, positive correlations were found between a high level of S100B protein in the blood serum and clinical indicators (diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking, arterial hypertension, postinfarction cardiosclerosis, a history of cerebral stroke), levels of anxiety and depression, as well as negative correlations between high level of S100B protein in blood serum and glomerular filtration rate, left ventricular ejection fraction.Conclusions. An increase in the level of S100B protein was observed in comorbid patients with clinically pronounced anxiety and depressive symptoms. It is possible that higher values of glial protein S100B in the blood at admission in patients with ACS may predict a more severe course of cardiovascular disease and a worse neurological prognosis, but it requires further study.

Effect of acute hypervolemic hemodilution with bicarbonated Ringer’s solution on perioperative S100β and NSE in elderly patients undergoing spine surgery

ABSTRACT To explore the effect of acute hypervolemic hemodilution (AHH) with bicarbonated Ringer’s solution (BRS) on perioperative serum S100β protein (S100β) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in elderly patients undergoing spine surgery. Ninety patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis and fracture surgery admitted to our hospital from January 2022 to August 2022 were selected as the study subjects, and they were randomly and equally divided into group H1 (AHH with BRS), group H2 (AHH with lactated Ringer’s solution) and group C (no hemodilution). The serum contents of S100β and NSE of the three groups at different times were evaluated. There were significant differences in the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) among the three groups at T1 and T2 (P < 0.05). There were obvious differences in the contents of S100β and NSE among the three groups at T1 and T2 (P < 0.001), with no overt difference in the incidence of perioperative complications among the three groups (P > 0.05). The use of AHH with BRS can effectively reduce the effect on cognitive function in the elderly with spine surgery, which greatly reduces the nervous system injury, and has certain application value in clinic.

Changes in Neuronal Antibody and S100β Protein Content as a Risk Factor for Occupational Neurointoxication

The production of the vinyl chloride (VC) still extremely popular in many countries of the world today. The aim of this research was to study changes in the content of S100β protein and antibodies to nerve tissue proteins as regulators of the nervous system in workers in the production of vinyl chloride, depending on the severity of the pathological process. Men working in the production of VC were examined. There are 53 healthy trained workers without signs of disorders of neuro-mental status and 26 patients with initial manifestations of neurointoxication with vinyl chloride among them. The concentration of S100β protein and neurotrophic antibodies (NAB) in blood serum was determined by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. The more pronounced increase in S100β protein was found in persons with initial manifestations of neurointoxication, compared with trained healthy workers. The involvement of autoimmune reactions in the processes of regulation of the nervous system through the production of antibodies (AB) to certain structures of the nervous tissue has been proved. It is shown that the intensity of autoimmune reactions and the spectrum of produced AB working in the production of VC depend on the duration of exposure and the stage of development of the neurointoxication. It was also established that the change in the synthesis of NAB to specific proteins of nervous tissue is associated with the deterioration of neurological status in trained healthy workers. The obtained results allow us to assess the degree of interest of certain structures of the nervous tissue – bioregulators of the nervous system in the development of neurological disorders. Revealed an increase in serum concentrations of NAB to MAG, and in persons with clinical manifestations of asthenic disorder with autonomic dysfunction – NAB to DNA, NAB to S100β in trained healthy workers. These indicators can be regarded as a risk factor for occupational neurointoxication. The results obtained will improve the quality of diagnosis, especially in the early stages of the disease and, as a result, the formation of the most optimal treatment tactics.

S100B serum level: A relevant biomarker for the management of non-traumatic headaches in emergency care?

BackgroundThe diagnostic of primary or secondary headaches in emergency units is mostly based on brain imaging, which is expensive and sometimes hardly accessible. An increase in serum S100B protein has already been found in several neurological conditions inducing brain damage. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic performance of S100B serum assay to distinguish primary and secondary headaches among patients with non-traumatic headaches in the emergency department. MethodsThis was a phase 2, prospective, monocentric diagnostic study. Eighty-one adult patients with non-traumatic headaches in the emergency department were included. In addition to the usual management, a blood assay of the S100B protein was performed in the emergency department, as well as a brain MRI between 48 and 96 h if not performed during the initial management. The primary or secondary headache diagnosis was made at one month by an expert committee, blindly of the results of the S100B assay. The primary outcome was the blood assay of the S100B protein. ResultsThere was 63 patients for analysis in the primary headache group and 17 in the secondary headache group. The S100B protein assay was significantly higher in secondary headaches than primary headaches, with an AUC of the ROC curve of 0.67. The optimal threshold of 0.06 μg.L−1 allowed to obtain those diagnostic characteristics: sensitivity 75% [48; 93], specificity 62% [48; 74], PPV 35% [20; 54] and NPV 90% [76; 97]. The association between the S100B protein level and the onset of pain was significantly higher for patients with headaches <3 h. ConclusionThe assay of the S100B protein could be useful in the management of this pathology in emergencies. Future studies taking into account dosing time and etiologies could be conducted in order to refine its use in practice.

Serum protein S-100B as a novel biomarker of diagnosis and prognosis of childhood epilepsy

BackgroundElevated levels of S-100B in serum are increasingly considered a potential biochemical marker of nervous system damage. To our knowledge, limited number of research studies have tested the serum S-100B protein levels in children with epilepsy. The objective of our study is to measure the serum levels of S-100B protein in pediatric cases with epilepsy.ResultsThe mean serum concentration of S-100B protein was 0.135 ± 0.014 mg/L in the patient group and 0.082 ± 0.018 mg/L in the control group. The patients showed significantly high S-100B protein levels compared with healthy controls (P < 0.001).ConclusionOur data suggest that increased S-100B protein levels in the serum potentially indicate neuronal damage in the brains of children with epilepsy.

Diagnostic performance of biomarker S100B and guideline adherence in routine care of mild head trauma

BackgroundThe Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee (SNC) has recommended the use of serum S100B as a biomarker for mild low-risk Traumatic brain injuries (TBI). This study aimed to assess the adherence to the SNC guidelines in clinical practice and the diagnostic performance of S100B in patients with TBI. The aims of this study were to examine adherence to the SNC guideline and the diagnostic accuracy of serum protein S100B.MethodsData of consecutive patients of 18 years and above who presented to the emergency department (ED) at Helsingborg Hospital with isolated head injuries, were retrieved from hospital records. Patients with multitrauma, follow-up visits, and visits managed by a nurse without physician involvement were excluded.ResultsA total of 1671 patients were included of which 93 (5.6%) had intracranial hemorrhage. CT scans were performed in 62% of patients. S100B was measured in 26% of patients and 30% of all measurements targeted the low-risk mild head injuries indicated by the guideline. S100B's recommended cut-off value (≥ 0.10 µg/L) had a 100% sensitivity, 47% specificity, 10.1% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value—if applied to the target SNC category (SNC 4). If applied to all patients tested, the sensitivity was 93% for traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (TICH). Current ED practices were adherent to the SNC guideline in 55% of patients. Non-adherent practices occurred in 64% of patients with low-risk mild head injuries (SNC4) including overtesting or undertesting of S100B and CT scans.ConclusionAdherence to guidelines was low and associated with a higher admission rate than non-adherence practice but no significant increase in missed TICH or death associated with non-adherence to guideline was found. In routine care, we found that the sensitivity and NPV of serum protein S100B was excellent and safely ruled out TICH when measured in the patient category recommended by the guideline. However, measuring serum protein S100B in patients not recommended by the guideline rendered unacceptably low sensitivity with possible missed TICHs as a consequence. To further delineate the magnitude and impact of non-adherence, more studies are needed.