Soybean Meal Protein Research Articles

Enhancement of soluble protein, polypeptide production and functional properties of heat-denatured soybean meal by fermentation of Monascus purpureus 04093

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fermentation parameters on heat-denatured soybean meal by Monascus purpureus 04093 on the soluble protein and polypeptide production and to evaluate the antioxidant activity and functional properties of the fermented products. The optimal fermentation parameters were obtained as follows: 11.25% soybean meal loaded in a 80 g/500 mL flask with 0.02 g/L Na2SO4 at 28°C and pH 6.5 for 96 h. The soluble protein and polypeptide yield reached 290.9 ± 3.4 mg/g and 106.6 ± 0.9 mg/g, respectively, which was 3.25 and 12.25 times that of the control, respectively. Moreover, the polysaccharide and amino acid contents, the antioxidant activities, the emulsifying properties and foaming capacities were significantly enhanced by Monascus fermentation (P < 0.05). The results indicated the viability of soybean meal in combination with Monascus for producing proteins with desirable characteristics as functional ingredients utilized in the food industry.

Heat-induced protein oxidation of soybean meal impairs growth performance and antioxidant status of broilers

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of oxidative modification on soybean meal (SBM) proteins after exposure to different heating times, and the effects of the oxidized SBM on the growth performance [average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed to gain ratio (F: G)], oxidative redox status [(reactive oxygen species (ROS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl (PC)]. A total of 400 one-day-old Arbor Acres chicks were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups with 8 replicates of 10 birds each. Birds in the control group (CON) were fed diet containing non-heated SBM, and those in the treatment groups were fed SBM heated at 100°C for 1, 2, 4, and 8h, for 42 d. Heated SBM (HSBM) showed a relatively higher PC content in vitro. The ADG decreased, whereas the F:G increased linearly with an increase in heating time during the starter (days 1 to 21), grower (days 22 to 42), and the overall growth phases (days 1 to 42; P < 0.05). However, the ADFI decreased linearly only during the grower phase (P < 0.05). The plasma, liver, and jejunum ROS levels, MDA concentrations, and PC contents increased linearly (P < 0.05) in broilers fed HSBM. Furthermore, the TAC in the plasma and jejunum, and the total SOD and GSH-Px activities in the plasma, liver, and jejunum decreased linearly (P < 0.05) in broilers when feeding HSBM. (P < 0.05). The mRNA level of Nrf2 in the liver and jejunum was lower (P < 0.05) in broilers fed diet containing the SBM after 8h heat-treatment than in those fed the CON diet at days 42. This study suggested that heat-induced protein oxidation of SBM could decrease growth performance and impair antioxidant status of broilers.

The effect of partial replacement of soybean meal protein with guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal protein on the cost-effectiveness of pig fattening

The effect of partial replacement of soybean meal protein with guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal protein on the cost-effectiveness of pig fattening

Floc meal as potential substitute for soybean meal in tilapia diets under biofloc system conditions

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) by low protein floc meal (LPFM; 24% CP) in tilapia diets on growth performance, feed utilization and fish chemical composition. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated; control diet (C; without LPFM), FM 25 (25% of SBM protein was substituted by LPFM) and FM 50 (50% of SBM protein was substituted by LPFM). Nine 55l circular plastic tanks were stocked by 12 fish to form three experimental groups. No differences in tilapia performance were observed between the control and the FM 25 diet. Chemical composition of fish did not differ significantly among treatments except for protein and selenium contents where the highest values were recorded in the control treatment. The highest mineral content was recorded in floc collected from the control tanks, while calcium content showed its highest value in floc collected from FM 50 effluent. These data indicate that replacing soybean meal with LPFM up to 25%, had no negative effect on growth performance and potentially may improve the system sustainability. Meanwhile, the adverse effect of more inclusion of LPFM in tilapia diet may be attributed to the higher content of ash. In other word, minerals seem to cause more energy utilization in fish fed floc meal since it is needed to maintain osmotic homeostasis.

Effective reduction of antinutritional factors in soybean meal by acetic acid-catalyzed processing

The applications of soybean meal (SBM) in food and feed industries are restricted due to the presence of antinutritional factors (ANFs). In this work, an acetic acid-catalyzed processing method was established to reduce the ANFs in SBM. The effects of three main processing parameters were evaluated by orthogonal analysis: acetic acid loading, temperature, and duration. Allergenic proteins almost completely disappeared, and the trypsin inhibitor (TI) content was reduced from 5.15 to 1.03 mg/g during treatment with 10% (w/v) acetic acid at 70°C for 20 min. Moreover, the residual nutrients (mainly crude protein and amino acids) in acid-catalyzed soybean meal remained at stable levels, with an acceptable protein solubility value. The results demonstrated that a simple and quick acetic acid-catalyzed process can effectively reduce the ANFs in SBM. Practical applications Defatted SBM is widely used by the food and feed industries as a protein source due to its abundant protein and well-balanced amino acids. However, various ANFs in SBM can inhibit digestion and the absorption of nutrients, limiting the availability of SBM. This study provides a simple and quick acetic acid-catalyzed approach for reducing ANFs in SBM while maintaining its nutrition quality. The contents of allergenic proteins and TI were significantly decreased after acetic acid-catalyzed processing, which improved the nutrition quality of SBM.

Dietary citric acid supplementation alleviates soybean meal-induced intestinal oxidative damage and micro-ecological imbalance in juvenile turbot,Scophthalmus maximusL

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the potential protective effects of citric acid against soybean meal-induced intestinal oxidative damage and micro-ecological imbalance in juvenile turbot (S. maximus L.). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets, that is fish meal-based diet (FM), FM with 40% fish meal protein replaced with soybean meal protein diet (SBM), supplemented with 1.5% citric acid (1.5% CA) or 3% citric acid (3% CA). Results showed that both citric acid diets significantly enhanced the total antioxidative capacity and the gene expression of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and heme oxygenase 1, while also decreasing the malondialdehyde content in the distal intestine. Compared to diet SBM, the genes expression of p53, protein kinase C and Caspase-3 were remarkably declined by dietary citric acid supplementation, while the genes expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and mucins showed an opposite trend. The structural integrity of the distal intestine in fish fed citric acid was showed in the histological results. Sequencing of bacterial 16s rRNA V4 region showed that the profile of intestinal bacteria was altered by dietary citric acid supplementation, which was supported by the diet-cluster of PCoA and phylogenetic tree. MetaStat analysis indicated that dietary citric acid dramatically reduced the relative abundance of the Vibrio genus. In conclusion, dietary citric acid mitigated soybean meal-induced intestinal oxidative damage, beneficially alleviated the micro-ecological imbalance and specifically reduced the relative abundance of the Vibrio genus in the distal intestine of juvenile turbot.

Dietary soybean antigen impairs growth and health through stress-induced non-specific immune responses in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

In order to compare the effect of substituting fish meal with fermented soybean meal and soybean meal, and confirmed whether the benefit from the two feed materials was related to the content of inclusive soybean antigen protein, two experiments were designed. In experiment 1, one of the two practical diets contained 24.9% soybean meal (SBM), the other one containing 8% fermented soybean meal and 16.95% soybean meal (FSBM); in experiment 2, two semi-purified diets were included with high antigen protein (SPD1) and low antigen protein (SPD2) approximately equal to SBM and FSBM group respectively in experiment 1. Diets were fed to Litopenaeus vannamei (initial weight: 7.48 ± 0.24 g) for 60 days. The results showed that in experiment 1, growth performance was not significantly different between two groups, the enzyme activity (AKP, AST, ALT, SOD and LZM) and mRNA expression levels of TLR, LZM, IMD and HSP70 were significantly higher in the SBM group; In experiment 2, weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly higher in the SPD2 group, while higher activities of AKP, ALT and LZM, lower expression levels of TLRmRNA, LZMmRNA and IMDmRNA and higher expression level of HSP70mRNA were found in SPD1 group. These results implied SBM was more likely to induce stress reaction in shrimp than FSBM, which were closely related to the antigen protein in SBM.

Protein value of diets for dairy cows with different proportions of crude protein originating from red clover silage versus soybean meal

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing crude protein (CP) of soybean meal (SBM) with red clover silage (RCS) in total mixed rations (TMR) on ruminally undegraded feed CP (RUP) and intestinal digestibility (ID) of RUP. Four TMR were formulated to replace CP from SBM with RCS. The TMR was comprised of forage and concentrates (0.75:0.25), with ratios of RCS in TMR of 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 on a dry matter (DM) basis. The ruminal degradation of CP was determined using the nylon bag technique. For this, samples of TMR were incubated for 2, 8, 16, 24, 32 and 72 h. The RUP content of TMR was estimated using passage rates of 2, 5 and 8%/h. Additionally, samples of TMR were incubated in the rumen for 16 h, and their feed residues were used for determination of ID of RUP using the mobile-bag technique. For in situ ruminal degradation, increasing RCS and reducing SBM proportions increased linearly the rapidly degradable CP (a) from 26.2 to 212 g/kg CP (P < 0.001). The potentially degradable CP (b) decreased linearly from 810 to 676 g/kg CP (P < 0.001). Assuming a passage rate of 8%/h, RUP reduced linearly from 315 to 253 g/kg CP (P < 0.001). The ID of RUP reduced linearly from 760 to 574 g/kg CP (P < 0.001) with increasing RCS levels. Although differences in ruminal CP degradation and ID of RUP were apparently caused by differences in the proportion of RCS and SBM, neither linear nor quadratic effects on total tract digestible CP were observed (P = 0.22 and 0.21, respectively), and averaged 943 g/kg CP among all TMR tested. This suggests that increasing RCS and decreasing SBM proportion shifted the site of CP utilization. The CP degraded in the rumen increased, and the amount of intestinally absorbable RUP reduced linearly from 184 to 79 g/kg CP (P < 0.001). In general, replacing CP from SBM with RCS in the TMR reduced its protein value. It is concluded, that an almost complete replacement of CP from SBM by RCS in rations of high-yielding dairy cows cannot be recommended. However a replacement rate up to 0.30 does not lead to a substantial reduction in RUP supply and digestibility, and therefore considerably reduces the use of SBM.

Alternative protein sources in the nutrition of farm animals

Protein requirement and its demand of farm animals became one of the critical problems in nutrition on a global scale. Protein requirement has been an explicit demand for a long period with soybean meal and animal protein, but recently there are some limitations in relation to their use and the availability of the high quality fishmeal decreases constantly. For this reason there is increased demand for finding new protein sources which could be the alternatives of soybean meal and fishmeal. Alternative protein sources can be divided into seven categories, according to their origin. In different countries, their use depends on the availability in large quantity and at reasonable price.&#x0D; There is a long tradition of using legume seeds, as alternatives of soybean. Most of them contain some anti-nutritive compounds, but it can be reduced with systematic selection. Oilseed meals are also generally use in poultry and pig nutrition, but those crude protein content varied, depending on the oil extraction technology. Green fodder and leaf protein was also proposed as alternative protein sources, but their use is limited, in particular because of the market price. The amount of bioethanol and starch industry by-products increases gradually in recent years, therefore those became alternatives of soybean meal, or in much less extend, fishmeal. However, amino acid composition of such by-products are far from optimal for poultry and pig; therefore, in the case of their use amino acid supplementation is necessary. Several novel protein sources are proposed in the last decade, such as algae or insect proteins. Recently, their availability and use is limited, but in the near future those would be alternative protein sources in monogastric animal nutrition.

Effects of feeding fermented rapeseed meal on growth performance, gastrointestinal microflora population, blood metabolites, meat quality, and lipid metabolism in broiler chickens

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with rapeseed meal (RSM) or fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) in diets on growth performance, gastrointestinal microflora population, blood metabolites, meat quality, and lipid metabolism in broiler chickens. Three hundred 1-d-old male broiler chickens were allocated to 5 dietary treatments with 4 pens and 15 chickens in each pen (including a corn-SBM control diet as well as 4 experimental diets in which 50 and 100% of SBM protein in the corn-SBM control diet was replaced with RSM or FRSM) in a completely randomized design. Broiler chickens fed diets containing 50 and 100% FRSM had greater weight gain (WG) and a better feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.05) than those fed 50 and 100% RSM, and there were no differences in WG and FCR of the chickens fed diets containing 50% FRSM or control diet. The serum concentrations of triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05), and coliform bacteria population in ileum (P < 0.05) of broiler chickens fed FRSM diets were lower than others. Broiler chickens fed diets containing FRSM had lower cholesterol and malondialdehyde concentration in thigh muscle (P < 0.05), but greater total superoxide dismutase activities and total antioxidant capacity in both breast and thigh muscles compared to other treatments (P < 0.05). In thigh muscle, FRSM diets reduced total saturated fatty acid contents and increased total polyunsaturated fatty acids contents compared to the others (P < 0.05). In conclusion, replacing SBM with FRSM improved growth performance as well as antioxidant capacity and meat quality of broiler chickens and can be used as a suitable alternative protein source for SBM in broiler chicken diets.

UTILIZATION OF MUNG BEAN (VIGNA RADIATE, LINNAEUS) AS A PROTEIN SOURCE IN EXPERIMENTAL DIETS FOR FRY NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS): EFFECTS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, FEED UTILIZATION AND APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY CO-EFFICIENCY

Seven experimental diets (30% crude protein and 402.48±1.44 kcal/100g GE) were formulated to replace 0.0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 100% of soybean meal protein (SBM) as plant protein source by mung bean seed (MBS). Nile tilapia fry with an average initial weight (0.5±0.09 g/fish) were stocked at a rate of 15 fry/fiber glass tank (7 experimental diets x 3 replicates (21 fiber glass tanks)) and fed with those diets for 14 weeks to evaluate the growth performance, feed utilization and apparent digestibility co-efficient under the indoor conditions. Results showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in growth performance with increasing level of MBS up to 15%. The highest values of dry matter, protein, fat and energy intakes were recorded by the control and 15% MBS group with significant differences (P<0.05) compared with the other treatments groups. On the other hand, significant differences (P<0.05) among groups for ADC% of CP, EE, NFE, DM and energy were observed with increasing rate of MBS more than 15%. There are significantly differences (P<0.05) for FCR, but contrary no significant differences for FER among all the groups. Apparently, there were no effect for all levels of MBS on chemical compassion (CP, DM, EE, GE and HSI) and survival rate. Incorporation of raw MBS more than 15% affected adversely on growth performance, feed utilization and ADC%. This may be due to anti-nutritional factors contents of MBS.

Effect of dietary incorporation of silkworm pupae meal on in vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementation of different inclusion levels of defatted silkworm pupae meal (DSWP) on in vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility. Eleven concentrate mixtures were formulated with graded levels of DSWP by replacing 0 (T0), 10 (T1), 20 (T2), 30 (T3), 40 (T4), 50 (T5), 60 (T6), 70, (T7), 80 (T8), 90 (T9) and 100% (T10) of soybean meal (SBM) protein of the control concentrate mixture. In vitro experiments were conducted to study the effect of supplementation of different levels of DSWP in the concentrate mixture on finger millet straw (FMS) based diets (30:70). In vitro total gas production (IVTGP), pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), partitioning factor (PF), microbial biomass production (MBB), metabolizable energy (ME), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were determined. No significant difference was observed in pH, NH3-N, TVFA, PF, MBB, ME, IVDMD and IVOMD among treatments (T0 to T10). The results indicated that DSWP can be safely incorporated in the concentrate mixture by replacing 100% conventional protein without affecting the rumen fermentation and digestibility. Hence, it was concluded that supplementation of DSWP up to 100% had no significant effect on in vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility on FMS based ration.

The Utilization of Different Protein Sources as Soybean Meal Substitution in the Flushing Diet on Reproductive Performances of Doeling

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of different protein sources (plant or animal source) as substitution of 50% soybean meal protein in the flushing diet on early reproduction performances of doeling. The treatments were three types of flushing diet, i.e., Control diet containing soybean meal (C), diet containing Indigofera meal (IM), and diet containing cricket meal (CM). Diet IM and CM were substitution of 50% soybean meal protein in the ration. Completely randomized design was used with three treatments and four replications by using twelve Sapera doeling. The experiment with flushing diet was done started from three weeks before mating (including adaptation), during mating and following one month after pregnancy. Parameters measured were nutrient consumption, BCS, plasma glucose, cholesterol, progesterone hormone and reproductive performance. The results showed that treatments of utilization of different protein sources were not significantly affected the feed consumption, BCS and reproductive performances of doeling, but it had significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on plasma glucose and cholesterol. The protein source of Indigofera and cricket meal showed in improving of progesterone status to support until 30 days pregnancy. Diet containing cricket meal could improved onset estrous and duration of estrous. It was concluded that cricket meal can be used as an alternative protein source to substitute of 50% soybean meal protein in the Sapera doeling flushing diet and it can improve the reproductive performances.

Life Cycle Environmental Impact Assessment of Circular Agriculture: A Case Study in Fuqing, China

The process for reasonably evaluating the potential impacts of circular agriculture on the environment has become a key issue in the sustainable development of circular agriculture. Based on this consideration, by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and focusing on the circular agriculture industry company of Xingyuan, Fuqing, this paper evaluates the potential impacts of the pig farming industry-dragon fruit planting-forage planting-fishery industry-mushroom planting-biogas generating-organic fertilizer production circular agriculture model compared to a main agriculture industrial model, the pig farming industry, from environmental and environmental-economic perspectives. Moreover, this paper determines key elements that restrict the development of circular agriculture through a sensitivity analysis. The results show that if we simply consider the potential environmental impacts, circular agriculture does not produce better results than those of the main agricultural production model. In addition, if we consider reducing the potential environmental impact as well as improving the economic benefits from the perspective of a “reduction ring”, we should consider removing mushroom planting and organic fertilizer from the circular agriculture framework. Moreover, if we want to reduce the potential environmental impact without changing the current recycling model, we should focus on the premix components, especially the three main components of corn, soybean meal, and whey protein concentrate.

Amino acids digestibility of pelleted microparticle protein of fish meal and soybean meal in broiler chickens

Commom protein sources for poultry, fish meal and soybean meal, were ground to obtain reduced particle size. The particle was then dissolved in distilled water (1 : 4 w/v), and added with 2 mL virgin coconut oil for every 500 mL solution prior to ultrasound transducer (ultrasonic bath) treatment to obtain protein microparticle. Reducing particle size is one possible way to increase protein utilization.180 birds were used for forced feeding and 10 other birds were plotted for endogenous correction, when they were one month and a half old. Microparticle protein of both ingredients were tested separately in either mash or pelleted forms and compared to intact protein. Completely randomized design with 3 treatments (intact, mash, and pellet) and 6 replications (10 bidrs each) was arranged for the respective ingredient. Protein and essential amino acid digestibilities, and calcium retention were the parameters measured. Analysis of variance continued to Duncan test were applied to statistically evaluate the data. Pelleted microparticle protein of fish meal and soybean meal, respectively, resulted in significantly (P&lt;0.05) highest protein and amino acids digestibilities, and Ca retention although lower disgestibility of fewer amino acids was found in mash form. In conclusion, pelleted form of microparticle protein of either fish meal or soybean meal improve protein and mostly amino acids digestibilities, and calcium retention in broiler.

Effects of dietary soybean meal on the digestive physiology of red seabream Pagrus major

To clarify the effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) on the digestive physiology of red seabream Pagrus major, two isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets; a fishmeal-based diet (diet FM) and a SBM-based diet (diet SBM), were prepared and the acute and chronic effects of the diets on the digestive physiology of the fish were examined. In the acute effects trial (<48 h), the only difference observed was a lower level of trypsin activity in the intestinal content of the SBM group than the FM group, indicating that SBM administration reduces trypsin secretion on a short-term basis. In the chronic effects trial (six weeks), there were clear differences in several parameters assessed. There was a clear retardation of growth in fish fed the SBM diet, in addition to a faster gastric transit rate, stacked intestinal content, lower gallbladder weight, lower activities/gene expression levels of hepatopancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and/or lipase) and reduced protease activity (trypsin and chymotrypsin) in the intestinal content compared to fish fed the FM diet. Taken together, these results indicate that feeding SBM over a long period (chronic exposure) leads to reduced storage, production and secretion of bile and pancreatic digestive enzymes. SBM protein does not appear to fully activate or stimulate the digestive system of red seabream in either the short or long term. This may be due to a lack of stimulation or to an inhibitory effect that becomes more pronounced on a long-term basis. Such inhibition of the digestive process may be one of the main reasons for the low growth performance observed in fish fed SBM-based diets.

Variations in nutritional and antinutritional contents among faba bean cultivars and effects on growth performance of weaner pigs

A total of 84 faba bean samples, 11 of color-flowered and 5 of white-flowered cultivars, were used to investigate variations in nutritional and antinutritional components among faba beans. There were no effects of flower color, but significant effects (P < 0.05) of cultivar within flower color were observed for starch, crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber. The color-flowered cultivars had a greater content of condensed tannins (CT) and the white-flowered cultivars a greater content of vicine and convicine. Within the color-flowered cultivars, Alexia had the greatest (7.68 g/kg DM) and Julia the smallest (6.05 g/kg DM) CT content. The enzymatic in vitro digestibility of DM, OM, CP, and calculated standardized ileal digestibility of CP was greater (P < 0.05) in white-flowered than color-flowered cultivars. However, on a yield per hectare basis, color-flowered cultivars yielded more (P < 0.05) standardized ileal digestible (SID) CP and starch than white-flowered cultivars. Based on these results, 3 cultivars were selected for a growth study with weaner pigs. Gloria (a white-flowered cultivar) and Fuego and Julia (both color-flowered) were selected for deviating content of SID CP, where Julia had more SID CP than Fuego. The control diet contained soybean meal and potato protein as the main protein sources, whereas the experimental diets contained 10 and 20% Julia or Fuego (Julia10, Julia20, Fuego10, Fuego20) and 20% Gloria (Gloria), with a total of 6 experimental diets. The diets were fed to 300 pigs in a randomized complete block design with 5 groups of pigs over time (blocks), with each block comprising 6 pens of 10 piglets. The pigs were weaned at 5 weeks of age and received the experimental diets ad libitum for 27 days, starting immediately after weaning. For the total experimental period, pigs fed Julia10 and Julia20 had the greatest average daily body weight gain (P < 0.05) and pigs fed the control and Fuego20 had the smallest. Average daily feed intake was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed Julia10 and smaller in pigs fed Fuego20 (P < 0.05) than in pigs fed the other diets. Feed efficiency was greatest in pigs fed Julia20 and smallest in pigs fed the control. In conclusion, faba bean is a viable protein source in well-balanced diets to weaner pigs, with cultivar rather than flower color determining the nutritional value.

Galactooligosaccharide and a combination of yeast and β-glucan supplements enhance growth and improve intestinal condition in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fed soybean meal diets

The effects of galactooligosaccharide (GOS) and a combination of yeast and β-glucan (YβG) supplementation of dietary soybean meal (SBM) on the growth and digestive performance of striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus were evaluated. Four isonitrogenous (30% protein) and isocaloric (19 MJ/kg diet) diets were formulated to contain 100% fish meal (FM) protein, 55% FM protein/45% SBM protein, FM-SBM supplemented with 1% GOS, and a combination of 1% yeast and 0.1% β-glucan, respectively. Each diet was fed for 12 weeks to three groups of 30 striped catfish fingerlings (average weight 16.45 ± 0.07 g) maintained in circular fiberglass tanks (600 l). Growth, feed utilization, and muscle protein composition of fish improved significantly after supplementation with either GOS or YβG compared to the unsupplemented SBM diet, but were similar to those of fish fed the FM diet. Nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme activities, villi and microvilli length were significantly increased in fish fed the supplemented SBM diets. The gut microbiota ranking profile showed that supplementing the SBM diet with YβG and GOS gave a ranking of Verrucomicrobia, Spirochaetes, Bacteriodetes, and Actinobacteria phyla similar to that of the FM diet. Thus, diet containing 45% protein from soybean supplemented with either GOS or YβG can be recommended to improve the growth and digestive performance of striped catfish.

Effects of sesame meal on intake, digestibility, rumen characteristics, chewing activity and growth of lambs

Two experiments were carried out to determine ruminal degradability of sesame meal (SSM) and its effects on intake, digestibility, rumen parameters, chewing activity, and lamb performance when it replaced soybean meal (SBM). Degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were determined with the nylon bag technique using three fistulated Zel ewes. The quickly and potentially degradable DM of SSM was lower, but their degradation rates of DM were similar. The quickly degradable protein in the SSM was greater, but the slowly degradable protein of SSM was lower. Potential degradable protein of SBM was greater. The degradation rate of protein was greater in the SSM. Thirty Zel lambs were assigned to five treatments, namely 1) control diet that contained SBM, and 2), 3), 4) and 5) diets that contained 25, 50, 75, and 100% DM of SSM partially or entirely replacing SBM and part of barley grain. There was no difference in the intakes of DM, CP, ether extract (EE), and non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) among treatments, but neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intake increased when the SSM inclusion rate was increased. Digestibility of DM and EE, passage rate, and total mean retention time differed, but the digestibility of NDF, CP, and NFC, rumen liquid pH and NH 3 -N, passage rate, rumen retention time, eating time, rumination, total chewing activity, DM intake, daily gain, feed conversation ratio, carcass yield and characteristics were not different between treatments. Replacing the SBM with SSM in lamb, improved intake, digestibility, and rumen condition, without reduction in performance and carcass composition. Keywords: Carcass characteristic, feedlotting, lamb, mean retention time, ruminal degradability, soybean meal

Profile of Rumen Fermentation and Blood Urea Nitrogen Concentration of Kacang Goat Fed Total Mixed Ration Vs. Roughage

Kacang goat is usually reared traditionally fed natural grass and having inferior performance. Many researches had been done to improve the performance. Total mixed ration (TMR) containing soybean meal (SBM) and fish meal (FM) could increase the performance of Kacang goat, but the profile of rumen fermentation has not been published. Therefore, this study investigated the profile of rumen fermentation and blood urea Nitrogen concentration (BUN) in Kacang goat fed natural grass (roughage) and TMR. Twelve yearling Kacang buck, 15.2-19.6 kg were arranged in completely randomized design. The treatments were NG (natural grass), FM (TMR containing FM), and SBM (TMR containing SBM). The TMR were formulated containing 15% crude protein and 56-58% TDN. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA. Rumen pH 6 hours after feeding of NG (7.4) was higher (P<0.01) than that of FM (6.2) and SBM (6.4). This lowering pH of TMR was caused by increasing volatile fatty acids (VFA). The VFA total of FM (129.7 mmol/l) and SBM (153.1 mmol/l) were higher than that of NG (86.4 mmol/l). At 3 and 6 hours after feeding, ammonia in the rumen of SBM was higher than that of NG and FM, indicating higher degraded protein. The BUN at 3 hours after feeding of SBM was higher than that of NG. It can be concluded that protein in SBM was degraded higher than others and the lower pH in rumen of TMR goats was caused by higher VFA produced by TMR goats compared to NG goats.