Protein Denaturation Assay Research Articles

Polyphenolic Profile and In vitro, In Silico Study of Stem Extracts from J. Maritimus (Juncaceae) Harvested from Eastern Algeria as Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents.

Juncus maritimusan extremophilous microorganism speciesknown for its medicinal properties was collected in the Biskra region with the aim of its valorization. The volume size of polyphenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins was performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminum trichloride and vanillin respectively. The volume of Polyphenols was 127.73±0.20 μg EAG/mg ES, the volume offlavonoids was 16.42±0.42 μg EQ/mg ES, and the volume ofcondensed tannins was 10.10±0.35 μg EC/mg ES. The results of the antioxidant activity tests using the DPPH and ABTS methods reveal that the ethyl acetate extract had the highest activity in both tests. The results of the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, using the BSA protein denaturation assay, showed that the percentage of denaturation inhibition wasproportional to the concentration of the extract. At a concentration of 5 mg/mL, the inhibition percentage of the extract were 82.03 % and 80.23 %, respectively,which wereclose tothose of theanti-inflammatory drug Diclofenac.Furthermore, molecular docking simulations indicated that Berberine has high binding affinity to the targets COX-2 and PLA-2 In fact,bioisosteric replacement is being usedto discover new analogs of Berberine. Finally, ADME-Tox predictions demonstrated that this compound and its analogs were not hepatotoxic. This result may lead to the selection ofBerberine and its analogs as active compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Antifungal and Antibacterial Potential of Essential Oil of Boswellia sacra Resin in the Biological Control

<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This study focuses on extraction of Boswillia sacra resin essential oil that was performed using the hydrodistillation method, resulting in a yield of 2.45%. Phytochemical screening of the essential oil provided information about its major compounds, which include terpenes and anthocyanins. To assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the essential oil, multiple methods were employed. Positive results were obtained from tests such as DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging, inhibition of bovine serum albumin protein denaturation, and antifungal and antibacterial assays. These tests confirmed the presence of antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant activities and </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">suggest numerous biotechnological applications of the essential oil.</span></span></span></p>

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of the leaf extracts of Calotropis procera and Enantia chlorantha

Inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the aetiology of numerous human diseases. The two processes are interconnected such that one may appear before or after the other, but as soon as one of them appears, the other will. Consequently, targeting the two conditions may aid in the prevention or treatment of associated human diseases, and plants capable of performing the two functions together are of great advantage. This study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of methanol and aqueous extracts of Calotropis procera and Enantia chlorantha. The leaves of the two plants were extracted separately in water and methanol using a cold maceration method. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the Lipid peroxidation (LPO), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), while the anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated using membrane stabilization and inhibition of protein denaturation assays. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed using standard methods. The results of the study showed that the aqueous extract of the two plants demonstrated better antioxidant activity than the methanol extracts. IC50 values of 61.60, 59.12, and 83.07 µg/mL were, respectively, for ascorbic acid, aqueous extracts of E. chlorantha and C. procera, while the methanol extracts of both plants recorded a value >150 µg/mL for DPPH. For LPO inhibition, the IC50 values were 191.79 µg/mL, >150 µg/mL for the aqueous, methanol extracts of C. procera and 228.25 µg/mL, 135.46 µg/mL for ascorbic acid and quercetin used as standards. The aqueous extract of E. chlorantha had a value of 161.95 µg/mL and the methanol extracts had a value >250 µg/mL. For the two anti-inflammatory methods used, the IC50 values for the plant were >250 µg/mL. Phytochemicals such as tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenols were identified in both plant samples. Overall, the results demonstrated the potential of the plant when used for the treatment of diseases related to inflammatory and oxidative stress.

Unveiling the therapeutic potentialities and chemical characterization of methanolic Merremia vitifolia (Burm.f) Hallier f. stem extract: A Multi-faceted investigation via in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches

Current study focused on Merremia vitifolia an ethnomedicinal plant, aiming to explore its medicinal properties comprehensively. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the study investigated the phytochemical components of M. vitifolia stem extract and assessed its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, locomotor, and antidiarrheal activities. The evaluation involved a combination of in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches.In-vitro antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH scavenging assay, while anti-inflammatory activity was assessed via a protein denaturation assay. In-vivo experiments included tests for antidepressant effects (FST, TST), anxiolytic effects (EPM, HBT), locomotor effects (OFT, HCT), and analgesic activity (formalin-induced licking test and acetic acid-induced writhing test). Additionally, the antidiarrheal effect was evaluated through castor oil-induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal motility tests. Fifteen bioactive compounds were identified based on their biological activities from GC/MS data and subjected to in silico molecular docking; ADME/T profiling and pass prediction.MEMVS had an IC50 value of 74.97 μg/mL and MEMVS elicited 77.17 ± 0.39 % inhibition protein denaturation compared to standard (87.23 ± 0.30 %) at 500 μg/mL. In addition, MEMVS induced a dose-dependent reduction in analgesic, neuropharmacological assay, inhibition in diarrheal feces count, and intestinal motility with a significant value (aP< 0.001). In computer-aided investigation, all compounds adhere to Lipinski's rule of five and demonstrate highest binding affinity to isolates compared to standard drugs, confirming laboratory findings.Research findings suggest that MEMVS holds promising potential, as a multifaceted therapeutic agent, exhibiting antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal and neuropharmacological properties. However, further investigation is needed to fully harness its medicinal benefits.

Nickel(II) complex anchoring on anatase nanoparticles: A multifunctional approach to anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities

In this study, a biologically active nickel(II) complex, [Ni(bipy)3]Cl2 (where bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine), was synthesized using a straightforward precipitation method. This nickel(II) complex was subsequently grafted onto anatase (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) through an adsorption technique, yielding nickel(II)-complex-grafted anatase (Ni-TiO2) NPs. The Ni-TiO2 NPs were thoroughly characterized using a range of analytical methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), which confirmed the successful grafting of the complex onto the TiO2 NPs and maintained the structural integrity of the composite. The anticancer activity of the Ni-TiO2 NPs was assessed on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) cell lines using the MTT assay, revealing a significant enhancement in anticancer efficacy, with a 69 % improvement in cell inhibition compared to untreated cells. Moreover, the antioxidant potential of the Ni-TiO2 NPs was evaluated using the 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and their anti-inflammatory activity was determined through the protein denaturation assay. Both assays demonstrated that the Ni-TiO2 NPs exhibited superior inhibitory effects compared to the precursor Ni(II) complex, indicating enhanced bioactivity.

Algerian Prickly Pear Seed By-Products: Fatty Acids Composition, Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory Activities towards Tyrosinase, Urease, α-Amylase, and Cholinesterase, along with the Ability to Protect from Thermal Protein Denaturation.

Prickly pear seed is a source of the most expensive oil in the world, which is rich in vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its extraction generates a large quantity of press cake. These two by-products need to be valued. The current study aimed to assess the fatty acid composition of oil and the phytochemical composition of press cake. In addition, the antioxidant and the inhibition of thermal protein denaturation effects of both Algerian seed by-products were evaluated with their inhibitory action against the activities of urease, tyrosinase, α-amylase, and cholinesterase enzymes. The GC MS analysis result revealed the richness of our oil in linoleic (74%) and palmitic (13%) acids methyl esters, respectively. The chemical composition of press cake was characterized by a high value of dry matter (94.94 ± 0.05%), especially the carbohydrates (85.13 ± 0.94%). The results of antioxidant activity presented by IC50 and A0.5 ranged from 7.51 ± 0.03 to 88.10 ± 0.92 µg/mL. Furthermore, the IC50 values were 40.19 ± 1.21 and 61.18 ± 0.03 µg/mL in thermal protein denaturation assay, and ranging from 22.97 ± 0.72 to 385.99 ± 0.27 µg/mL for the inhibition of enzymatic activities. These results indicate that the studied oil can be one of the strongest oils for its impressive effects and also encourage us to reuse its press cake in feed livestock.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic potential of ethanolic extract of Aristida depressa Retz through in vitro, in vivo, and in silico models.

Uncontrolled inflammation is a crucial factor in the development of many diseases. Anti-inflammatory molecules based on natural sources are being actively studied, among which Aristida depressa Retz (Ar.dp) has been traditionally used as a paste to heal inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic potential of an ethanolic extract of A. depressa through a battery of in vivo and in vitro models. The ethanolic extract of A. depressa was prepared by maceration and chemically characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography, which revealed the presence of quercetin, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, and sinapic acid; its antioxidant capacity was then screened with the DPPH in vitro assay, which indicated moderate scavenging capacity. A protein denaturation assay was next performed to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of Ar.dp, which showed significant inhibition (44.44%) compared to the standard drug (diclofenac sodium), with 89.19% inhibition at a concentration of 1mg/mL. The in vivo safety profile of Ar.dp was evaluated in accordance with the OECD-425 acute toxicity guidelines and found to be safe up to 5g/kg. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potentials of Ar.dp were evaluated at three different doses (125, 250, and 500mg/kg) in acute (carrageenan-induced edema: 84.60%, histamine-induced paw edema: 84%), sub-chronic (cotton-pellet-induced granuloma: 57.54%), and chronic (complete-Freund's-adjuvant-induced arthritis: 82.2%) models. Our results showed that Ar.dp had significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory effects over diclofenac sodium in the acute and chronic models. Histopathology studies indicated reduced infiltration of paw tissues with inflammatory cells in Ar.dp-treated animals. Similarly, Ar.dp showed significant (p < 0.05) analgesic (yeast-induced-pyrexia model: 23.53%) and antipyretic (acetic-acid-induced writhing model: 51%) effects in a time-dependent manner. In silico studies on the interactions of COX-1 and COX-2 with the eight ligands mentioned earlier confirmed the inhibition of enzymes responsible for inflammation and fever. Based on the findings of the present study, it is concluded that Ar.dp has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties that are likely linked to its pharmacologically active phenolic bioactive molecules.

2,5-Disubstituted structures of 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-thiodiazole for anti-inflammatory potential: DFT approach for the structural aspects

We suggest a [3 + 2] annulation method that combines aromatic acid with acyl hydrazide using p-TSA, resulting in the formation of highly substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. These reactions take place efficiently under specific conditions: microwave irradiation, employing a metal-free environment, utilizing the environmentally friendly solvent PEG-400, and requiring only a short reaction time. Furthermore, employing similar conditions in the presence of Lawesson's reagent yields 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives. This method exhibits several notable characteristics, including atom and step economy, utilization of easily accessible raw materials, and simplicity in operation. From the DFT approach, the optimized geometrical parameters are obtained using the B3LYP/6–311++G (d,p) level of theory. There is a decrease in the energy gap and NLO property increases in nature and leads to more biological activity. Notably, there was a reduction in the energy gap, accompanied by an increase in the nonlinear optical property, and suggested the synthesized compounds exhibit heightened biological activity. Furthermore, these compounds demonstrate promising anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity, as evidenced by protein denaturation assay studies.

Fabrication of ecofriendly silver based composite hydrogel with multifunctional properties as possible wound dressing material

Hydrogels are ideal for creating wound dressings but fabricating such hydrogels with strong antibacterial properties and high biosafety is complex due to their unique properties. Therefore, the present work proposes the preparation of chitosan-silver-moringa gum composite hydrogel (CAM) with excellent bactericidal action. The solvent-free, ecologically friendly, and cost-effective hydrogel sets a new standard for sustainable production. The CAM composite hydrogel showed maximum swelling in distilled water after 24 h. The produced composite hydrogel has a characteristic Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The CAM composite hydrogel inhibited Hela cell lines by 100 ± 0.56% at 30 μg ml−1 with an IC50 of 13.89 ± 0.8 μg ml−1 via MTT assay. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed the hydrogel’s porous structure whereas (EDX) analysis revealed the presence of silver in the hydrogel matrix. Additionally, the DPPH assay showed 82.06 ± 1.39% antioxidant activity at 0.9 mg ml−1 for the composite hydrogel. The in-vitro protein denaturation assay, of composite hydrogel, showed 59.7 ± 2.52% inhibition compared to diclofenac 87.89 ± 0.47% at 1 mg ml−1, indicating anti-inflammatory efficacy. CAM hydrogel showed steady behaviour from 105 to 170 °C with a weight loss of 2.77%, making it suitable for steam sterilisation as a wound dressing material. CAM composite hydrogel has a different glass transition temperature (Tg) curve compared to chitosan and moringa gum, indicating its successful production. The CAM composite hydrogel demonstrated promising antibacterial activity against all tested strains, making it a promising biobased wound dressing material.

Anti-arthritic Activity and Anti-inflammatory Mediators Modulation Effect of Bioactive Traditional Chaturbeeja Churna on Arthritis Experimental Model

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to determine whether or not Chaturbeeja Churnam (CC) had anti-arthritic properties and the effect it has on Wistar rats that have been induced with arthritis using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). Methods: Injection of 0.2 milliliters of CFA into the sub-plantar surface of the left hind paw resulted in the development of arthritis. The test samples CC-1 and CC-2 were administered to the animals for a period of 21 days in a row. After the arthritis was induced, the rise in swelling that was noticed was observed. The blood samples that were taken were then used in additional testing with a hematology analyzer to determine the number of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR), and hemoglobin (Hb). Using rat ELISA kits, the levels of IL-6 and TNF- that were found in the serum were also analyzed. Results: CC showed a significant inhibitory effect in the protein denaturation assay. Results showed that a significant reduction in paw edema was observed in CC-2 treated rats. The maximum anti-inflammatory activity (59.12%) of the CC was noticed at a dose level of 400 mg/kg. The paw edema was restored on day 21 was 4.52 mm for CC-2, which is near to the control group. The arthritis score in treated rats was found to be considerably lower than in the control group i.e. 0.92 for CC-2 and 1.61 for CC-1. A decrease in levels of RBC and hemoglobin was observed in arthritic rats. Inflammation was significantly reduced and serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were lowered after treatment with the test drug. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that CC possess significant anti-arthritic activity. Furthermore, this condition was linked to a reduction in abnormal humoral immune responses.

In vitro and In vivo Studies for Screening of Anti-inflammatory, Thrombolytic and Acute Toxicological Activity in Camellia Chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of methanol-prepared leaves extract of Camellia Chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama. on several in vitro activities, including anti-inflammatory and thrombolytic effects. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the acute toxicological activity of the extracts in an animal model. Place and Duration of Study: The research study was carried out from Nov 2023 to Feb 2024 at the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Asia Pacific and the Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, as well as the Laboratory of Microbiology at Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka. Methodology: The methodology involved various doses of methanolic leaves extract of Camellia Chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama, and employed techniques such as the Inhibition of Protein Denaturation Assay for anti-inflammatory test and the clot lysis test for thrombolytic assay. The acute toxicological activity was assessed by Cinnamon oil induced toxicological and administration of acetic acid induced writhing responses in Swiss albino mice. Result: The Inhibition of Protein Denaturation Assay test yielded findings indicating its anti-inflammatory properties against all strains used in this research. The findings from the study examining the anti-inflammatory properties indicate that Chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama exhibits a significant efficacy of 86.54% in inhibiting inflammation at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL. This level of efficacy is comparable to that of acetylsalicylic acid, which also has a similar efficacy of 98.54 % at the same concentration. Thrombolysis test is a controlled laboratory procedure that assesses the ability of plant extracts to dissolve blood clots. The study found that MECCL can reduce blood clots. Table 2 shows that MECCL's thrombolytic potential was 95.69%, which is much higher than the usual value of 91.304%. Our research found that MECCL did not induce any harmful effects in mice during the acute toxicity test, as determined by the toxicological assessment. No signs of illness or death were reported throughout the acute toxicity trial. Conclusion: The Camellia chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama plant exhibits privileged qualities that could lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic substances. It has anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, and mild acute toxicity properties. Further exploration of this plant could be beneficial. Our study results contribute to the growing body of evidence demonstrating that natural products may potentially have favourable effects on human health.

Bioinspired synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Luffa aegyptiaca seed extract and assessment of pharmacological properties

This work used a cost-effective and eco-friendly green process to formulate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Luffa aegyptiaca seed extract (AgNPs-LA). Extraction of L. aegyptiaca seed was done at three different time points [12 (S1), 24 (S2), and 48 (S3) hrs.] to see the effect of extraction on AgNPs-LA. The reaction process of AgNPs was accessed by UV–Vis spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential analyses were used to characterize greenly synthesized AgNPs using L. aegyptiaca seed extract. The pharmacological properties of AgNPs-LA were assessed by evaluating the in-vitro antioxidant (DPPH), antidiabetic (α-amylase inhibition), anti-inflammatory (protein denaturation assay), cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activity. The spherical and crystalline structure of AgNPs-LA was observed to have an average size of 168.08 nm for S1. All S1, S2, and S3 showed potent antioxidant activity. For antidiabetic activity, S2 showed the most significant α-amylase inhibitory properties. All AgNPs-LA exhibited the appropriate anti-inflammatory activity as compared to the standard. Only S3 nanoparticles have been shown to have potential cytotoxic effects against malignant human kidney cells. Compared to the standard, the antibacterial test confirmed a higher bactericidal activity of the resulting AgNPs-LA against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. An appropriate antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activity have been demonstrated in the AgNPs derived from the L. aegyptiaca seed extract, which can be considered a promising candidate for various medical applications.

Biological Activities, DFT and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel Schiff Bases Derived from Sulfamethoxypyridazine

AbstractThe present study reported the synthesis and biological activities of sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMPR) Schiff bases (SBs) with different aromatic aldehydes. The antimicrobial potential of SBs against various pathogenic strains (S. epidermidis, E. coli, S. agalactiae, S. aureus, S. typhi, K. pneumoniae, C. albicans, and C. tropicalis) was explored by disc diffusion method. The antidiabetic potential was monitored by inhibition of α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, and anti‐inflammatory activity was studied by protein denaturation assay. The binding of protein with SBs was determined by MOE docking. The synthesized SBs reveal significant antimicrobial potential against all strains (p values&lt;0.0001) better than the parent drug SMPR but less than amoxicillin. The synthesized SBs exhibited reasonable inhibition potential against α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase, and anti‐inflammatory activity. The derivative 10 a depicted antioxidant (IC50 value 12.18 μg/mL) and anti‐inflammatory (IC50 value 49.37 μg/mL) even better than standard ascorbic acid and diclofenac sodium (IC50 values 49.92 and 123.81 μg/mL), respectively. Molecular docking results revealed that synthesized SBs have good binding affinities towards different receptor proteins and results support our experimental results. The electronic properties have been calculated using density function theory (DFT) to determine the chemical reactivity of studied compounds. The low energy gap between Frontier Molecular Orbitals (FMOs) revealed the significant chemical reactivity of compounds 8 a and 10 a, among other compounds.

Dual Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activity of Novel 1,5-Diaryl Pyrazole Derivatives: Molecular Modeling, Synthesis, In Vitro Activity, and Dynamics Study.

A series of novel 1,5-diaryl pyrazole derivatives targeting the COX enzyme were designed by combined ligand and structure-based approach. The designed molecules were then further subjected to ADMET and molecular docking studies. Out of 34 designed compounds, the top-10 molecules from the computation studies were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for COX-2 inhibition and anti-cancer activity. Initially, the target compounds were screened for the protein denaturation assay. The results of the top-five molecules T2, T3, T5, T6, and T9 were further subjected to in vitro COX-2 enzymatic assay and anti-cancer activity. As far as COX-2 inhibitory activity is considered, two compounds, T3 and T5, exhibited the half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 0.781 µM and 0.781 µM respectively. Further, the two compounds T3 and T5, when evaluated for COX-1 inhibition, exhibited excellent inhibitory activity with T3 IC50 of 4.655μM and T5 with IC50 of 5.596 μM. The compound T5 showed more significant human COX-2 inhibition, with a selectivity index of 7.16, when compared with T3, which had a selectivity index of 5.96. Further, in vitro anti-cancer activity was screened against two cancer cell lines in which compounds T2 and T3 were active against A549 cell lines and T6 was active against the HepG2 cell line. Stronger binding energy was found by comparing MM-PBSA simulations with molecular docking, which suggests that compounds T3 and T5 have a better possibility of being effective compounds, in which T5 showed higher binding affinity. The results suggest that these compounds have the potential to develop effective COX-2 inhibitors as anti-cancer agents.

Exploring Nephroprotective Properties of &lt;i&gt;Wedelia chinensis: In Vitro, In Silico,&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;In Vivo&lt;/i&gt; Investigations

The purpose of this research work is to investigate the nephroprotective efficacy of Wedelia chinensis leaf extracts against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity for in vitro, in silico, and in vivo techniques. The extracts of Wedelia chinensis leaf rich in flavonoids were subjected to an in silico method for ligands and target proteins. The results of the in vitro antioxidant study of extracts were tested for cytoprotective MTT assay and anti-inflammatory efficacy by protein denaturation assay using Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK293). The in vivo nephroprotective potential of the extract was evaluated with the two doses of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight in gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. The biochemical parameters observed for changes in the histopathology of the kidney. While comparing with other extracts of Wedelia chinensis Hydroalcoholic Extract (WCHAE) shows great binding affinity with bonding interactions of flavonoids and phenolics-based ligands observed with the target proteins that provided early information. The in vitro cell lines study revealed no cytotoxicity and better anti-inflammatory effect on HEK293 cells with cytoprotective and nephroprotective efficacy of WCHAE. The in vivo nephroprotective activity improved at a dose of 500mg/kg of WCHAE than Wedelia chinensis Ethanolic Extract (WCEE). The histopathological findings revealed the improvement in gentamicin-induced renal toxicity by the WCHAE orally treated group compared to normal and negative control groups. These results of WCHAE are more satisfactorily effective than WCEE with marked in vitro antioxidant, and cytoprotective effects in HEK293 cells. In in silico docking, it shows good interaction scores of ligands for target proteins like (kidney injury molecule) KIM-1 and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NAGAL) that helps to correlate nephroprotective potential benefits of antioxidants in plant extracts against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Phytochemical profile, anti-inflammatory analysis and cytotoxic activity of SmE-SeNPs against breast (MCF-7) cancer cells

Plant extract is inexpensive and does not need special conditions to produce nanoparticles quickly; it is an eco-friendly approach. Selenium nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention because of their various applications and benefits in medicine. This investigation studied a bio-synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using Sonchus maritimus leaves aqueous extract (SmE-SeNPs) to evaluate their anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The presence of SmE-SeNPs in the sample was confirmed by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy at different stage of synthesis, and transmission electron microscope. The S. maritimus extract was analyzed by LC-ESI-MS technique. The anti-inflammatory proprieties of the extract and SmE-SeNPs was estimated using protein denaturation and membrane stabilization assays, and the antiproliferative activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was assessed against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). LC-ESI-MS results revealed the richness of S. maritimus extract by various phenolic compounds including protocachuic acid, trans frulic acid, o-coumaric acid and luteolin. Physical characterizations of nanoparticle demonstrated that the SeNPs have a spherical and regular circle shape with very small size reach to 7.154 ± 0.47 nm. Both of S. maritimus extract and SmE-SeNPs presented a potential anti-inflammatory activities compared to standard, each against denaturation of protein with IC50 value (334.369 ± 29 μg/mL) and (163.393 ± 14.1 μg/mL) respectively, or against the hemolysis of red blood cells through protecting and stabilizing their membrane with IC50 value (89.044 ± 4.11 μg/mL) for SmE-SeNPs and (53.539 ± 4.64 μg/mL) for S. maritimus extract. Moreover, this study showed that exposure of SmE-SeNPs can inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation, which observed in breast cancer. As conclusion, our research suggested that Sonchus maritimus leaves aqueous extract can be used as reducer and stabilizer agents for green synthesis of SmE-SeNPs which provided their anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects.

Fabrication and evaluation of Dillenia indica-carrageenan blend hybrid superporous hydrogel reinforced with green synthesized MgO nanoparticles as an effective wound dressing material

An unexplored hybrid superporous hydrogel (MHSPH) of Dillenia indica fruit mucilage (DIFM) and carrageenan blend embedded with green synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) is utilized as an effective wound dressing material with appreciable mechanical strength in murine model. The prepared MNPs and the optimized MHSPH were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT- IR) spectroscopy. Size, zeta potential and morphology of MNPs was assessed using Dynamic light scattering technique (DLS) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) respectively. The MHSPH grades were further optimized using swelling study in phosphate buffer solution at pH 1.2, 7.0, and 8. Both MNPs and the optimized grade of MHSPH were evaluated based on hemolysis assay, and protein denaturation assays indicating them to be safe for biological use. Acute toxicity studies of the optimized MHSPH on Zebra fish model, revealed no observable toxic effect on the gill cells. Wound healing in Swiss albino mice with application of optimized grade of MHSPH took only 11 days for healing when compared to control mice where healing took 14 days, thus concluding that MHSPH as an effective dressing material as well as tissue regrowth scaffold.

Commercial Wheat and Oat Flour Derived Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots through Sustainable Hydrothermal Synthesis and Their Biological Activities

AbstractIn this study, we utilized processed edible commercial wheat and oat flours to synthesize highly fluorescent carbon dots using green hydrothermal synthesis. The as‐synthesized carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were characterized using UV‐vis spectrophotometry, photoluminescence spectrophotometry, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The synthesized wheat‐CQDs (W‐CQDs) and oat‐CQDs (O‐CQDs) had monodispersed spherical shapes with average sizes of 3–8 and 5–10 nm, respectively, and exhibited strong fluorescence intensity and excitation‐dependent photoluminescence. The W‐CQDs and O‐CQDs were highly dispersed in aqueous solutions and exhibited bright green and blue fluorescence, respectively, under UV light (λex=380 and 370 nm). Both CQDs contained abundant functional groups, including amino, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups, which may play a major role in biological applications. The W‐CQDs and O‐CQDs showed good free‐radical scavenging capacity in the 2,2‐diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and H2O2 assays. The anti‐inflammatory activities of W‐CQDs and O‐CQDs were more effective than that of the standard, with EC50 values of 1.8 and 1.3 mg/mL, respectively, in the protein denaturation assay. Additionally, the CQDs exhibited low cytotoxicity toward NIH3T3 fibroblast and human HeLa cervical cancer cells when treated with a 5‐mg/mL concentration. Therefore, green‐synthesized W‐CQDs and O‐CQDs are easily available, less cytotoxic, and applicable to therapeutic and cell nanocarrier purposes.

In vitro Screening of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Plant Extract Adenanthera pavonina

Adenanthera pavonina (AP) is a medicinal herb used in traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lanka. It is considered a rich source of bioactive compounds as they are able to produce a great variety of secondary metabolites with great anticancer and antioxidant properties. In the present study, the bark of the plant was used and water extract was prepared in order to screen Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), Ferric ion reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, inhibition of protein oxidation and inhibition deoxyribose oxidation. Anti-inflammatory activity was screened in vitro using Human Red Blood cell Membrane stability assay (HRBM) and inhibition of protein denaturation assay. All methods were carried out according to the standard protocol. The TPC and TFC were 80.3±0.1 mg GA/g (Gallic Acid/g) and 46.1±0.1 mg EGCG/g (epigallocatechin gallate /g) respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and deoxyribose oxidation were IC50, 15.8±0.5 (Gallic acid, 4.5±0.3 μg/ml), 46.1±0.5 μg/ml (Ascorbic acid , 58.4±2.2 μg/ml), 72.6±3.1 μg/ml (Ascorbic acid, 51.2±0.1 μg/ml) and 7.4±0.7 μg/ml (Ascorbic acid, 8.7±0.6 μg/ml) respectively. Reducing power of the AO extract increased with the concentration. HRBM and inhibition of BSA denaturation of AO extract were IC50 that 49.7±1.4 μg/ml (Diclofenac sodium, 47.8±2.1 μg/ml) and 29.1±1.5 (Diclofenac sodium 23.8±3.6 μg/ml) respectively. The results of the study suggest that the bioactive molecules present in the AP water extract can be used as a prototype for the development of new drugs or as a source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical raw material.&#x0D; Keywords: Adenanthera pavonina, Inhibition of lipid peroxidation, Inhibition of protein oxidation, Inhibition deoxyribose oxidation.

Antiarthritic and Antioxidant Activities of Antrocaryon micraster Seed Extract and Its Fractions.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an incurable debilitating disease which attacks the joints and impairs quality of life. Antrocaryon micraster is used to treat RA in African traditional medicine. However, its antiarthritic activity has not been pharmacologically studied. This study, therefore, reports the antiarthritic and antioxidant activities of A. micraster seed extract and its fractions. The seed extract (ASE) was produced by Soxhlet extraction and partitioned into petroleum ether (ASEP), ethyl acetate (ASEE), and aqueous (ASEA) fractions. The total polyphenolic content, DPPH antioxidant activity, and in vitro arthritic activity using the protein denaturation assay were evaluated for ASE and its fractions. The arthritic activity of the crude extract (ASE) and its most effective fraction (ASEA), in the in vitro assay, were then evaluated against CFA-induced arthritis in rats. The polyphenolic constituent of ASE was estimated to be 13.00 ± 0.00 mg/100 mg of GAE. ASEA contained the highest quantity of polyphenolic constituents (10.76 ± 0.00 mg/100 mg of GAE) among the fractions of the extract. ASE and ASEA produced profound antioxidant activity (IC50 = 20.17 ± 1.291 and 19.35 ± 0.865, respectively) which were similar to that of ascorbic acid (IC50 = 17.35 ± 0.500) in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, in vitro antiarthritic activity of ASEA was 13.63 and 5.75 times higher than the antiarthritic activity of the crude extract and diclofenac sodium, respectively. In the CFA-induced arthritis assay, both ASE and ASEA significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited cachexia, paw edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, pannus formation, and synovium damage. These results indicate that A. micraster seed extract and its fractions possessed significant antiarthritic activity via inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, protein denaturation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and synovium injury due to its constituents such as polyphenols and phytosterols.