Kernel Protein Content Research Articles

Effect of different N doses on maize yield and quality

The effect of N doses on the yield and nutritional values of the Sushi (FAO 340) maize hybrid were analysed in three years (2018, 2019, and 2020). The analyses were performed at the Látókép Experimental Station of the University of Debrecen on calcareous chernozem soil, in a striped, small-plot, non-irrigated long-term field experiment. In the experiment, in addition to the non-fertilized treatment (A0), the N-fertilizer doses were applied as basic fertilizer and top dressing. The 60 and 120 kg N ha-1 dose (A60, A120) applied as spring basic fertilizer were followed by two phases of top-dressing in V6 (V690, V6120) and V12 (V12150, V12180) phenophases; the amounts were +30 and +30 kg N ha-1. Maize yields were affected to varying degrees by crop year. The highest yields in 2018 and 2020 were recorded in the same V6150 treatment, while in 2019 the highest yield was obtained in the A120 treatment. Increasing the N doses resulted in an increase in the protein content of the maize kernel. Depending on the fertilizer treatments and the crop year effect, the protein content of maize kernels varied between 6.2–10.2 g x 100 g-1. In all three years, the protein content was the lowest in the control treatment (A0) and the highest in the V6150 treatment. The starch content ranged from 70.7 to 77.9 g x 100 g-1 in the average of the three years. In 2020, it was significantly higher in all nutrient treatments than in the other examined two years. The highest starch content - except for 2020 (A120, 77.9 g x 100 g-1) - was recorded in the A0 treatment (74.2, 72.3 g x 100 g-1). The oil content of maize kernels varied between the values of 3.8 and 5.2 g x 100 g-1 in the average of three years. In terms of oil content, the results for 2018 and 2019 can be considered the same, while in 2020 it was significantly lower. Fertilizer treatments did not significantly affect the oil content of maize in any of the years. The fertilizer dose applied in the V12 phenological phase was not effective in terms of yield and nutritional content (protein, starch and oil content).

Analyzing the effects of hydrothermal treatment on antinutritional factor content of plum kernel grits by using response surface methodology

In this study, response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions of hydrothermal treatment and their effect on amygdalin, hydrocyanic acid (HCN), tannin, and protein content of plum kernels grits. The conditions examined were soaking times ranging from 6 to 18 h and soaking temperatures from 25 to 45°C, which caused a significant decrease in amygdalin, HCN, tannin, and protein content of the plum kernels. The results showed that optimized hydrothermal conditions were soaking temperature of 45°C and soaking time of 9 h, with lower contents of amygdalin (2.89 mg / g), HCN (121.21 mg/kg), tannin (3.72 mg /100 g), and protein content (32.02 g/ 100 g). Under these optimized conditions, the reduction of amygdalin content, HCN content and tannin were 68.72 %, 79.59 %, and 72.64 %, respectively and the protein content was decreased by 10.92 % as compared to the initial amount. The results suggested that the optimized hydrothermal treatment could be an effective tool for neutralizing the toxic effect of anti-nutritional factors and improving the quality of the plum kernel grits.

Effect of muscle fiber characteristics on meat quality in fast- and slow-growing ducks

This study evaluated the effects of muscle fiber characteristics on meat quality traits in 45 female fast- and slow-growing ducks. Three duck breeds at typical market ages were selected and slaughtered, including fast-growing ducks (Cherry Valley duck) and slow-growing ducks (Small-sized Beijing duck and Liancheng White duck). M. pectoralis major (PM), m. soleus (SOL), m. gastrocnemius (GAS) and m. extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were used to assess muscle fiber characteristics as well as meat quality properties. The results showed that the fiber compositions in PM, GAS, and EDL muscles only consisted of fast-twitch fibers irrespective of the breeds, while a low percentage of slow-twitch fibers were observed in slow-growing ducks (17.03% and 29.14%). The significant clear differences of fiber diameter, fiber density and fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) was observed among three duck breeds. Small-sized Beijing ducks had the highest diameter and cross-sectional fiber area coupled with a dramatically lowest fiber density when compared to other 2 breeds both in breast and leg muscles. In addition, the meat quality traits such as moisture content, release water, and intramuscular fat content were significantly affected by the breeds. Slow-growing ducks, especially Liancheng White ducks, exhibited higher release water, intramuscular fat content, as well as lower moisture content (P < 0.05) compared to the fast-growing ducks. The lower pH24 h value and shear force tended to be present in breast of Liancheng White ducks (P < 0.05). The higher protein content and collagen content were detected in breast of Liancheng White ducks and the leg muscle of Small-sized Beijing ducks (P < 0.05), respectively. Finally, the correlation coefficients between muscle fiber characteristics and meat quality showed that the diameter, density and CSA of fibers had a moderate or significant correlation with pH, shear force value, moisture content, and protein content of meat in fast-growing ducks. In slow-growing ducks, muscle fiber characteristics had a moderate or significant correlation with pH, shear force value, release water, protein content, and intramuscular fat content of meat. These results indicated that muscle fiber characteristics is a useful parameter to explain in parts the variation of meat quality including pH, shear force value, and protein content of meat, both in slow-growing ducks and fast-growing ducks.

Slaughter performance and meat quality of Begait breed lambs fattened under different diets

This study was conducted to evaluate slaughter performance and meat quality of Begait sheep breed reared under different feeding options. Thirty intact fattening lambs (32.81 ± 2.39 kg) were used in randomized completely block design with three dietary treatments in ten replicates for a 90 day feeding trial. Dietary treatments constituted grass hay fed ad libitum to all treatments plus supplemented with mixed diet of 48% wheat bran, 15% molasses, 35% cotton seed cake, 1% salt and 1% limestone (T1); 43% wheat bran, 20% sorghum grain, 35% noug seed cake, 1% salt and 1% limestone (T2) and 47% wheat bran, 16% molasses, 35% sesame seed cake, 1% salt and 1% limestone (T3). At the end of the experimental period, six lambs randomly chosen from each treatment were slaughtered to determine the carcass traits and meat quality. Results showed that most carcass and meat traits were affected by diets. Average daily gain (ADG) was higher (P < 0.001) for T3 (158 g/day) than T2 (120 g/day) and T1 (118 g/day). Hot carcass weight (HCW) was higher (P < 0.001) for T3 (19.50 kg) than T2 (17.43 kg) and T1 (17.20 kg). Meat pH (5.43–5.56) and drip loss (3.03–3.23%) were similar (P > 0.05) among all treatments. Meat from animals in T3 (33.97 L∗) was lighter (P < 0.001) than T2 (30.75 L∗) and T1 (29.43 L∗). Shear force and cooking loss were greater (P < 0.05) for T1 (42.6 N and 26.12%) than T2 (40.4 N and 24.39%) and T3 (40.7 N and 24.18%). No variation was seen in meat moisture, protein and ash contents (P > 0.05) while intramuscular fat was higher in T3 (4.18%) than T2 (3.87%) and T1 (3.79%) (P < 0.01). The study indicated that carcass traits and meat quality could be modulated through dietary manipulation.

Suplementasi Ekstrak Asam Kandis (Garcinia xanthochymus) dalam Air Minum terhadap Kadar Malondialdehid Kuning Telur dan Komposisi Kimia Daging dan Telur Puyuh

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of Garcinia xanthochymus extract in drinking water on the quail meat and eggs quality (fat content, protein content) and malondialdehyde (MDA) on egg yolk. This study used female quails (132 tails) aged 42 days, which were kept for 6 weeks, and then divided into four groups treatments of drinking water, and 3 replications each treatment. The method used was a Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with P0 (control), P1 (pH 4), P2 (pH 3), P3 (pH 2). The variables observed were moisture content, crude fat content and crude protein content in quail meat and eggs but MDA only on yolk eggs. The results showed a significantly decreased (p&lt;0.05) effect of Garcinia xanthochymus extract supplementation in drinking water on MDA levels of yolk quail eggs. However it had no significant effect on moisture content, crude fat content, and crude protein content in yolk quail eggs . The treatments had significantly increased crude protein in meat. It was concluded that giving extract of Garcinia Xanthochymus extract (kandis acid) at pH 2 in drinking water decreased the MDA content of quail egg yolks.&#x0D; Key words: antioxidant, Garcinia Xanthochymus, chemical compound of meat and egg, egg yolk MDA

Effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) Seeds and their Combination as Feed Additive on Intake, Muscle chemical composition, Sensory Quality and Hematology of Broilers

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of feeding neem (Azadirachta indica) and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seed as natural feed additive for broiler chicks on dry matter intake, mortality, meat quality and blood parameters of broilers. One hundred ninety two day-old Cobb 500 chicks distributed to four treatments with three replications in a completely randomized design. Feed offered and refusals were recorded and Dry matter intake was calculated as the difference between the two on dry matter basis. At the end of the trial, four broilers were randomly picked up from each replication and slaughtered for carcass evaluation and the treatment used were ration that contain only commercial broiler diet (0 kg Neem and pumpkin seed (0NS-PS)), 1kg neem seed on 100kg commercial broiler diet (1NS), 1kg pumpkin seed on 100kg commercial broiler diet (1PS) and 1kg of neem and pumpkin seed combination on 100kg of commercial broiler diet (1NS-PS) stands for Treatment1, Treatment 2, Treatment 3 and Treatment 4 respectively. The average daily dry matter intake during the entire experimental period was 106, 111, 114 and 117 g/ bird for 0NS-PS, 1NS, 1PS and 1NS-PS respectively, and it was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) for 1NS-PS as compared to 0NS-PS, 1NS and 1PS. The serum cholesterol and white blood cell of broilers in the experimental period were significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased but total blood protein was significantly (p&lt; 0.05) increased among treatment. Crude protein content of breast and thigh meat was significantly high for 1NS-PS. It is concluded that neem and pumpkin seed can be a good feed additive for broiler production aside its nutritional importance.&#x0D; Key words: Broiler; Feed additive; Hematology; Neem and Pumpkin seed.

Evaluation of Protein and Antioxidant Content in Apricot Kernels as a Sustainable Additional Source of Nutrition

Apricot fruits are a favorite for consumption; however, their kernels are a rich source of nutritionally interesting substances, too. Nevertheless, in processing of apricots, the kernels remain often unused. In this study, 32 cultivars of different origin were analyzed for their protein content and content of secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids). The weight and taste of kernels were assessed and these data were summarized for an evaluation of the attractiveness of the studied apricot kernels. Results showed that the protein content of kernels ranged from 14.56% to 28.77% and did not depend on the origin or weight of kernel, or taste. In addition, total phenolic (63.5–1277.3 mg GAE/100 g DW) and total flavonoid (0–153.1 mg CE/100 g DW) contents and antioxidant capacity (483.4–2348.4 mg TE/100 g DW) were measured in kernels. In conclusion, the Czech hybrids LE-5959, LE-5500 and French cultivar Koolgat are prospective for kernel processing and consumption because of their high protein content and sweet taste. Hybrid LI-3-6, originating in China, showed high protein content as well but because of bitter taste could be useful rather in medicine.

Effect of dietary graded levels of Imbrasia belina on the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of meat from broiler chickens

The effect of dietary graded inclusion levels of Imbrasia belina worm meal on meat chemical composition and fatty acid profile of broiler chicken meat was evaluated. A total of 360 chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments, with each treatment group replicated 6 times (n = 15/replicate). The inclusion levels of the I. belina worm meal in the treatments were 0% control = T1, T2 = 4%, T3 = 8% and 12%. A three-phase feeding program of starter (0-14d), grower (15-28d), and finisher (29-35d) was employed for the study. The results showed that crude protein content of breast meat was higher (P < 0.05) in dietary treatments than control, whereas crude fat content of thigh meat was higher (P < 0.05) than in breast meat. The fatty acid composition of breast meat myristic and myristoleic acid levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in treatment groups than the control, whereas the levels of linoleic acid, ⅀PUFA, ⅀PUFA/SFA, ⅀PUFA: MUFA, ⅀(n-6) in thigh meat decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in treatment groups than control. The ⅀(n-3) and atherogenic index in the thigh meat increased significantly (P < 0.05) with incremental levels of I. belina meal. In conclusion, I. belina meal improved the protein content of breast meat and reduced levels of some fatty acids.

Potential use of mud clam (Geloina coaxans) in producing sauce with papaya crude extraction as a protein hydrolysing agent

Mud clam (Geloina coaxans) are underutilised food source due to the lack of consumer preference in Sri Lanka. Hence, this study was conducted to produce clam sauce as a value added product using the muscle of mud clams by means of accelerated fermentation method. Specimens were collected from Tambalagam Bay, Sri Lanka. Shell length, height, inflation, total weight with shell and without shell were 6.3 ± 0.4 cm, 5.3 ± 0.3 cm, 3.5 ± 0.3 cm, 83.1 ± 13.4 g and 14.9 ± 1.3 g respectively. The extracted mean meat yield was 14.9 ± 1.3% per mud clam. Moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash (dry weight) content of raw meat were 80.45 ± 0.89%, 64.14 ± 0.96%, 3.55 ± 0.39% and 7.54 ± 0.61% respectively. Final sauce product shows liquid yield, energy value, 0Brix value, pH, % NaCl, total nitrogen, moisture and ash content as 98.3 ± 5.5 ml 100g–1, 2124 ± 133 J g–1, 24.3 ± 0.9%, 5.02 ± 0.04, 14.53 ± 0.27%, 0.27 ± 0.01%, 74.06 ± 0.56% and 19.66 ± 1.99% respectively. The study concluded that the mud clam meat is a possible candidate as a raw material for the production of clam sauce.

Extracted and Characterized Humic Substances as Feed Supplement in Rabbit Feeding: Effects on Performance, Blood Metabolites and Caecal Fermentation Activity

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary humic acid (HA) supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, blood metabolites, and caecal fermentation activity in growing rabbits. Six-week-old New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits (n = 63) with an initial body weight of 726.32 ± 42.85 g, were randomly allocated to three groups of 21 rabbits each. Rabbits were fed on the basal diet with 0 (HA0, control), 5 (HA5) and 10 (HA10) gram/kilogram diet for 70 days in a completely randomised experimental design. A significant heavier (P < 0.001) final body weight and a higher average daily gain, with lower feed intake, and a better feed conversion ratio were in HA5 and HA10 rabbits. The digestibility of HA-supplemented diets was greater than that of HA0. Heaviest carcass weights (P < 0.05) were observed in the HA5 rabbits, followed by the HA10 rabbits vs. HA0. Protein and ash content of meat increased (P < 0.001) in all HA rabbits, while the ether extract decreased (P < 0. 01) in HA5 and HA10 rabbits. The HA-treated rabbits were distinguished by increased (P < 0.001) total protein, albumin, and globulin levels. However, the total cholesterol, triglycerides, and urea levels decreased (P < 0.001), and the blood glucose and creatinine levels remained unaffected with HA supplementation. Addition of HA reduced the pH of caecum and sharply decreased (P < 0.001) NH3-N content but it had no significant effect on the levels of total volatile fatty acids and acetic acid. Levels of propionic and butyric acid increased (P < 0.001) in response to HA supplementation. In conclusion, supplementation of HA of up to 10 g/kg can be used in diets of growing rabbits, with significant effects on the digestion, growth performance, blood cholesterol concentration, and caecal fermentation activity.

Biofuel by-product can replace partially corn in supplement for Angus × Nellore heifers: productive performance and meat characteristics.

The aim of this is study was to test the hypothesis that corn can be partially replaced by crude glycerin (at a level of 50%) without affecting performance, ingestive behavior, ruminal parameters, meat composition, and fatty acids profile on the meat of heifers. Sixty-four intact plus four rumen cannulated Angus × Nellore heifers (359.0 ± 12.15 kg BW) were used. The cannulated animals received the same diets as the intact ones to determine the ruminal N-NH3 concentration, pH, and chewing activity weekly. All heifers were maintained in Brachiaria brizantha pasture and supplemented with a concentrate containing corn, soybean meal, urea, premixed minerals, and glycerin partially replacing corn. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with two treatments (corn ground or glycerin + corn ground). The inclusion of crude glycerin (high fat) decreased nutrients intake and ruminal N-NH3 concentration in the rumen but increased lipid intake. Inclusion of glycerin had no effect (P > 0.05) on ruminal pH, daily gain, performance, time spent eating, rumination, idling, or water intake. The moisture, ash, and protein contents of meat were not affected (P > 0.05) by crude glycerin intake. Crude glycerin increased saturated fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0) and decreased unsaturated fatty acids (C18:2n6c and C20:1) in meat. Despite the reduction in nutrient intake, we recommend crude glycerin to replace corn in concentrate because glycerin did not impair the performance, meat composition, and ruminal pH. Therefore, crude glycerin is a by-product that can partially replace corn in diets efficiently.

Soil and Sweet Corn Quality Responses to Tillage, Residue, and Nitrogen Management in Southern Iran

Conservation tillage can drastically influence the environment by conserving soil due to enhancing soil structure and quality, thereby maintaining stable crop productivity and quality. To evaluate the effects of tillage practices, wheat residue management, and rate of nitrogen fertilization on soil and sweet corn quality, a 2-year (2014–2015) field study was conducted at the School of Agriculture farm, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Treatments consisted of three tillage systems including conventional (CT), reduced (RT), and no tillage (NT) as main plots, four N rates (0, 69, 138, and 207 kg N ha−1) as sub plots, and wheat residue management, removed versus retained, as sub–sub plots. Increasing N rates slightly increased ECe but not to the detrimental levels for crop or soil health. Soil pH was buffered due to the calcareous nature of the experimental soil. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were higher under RT and NT than CT, although the changes were considerably low. Soil bulk density was higher under NT treatment, which resulted in lower marketable yield after 2 years probably due to the limitations in nutrient uptake and N immobilization and applying high rates of N could reduce or eliminate N immobilization and limitations in nutrient uptake, resulted in comparable yield to CT. The higher N rates increased kernel protein content but reduced soluble solids of kernels (brix). Reduced tillage was slightly superior to the other two tillage practices in case of soil and kernel quality and marketable yield, while applying high N rate (207 kg N ha−1) to NT practice could compensate yield reduction during the transition from CT to NT practice.

Substitution of commercial feed with fermented banana peel flour (Musaceaea sp.) and fish meal to crude protein, energy, crude lipid and organic matter of meat in siamese catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus)

This study aims to determine the effect of commercial feed substitution using fermentation of banana peel flour and fish meal on crude protein content, energy, crude fat, and organic matter in siamese catfish. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of five treatments and four replications. The treatments used included P0 (100% commercial feed), P1 (commercial feed 95% + 5% FTKPTI), P2 (commercial feed 90% + 10% FTKPTI), P3 (commercial feed 85% + 15% FTKPTI) and P4 ( commercial feed 80% + 20% FTKPTI). The parameters observed were crude protein content, energy, crude fat, and organic materials in the siamese catfish meat. The data obtained were then analyzed using ANOVA. The results showed that crude protein content in fish receiving fermentation of banana peel flour was significant different than those fish receiving fish meal (p <0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference (p> 0.05) on energy content, there was a significant difference (p <0.05) on crude fat content and there was no significant difference (p> 0.05) on the organic matter content in the siamese catfish meat. Fermented banana peel flour and fish meal can be used as a substitute for commercial feed up to a dose of 20%.

The effect of xanthohumol on carcass and oxidation parameters in the meat of Japanese quail

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-14 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.67-70 In recent years, the addition of different plant extracts has become an inherent practice in poultry production. Not only as they represent a source of energy but also the beneficial content of improving the growth and quality of meat. The aim of our study was determined the effect of xanthohumol on body weight, percentage of valuable parts of muscle, content of meat of Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ), and oxidation processes in meat during cold storage for 7 days at 4 °C. In the comparison of groups of quails with supplementation of xanthohumol in water and in feed, the higher protein content in meat we detected in group with feed supplementation (P &lt; 0.05). Xanthohumol, administered in feed and water, did not affect the weight, percentage of valuable parts of muscle, pH of meat, water content, fat and ash in meat. The fat oxidation, and value of TBARS were lower in quails with feed supplementation in compare to control group (P &lt; 0.05). Keywords: prenylflavonoids, xanthohumol, hops, Japanese quails, carcass value References Ayabe, S., Uchiama, H., Aoki, T., Akashi, T. (2010). Plant Phenolilics: Phenylpropanoides. 1, 929–976. Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering. Elsevier. Babangida, S., Ubosi, C. O. (2005). Effects of varying dietary protein levels in the performance of laying Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) in a semi-arid environment. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production . 33(1/2), 45–52. Barriuso, B., Astiasarán, I., Ansorena, D. (2013). A review of analytical methods measuring lipid oxidation status in foods: A challenging task. European Food Research and Technology . 236, 1–15. doi: 10.1007/s00217-012-1866-9. Choudhary, M., Mahadevan, T. (1986). Influence of age, storage and type of cuts on the composition of quail meat. Indian Poultry Science , 21(3), 252–254. GraphPad Prism version 4.00, GraphPad Software Inc. San Diego CA, 2003. Jiang, C. H., Xiang D. X., Wei, S. S., Li, W. Q. (2018). Anticancer activity and mechanism of xanthohumol: a prenylated flavonoid from hops ( Humulus lupulus L.). Frontiers in Pharmacology , 22 ( 9), 530. 10.3389/fphar.2018.00530 Liu, M., Hansen, P. E., Wang, G., Qiu, L., Dong, J., Yin, H., et al. (2015). Pharmacological profile of xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid from hops ( Humulus lupulus ). Molecules , 20(1), 754–779. 10.3390/molecules20010754 Marcinčák, S., Sokol, J., Turek, P., Popelka, P., Nagy, J. (2006). Stanovenie malóndialdehydu v bravčovom mase s použitím extrakcie tuhej fáze a HPLC. Chemické Listy ,100, 528–532. Nikolic, D., van Breemen, R. B. (2013). Analytical methods for quantitation of prenylated flavonoids from hops. Current Analytical Chemistry , 9(1), 71–85. 10.2174/157341113804486554 Panda, B., Singh, R. P. (1990). Developments in processing quail meat and eggs. World´s Poulry Science Journal, 46(3), 219–234. Ruban, S. W. (2009). Lipid peroxidation in muscle foods-An Overview. Global Veterinaria . 3, 509–513. Simpson, B. K. (2012). Food Biochemistry and Food processing . 2 th ed. Iowa: BlackwellPublishing. Tkáčová, J., Angelovičová, M. (2013). Aetherolum and fatoxidation of chicken meat. Potravinárstvo , 7(1), 76–79. Vaclovský, A., Vejcik, S. (1999). Analýza produkčních znaků japonských křepelek plemene Faraon. Collection of Scientific Papers, Faculty of Agriculture in České Budejovice, Series of Animal Sciences , 16(2), 201–208. Veterinary Laboratory Methodology, VI. Hygiena potravín. Kolektív autorov. SVS ČR, ŠVS SR, Bratislava, 1990, 130s. Zanoli, P., Zavatti, M. (2008). Pharmacognostic and pharmacological profile of Humulus lupulus L . Journal of Etnopharmacology , 116(3), 383–396. 10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.011

Impact of phosphorus and sulphur nutrients as sole and in combination from organic sources and integration of organic and inorganic source on groundnut quality

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of phosphorus and sulphur nutrients as sole and in combination from organic and integration of organic and inorganic sources on groundnut quality. Two studies were conducted to select best phosphorus and sulphur sources by using farmyard manure, poultry manure (PM), vermicompost and sewage sludge. There were six treatments in study one and two, including inorganic source of single super phosphate (SSP) and no phosphorus (control) in trial one and no sulphur (control) in trial two. They were replicated four times in a completely randomized design. Among them the selected best source poultry manure was combined with chemical fertilizer (CF) single super phosphate to supply phosphorus and sulphur by having six treatments (Control, 100%PM, 75%PM + 25%CF, 50%PM + 50%CF, 25%PM + 75% CF, 100% CF) and were replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The oil and protein content of kernels were increased as a result of phosphorus and sulphur. Poultry manure as a sole source of phosphorus and sulphur exhibited the highest oil and protein content. 25% poultry manure with 75% chemical fertilizer as a combination exhibited the highest oil content (45.20%) and 75% poultry manure with 25% chemical fertilizer as a combination resulted in the highest protein content (12.50%) of kernels.

The possibility of improving meat quality by using peas and faba beans in feed for broiler chickens

The price-to-quality ratio of broiler chicken meat is one of the reasons why consumers use these products in their daily diet. The quality of poultry products such as meat is closely associated with the nutritional value and quality of feed fed to broilers. In composing broiler diets, the main focus is turned on crude protein (CP). Because of the trend for the poultry industry to reduce its dependence on soybean meal as a source of protein, the role of pulses in the supply of protein and energy, which could partly replace the soybean meal in poultry diets, increases. Due to considerable progress in plant breeding, the present research study used peas (Pisum sativum) of the var. ‘Bruno’ and var. ‘Pinochio’ as well as faba beans (Vicia faba minora) of the var. ‘Lielplatone’ was developed in Latvia. Higher protein diets induce a higher meat protein content, accordingly, feed proteins are hydrolyzed in the digestive system into amino acids (AA) that, after absorption, are used to form proteins and to build different body tissues. The most important AA was twofold lower in peas and faba beans than in soybean meal. Although the amount of AA in feed is not directly proportional to the content of AA in broiler chicken meat, the amount of AA in poultry feed can significantly affect an important meat quality criterion for consumers – the nutritional value of protein. Therefore, the research aimed to identify changes in AA composition and chemical composition – a qualitative property of poultry meat – as a result of adding pulses (peas and beans) to poultry diets. The research results showed that the diets with an addition of faba beans and peas had a positive effect on the level of essential amino acids (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) in broiler meat, decreased cholesterol concentration in meat, and increased energy value of meat.

Improved prediction of protein content in wheat kernels with a fusion of scatter correction methods in NIR data modelling

The study aims to test the hypothesis that modelling of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic data based on a single scatter correction technique is sub-optimal. Better predictive performance of the multivariate analysis method can be obtained when the information from differently scatter corrected data is jointly used. To demonstrate it, an open-source NIR spectroscopy data set related to protein prediction in wheat kernels was used. Two different pre-processing fusion approaches i.e., sequential and parallel fusion, were used for fusing the complementary information from four different scatter correction techniques, namely standard normal variate (SNV), variable sorting for normalisation (VSN), 2nd derivative, and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC). As a comparison, partial least-squares regression (PLSR) was performed on the SNV pre-processed data. The results showed that fusion of scatter correction can improve the predictive performance of NIR spectroscopic models. The results revealed that both sequential and parallel fusion approaches improved the predictive performance compared to the PLSR performed using a single scatter correction technique. The R2p was improved by up to 3% and the RMSEP was reduced by up to 13% compared to the results obtained with conventional PLSR model developed with a single scatter correction technique.

Effect of Processing Method on Composition and Consumer Acceptability of Camel (Camelus dromedarious) Meat and Beef.

The study was carried out to investigate the chemical composition and sensorycharacteristic of processed camel meat and beef. Fresh meat from hindlimb Longissimus dorsi of camel and bull were processed into kilishi, balangu, and soye. The unprocessed meat was used as control. The meat and meat products were subjected chemical analysis to determine moisture, protein, fat, and mineral contents (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn). The results showed that raw camel meat had significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher moisture content (76.77%) than beef (71.29%). Similarly, camel meat processed into balangu had higher moisture content (73.94%) than that of beef (62.27%). The kilishi of beef and camel meat had the lowest moisture of 9.89% and 10.30%, respectively. Processing method significantly (p&lt;0.05) affected protein contents of raw beef from 18.88% to 20.26% in balangu, 19.69% in kilishi and 24.78% in soye. Protein content of raw camel meat was increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) from 15.16% to 20.57% in balangu, 17.56% in kilishi and 18.10% in soye. The fat content of camel meat (19.33%) differ significantly (p&lt;0.05) from that of beef (15.37%); and the processed meat products showed significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher fat contents than raw meat. The ash contents of both beef (4.20%) and camel meat (4.70%) kilishi were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher compared to other products. Camel meat products contain more minerals than beef except for Cu (5.15 mg/g) and Fe (1.43 mg/g). The colour and flavour of beef and camel meat soye were rated very good significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than kilishi and balangu rated between good and satisfactory. The overall acceptability ratings of beef kilishi (7.1) and balangu (7.4) were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than camel meat kilishi (6.6) and balangu (4.7). However the overall acceptability of soye from both species was rated same and excellent. It could be concluded that beef and camel meat compare favourably in nutrients and consumer acceptability ratings. It was recommended that camel meat be adopted for use in soye, kilishi and balangu making at small scale and commercial production levels.

Ефективність імпроваку за промислового виробництва свинини

The clinical efficacy of the use of immunobiological castration was studied in comparison with boars in which orchidectomy was performed by open method «on a ligature», as well as in non-castrated animals. It was found that the disadvantage of surgical castration is the risk of bleeding, the development of purulent inflammatory process (edges of the surgical wound, scrotal tissues, stump, common vaginal membrane), as well as intra- and postoperative hernias, which are accompanied by prolapse of the omentum, intestines, and bladder. The low incidence of these complications is offset by the high death rate caused by them. A relatively high level of cryptorchidism was established on the farm, among which bilateral was 27.6%. As a result of the use of immunological castration, in comparison with surgical castration, and with non-castrated boars, the average daily gains were increased, the fattening period was reduced and feed costs were reduced against the background of feed conversion increase by 14 – 27%. The use of Improvac® (Pfizer Ltd) led to better assimilation of feed, an increase in the amount of meat on the carcass, in particular, lean meat by 12 – 16%, lumbar depth, the protein content in meat and a decrease of the fat percentage and fat thickness, eliminating specific odor, and reduction in the fattening period, as well as costs for feeding. In particular, compared to non-castrated boars, the weight of chilled half carcasses increased by 1.2 times (P &lt; 0.05). Immunological castration led to atrophy of the testicles: their weight, length and width were smaller compared to non-castrated boars, which again confirms a decrease in the level of boars’ sex hormones. It is important to use Improvac® in breeding boars that have exhausted their potential, eliminating the need to keep them for about three months to reduce their meat and lard smell. Reducing the period of disappearance of the odor of products obtained from boars led to a reduction in the cost of feeding, maintenance, and veterinary care. Production indicators justify the economic feasibility of using immunological castration with Improvac® in order to obtain additional income, given the absence of probable complications associated with the conventional surgical procedure.

Influence of chelates on pigs productivity and quality

Influence of chelates on pigs productivity and quality