Protein Content Of Brown Rice Research Articles

Assessment of N topdressing rate at panicle initiation stage with chlorophyll meter-based diagnosis in rice

This study was conducted to determine N topdressing rate at panicle initiation stage by using chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502)-based N nutritional diagnosis in rice plant for high quality production of the Chucheongbyeo variety. Field experiments were carried for 3 years from 2003 to 2005 in Gyeonggi, Hwaseong. To confirm the method of measuring the leaf color with SPAD-502, leaf position of rice plant and measuring point on the leaf were studied. And the proper period to examine the leaf color and growth characteristics of rice plants was suggested at panicle initiation stage, from the results of the correlation between SPAD value and both content of chlorophyll and nitrogen in rice leaves. The multiply value of plant height, number of tillers per m2 and SPAD value could explain well the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the growth of rice plants, and was used to determine an equation for on-site determination of nitrogen fertilization rate for Chucheongbyeo variety at the panicle initiation stage. Nitrogen fertilization increased number of tillers and rice yields, and affected the increase in protein content in rice grain resulting in loss of quality, such as taste value, and decreased the percentages of both ripened and whole rice grains. Based on the response surface statistical methodology using the SAS program, the relationship equation among protein content of brown rice (PROT), plant growth value (plant height × number of tillers × SPAD value, PGV), and nitrogen fertilization rate at the panicle formation stage (NF) was developed. That is, PROT (%) = 7.379403 − (5.27E-7) a − 0.013291 b + (3.025355E-13) a2 + (3.222997E-8) ab + (6.781E-05) b2, where a means PGV and b is NF (%), and the equation’s coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.967. From this equation, to recommend the optimum N fertilization rate at panicle initiation stage easily to produce high quality rice of Chucheongbyeo variety, which contains the target protein content of brown rice.

Effect of Cultural Management Practices on Grain Quality of Two Rice Cultivars

ABSTRACTTo reduce fuel and labor costs and increase profits, farmers are trying new ways of growing rice (Oryza sativa L.). This includes changing crop rotations, tillage systems, and fertilization levels. There is little information on how these changes affect the cooking quality of rice. We therefore looked at the parameters associated with cooking and processing quality (apparent amylose, gelatinization temperature, lipid and protein contents, and pasting properties) of two U.S. long grains (Cybonnet and Wells) that were grown using two different tillage systems, standard rate and high rates of fertilization, and different crop rotations (continuous rice R‐R, rice after soybeans R‐SB, and rice after corn R‐C). No differences in quality traits were observed among any of the tillage systems. Rice grown in continuous rice rotation had the lowest protein content of brown and milled rice (8.6 and 8.1%, respectively) as compared to the highest levels observed in the rice‐soybean rotation (9.3 and 8.6%, respectively). Rice grown in continuous rice rotation also had higher peak viscosity than other crop rotations. Increasing the fertilization rate increased the protein content of brown rice and decreased peak, trough, and final viscosities. Apparent amylose content, gelatinization temperature, and lipid content were not affected by crop rotation or fertility; however, they were influenced by cultivar. Although the results indicated statistical differences for some quality parameters, the differences were small enough that they are unlikely to have a major impact on processing quality of long grain rice if co‐mingled.

水稲品種「ふさおとめ」と「コシヒカリ」における玄米品質及び粗タンパク質含有率に及ぼす穂肥の影響の差異

水稲品種「ふさおとめ」と「コシヒカリ」における玄米品質及び粗タンパク質含有率に及ぼす穂肥の影響の差異

Characteristics as Fertilizer of Feces of Aigamo Ducks for Rice Plant (Oryza sativa L.)

To clarify the characteristics of aigamo duck feces as fertilizer, we analyzed the inorganic components of aigamo duck feces, and examined the correlation of the amount of ammonium nitrogen in soil with the growth and yield of rice, when aigamo duck feces were applied. One gram of air-dried feces contained 26.6mg of total nitrogen. The amount of total nitrogen excreted in feces increased in the period from late June to early July, and remained at the range of about 0.5 g per day after early July. When aigamo duck feces were applied without basal fertilizer, ammonium nitrogen in the soil increased during the late growth stage of rice, but the yield and protein content of brown rice were not. This suggests that the amount of nitrogen supplied from the feces of aigamo ducks is a minor part of nitrogen taken up by rice. It is probably difficult to obtain a sufficient yield of brown rice in the aigamo duck farming system, without nutritional nitrogen supply.

Effect of Harvest Time on the Protein Composition (Glutelin, Prolamin, Albumin) and Amylose Content in Paddy Rice Cultivated by Aigamo Duck Farming System.

Previously, we suggested that cultivation of paddy rice by Aigamo duck farming system, delayed the harvest time by about 10 days and improved the taste of rice due to the increased grain yield accompanied with the decrease in the number of green-kernel rice and protein content in brown rice. In this study, we examined the content and composition of protein and amylose content in the grain samples used in our previous report. The total protein content in brown and milled rice tended to decrease with the delay of the harvest time, irrespective of the cultivar(Koshihikari or Kinuhikari)by both the standard and Aigamo duck cultivation methods. The protein in the brown rice harvested either at maturity, 10 days earlier or 10 days later, consisted of 66.0-67.7% glutelin, 18.8%-20.8% albumin+globulin and 12.5-14.5% prolamin. The composition of protein varied slightly with the cultivar and the method of cultivation, but scarcely with the harvest time. The same was also the case for the protein in milled rice. Thus, the 10-days later harvest time did not affect the protein composition markedly even in the rice cultivated by Aigamo duck farming system. Amylose content in milled rice tended to decrease with the delay of harvest time in both cultivars and cultivation methods examined. These results suggest that late harvest in Aigamo duck farming system improved the rice taste to the decrease in the number of green-kerneled rice and the contents of protein and amylose.

Somaclonal Variation in Ré gé né rants Derived from Anther Culture of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Somaclonal variation in heading date, protein content in brown rice and regeneration ability was examined in regenerants derived from anther culture of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Regenerants were highly homozygous, and the variances in culm length and 1000 grain weight among panicle-row lines of A2 (the second generation after chromosome duplication of the progeny derived from anther culture) were smaller than those in their parents. Some A2 regenerants headed earlier than their F2 population. In some regenerants derived from anther culture of cv. Asahi, protein content in brown rice was lower, and the heading date was earlier than those in cv. Asahi. By successive anther culture (using regenerant successively) of cv. Shirayukihime (developed by anther culture), regenerants with higher regeneration ability than that of Shirayukihime were obtained. Therefore, anther culture was proven to be quite useful as a mutation breeding method.

Rapid Analytical Method of physicochemical Characteristics By Near Infrared Spectroscopy (Tecator Infratec 1255FF) for Good Quality Rice Production.. I. Rapid Analysis a Moisture, Protein content of Brown Rice and White Rice

Rapid Analytical Method of physicochemical Characteristics By Near Infrared Spectroscopy (Tecator Infratec 1255FF) for Good Quality Rice Production.. I. Rapid Analysis a Moisture, Protein content of Brown Rice and White Rice

Studies of Protein Content in Rice Grain : VI. Effects of the foliar application of urea on the translocation of nitrogen to the ear and the protein content of brown rice

Studies of Protein Content in Rice Grain : VI. Effects of the foliar application of urea on the translocation of nitrogen to the ear and the protein content of brown rice

Studies of Protein Content in Rice Grain : V. Effects of topdressing of ammonium sulfate and foliar application at full heading time on the translocation of nitrogen to ears and the protein content of brown rice

Using the 5 varieties grown on the field with sufficient nitrogen fertilizer as the basal dressing, we investigated the effect of nitrogen topdressing and foliar application of urea at full heading time on the translocation of nitrogen from the leaves and culms to the ears and the protein content of brown rice. 1. The amount of dry matter production increased 40% by topdressing and 36% by foliar application compared with non-topdressing on the average of 5 varieties. Most of the dry matter produced after full heading time was used for the increase of ear weight and a part of it was used for the increase of culm weight. The weight of leaves and leaf sheaths at harvest time was less than that of full heading time due to the translocation of dry matter, but the weight decrease of leaves and leaf sheaths, especially the former, was suppressed by topdressing of nitrogen and foliar application of urea. 2. The recovery rates of nitrogen applied at full heading time were 53∼73% on the topdressing plots and 74∼84% on the foliar application plots. The recovery rates of nitrogen on the foliar application plots were higher than those of the topdressing plots. 3. The distribution ratio of nitrogen to ears was about 50% of the nitrogen recovered on the topdressing plots and about 60% of the nitrogen recovered on the foliar application plots. 4. On the non-topdressing plots, 31∼38% of the nitrogen contained in the ears at harvest time was translocated from the leaf blades and 6∼10% from the leaf sheaths, and the nitrogen amount absorbed from the soil was 34∼49%. The translocation of nitrogen from the culms to the ears was little. On the topdressing plots, 9∼17% of the nitrogen of the ears at harvest time was translocated from the leaf blades and little or nothing from the leaf sheaths or the culms, and the nitrogen absorbed from the soil was 68∼76%. On the foliar application plots, the translocation of nitrogen from the other organs and the soil to the ears showed almost the same tendency as the topdressing plots. 5. The protein content of brown rice increased 23% by nitrogen topdressing and 48% by foliar application of urea at full heading tinle on the average of 5 varieties compared with the non-topdressing plots. The foliar application of urea was more effective than the nitrogen topdressing on the increase of protein of brown rice when the same amount of nitrogen was applied.

The Effects of the Limitting of the Number of the Ripening Grains per Panicle on the Changing of the Grain Weight and the Protein Content in Brown Rice during the Ripening Period

The Effects of the Limitting of the Number of the Ripening Grains per Panicle on the Changing of the Grain Weight and the Protein Content in Brown Rice during the Ripening Period

Studies on Protein Content in Rice Grain : IV. Varietal differences of the effect of nitrogen top-dressting at full heading time on the protein content of rice

lt is known that the protein content of rice is increased by the nitrogen top-dressing at full heading time. The present experiments were carried out to clarify the varietal differences of the effect of nitrogen top-dressing at full heading time on the protein content of rice. Twenty varieties used in the experiments are those being cultivated or having been cultivated in Tohoku and Hokkaido districts. The summary of the results is shown below. 1. The protein content of brown rice of the varieties used in the experiments increased 8∼24 percent compared with that of the control (non top-dressed) plot by nitrogen top-dressing at full heading time. 2. The protein percentage of brown rice showed the positive correlation with the nitrogen percentage of the leaf blade at full heading time on the control plot and with the nitrogen percentage of the leaf blade at 10th day after top-dressing on the treatment plot. The protein percentage of brown rice showed the negative correlation with the nitrogen percentage of the leaf blade at the time of harvesting regardless of top-dressing. These facts seem to suggest that the better the translocation of nitrogen from the leaf blade to the ear, the higher the protein percentage of brown rice. 3. It is assumed that the difference among varieties of the increasing of protein percentage of brown rice by the nitrogen top-dressing at full heading time is rather due to the difference of distribution ratio of nitrogen to the ear than the difference of the amount of nitrogen absorbed.

Studies on Breeding for High Protein Rice. : I. Protein Content of Different Rice Varieties and Their Relations with Some Agronomic Traits Including Yield

Protein content of brown rice of various rice varieties and its relations to agronomic traits were investigated. Statistically significant differences in the protein content of brown rice were observed among cultivars in Japan. The content of protein was approximately 10% higher in brown rice than in polished rice. The protein content was increased by the heavy application of nitrogen. Protein content was nega-tively correlated with the grain yield as well as with the 1000 grain weight, but not correlated with the days to heading and the visual grain quality. A few exceptional cases, however, were observed. For one instance, the two cultivars in the northern part of Japan, “Fukunishiki”and“Fujiminori”, do not differ in their grain yield and heading times, but the former variety contained much more protein than the latter one. For another instance, “Fuku nishiki”and one of the leading varieties in the Japan Sea side area“Honenwase”were both rela-tively high yielding and were top-ranking in the content of protein. An experiment was conducted in order to probe the negative correlation observed between the-protein content and the grain yield.“Kinmaze”is one of high yielding varieties in the central Japan. It contained much less protein than a high protein. mutant N0.217, which bore a small number of grains and was low yielding. The spikelets of“Kinmaze”were clipped to make its sink size equi-valent to that of the mutant strain. Then then the protein content of the high yielding variety was. successfully increased up to the same level as the high protein strain, however, yield was reduced. The reasons for the negative correlation between the above two characters were discussed with reference to the sink and source theory of the carbohydrate and protein accumulation.

Effects of protein content on the distribution and properties of rice protein.

AbstractThe protein of brown rice became more evenly distributed as protein content increased. Kjeldahl protein content of brown rice provided a better indication of milled rice protein content than histological examination of individual grains because protein content varied among grains. The increase in protein content was mainly due to an increase in the number of protein bodies. Screening 10 493 varieties from the world rice collection for lysine content by dye‐binding capacity showed that lysine content of rice protein varied only by at most 0.5 % point at any protein level. A negative correlation between the lysine content of protein and protein content of brown and milled rice was observed only in samples with protein below 10%. As protein content increased water‐soluble nitrogen also increased as a percentage of brown rice.

Protein Content of Rice Grain as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilizer and Some Triazines and Substituted Ureas1

AbstractField experiments were conducted to determine whether varietal differences in protein content exist and to study the use of cultural practices — plant density, time of N application, and application of chemicals —for increasing protein content of rices (Oryza sativa L.).Results demonstrated that a high‐yielding improved line ‘IR480‐5‐9’ has high protein content in the grain. The protein content of brown rice of IR480‐5‐9 varied from 9.5 to 10.2% without application of N. The highest protein of ‘IR480,’ was about 12.5% while that of ‘IR8’ was 9.8%. In another experiment, the protein content of IR480 was 10.2%, while that of ‘IR22’ was 8.6%. Both rices had similar grain yields (7.8 metric tons/ha).In another experiment, the protein content of several rice cultivars was significantly higher when 150 kg/ha N was applied half at planting and half at heading than when all N was applied at planting.Simetryne [2,4‐bis (ethyl amino)‐6‐(methyl thio)‐S‐triazine], at 0.5 kg/ha active ingredient, applied either as granular or liquid formulation at panicle initiation or at heading stage of the rice crop, significantly increased the protein content and protein yield of IR22 compared with the fertilized control. Three chemicals, tenoran [N′‐4 (4‐chlorophenoxy) phenyl‐N,N‐dimethyl urea], CP 17029 [2,4 bis (3 methoxy‐propyl amino)‐6‐(methyl thio)‐Striazine], and benzomarc (N‐benzoyl‐N‐dichloro‐3,4‐phenyl N′‐N′‐dimethyl urea) also increased protein content of rice grain without significantly affecting grain yields and yield components.

Protein Content of Brown Rice by Upland Polyethylene Film Mulching Culture

The protein content of lowland and lowland-upland hybrid brown rice was investigated on the non-glutinous and glutinous types by upland polyethylene film mulching culture. The upland mulching culture gave higher protein content in lowland brown rice as compared with the lowland culture. The average increasing index, i.e., (upland mulching culture/lowland culture) × 100, of the non-glutinous and glutinous types was 120.6 % and 122.6 %. The upland mulching culture also gave higher protein content in lowland and lowland-upland hybrid brown rice as compared with the upland culture on the same manuring condition. The average increasing index, i.e., (upland mulching culture/upland culture) × 100, is as follows : a) lowland brown rice : non-glutinous type 106.0 % and glutinous type 107.6 %. b) lowland-upland hybrid brown rice : non-glutinous type 106.9 % and glutinous type 107.2 %. Regarding the protein content of the lowland brown rice by the upland mulching and upland cultures, it was shown that Hokkaido district variety was higher than Tohoku district variety.

Protein Content of Brown Rice of Dwarf Lowland Variety

The protein content of brown rice of dwarf lowland variety was investigated on 12 samples each grown in 1968 and 1969 (experiment 1). Further, the protein content of brown rice and the nitrogen content of each part of rice plant at heading and full ripe stages were investigated on 14 samples grown in 1969 (experiment 2). There was considerable variation in protein content of the same variety in experiment 1 and 2. The low kernel-weight variety in the samples showed a tendency of high protein content. With respect to the same cultural condition, the protein content was negatively correlated with thousand-kernel-weight on 1968 sample (experiment 1) and 1969 sample (experiment 2). In experiment 2, the protein content of brown rice was positively correlated with the nitrogen content of ear and leaf sheath+culm at heading stage. On the other hand. the thousand-kernel-weight was negatively correlated with the nitrogen content of ear at heading stage.

Analysis of Yield-Determining Process and Its Application to Yield-Prediction and Culture Improvement of Lowland Rice : CIX. Effects of nitrogen top-dressing at full heading stage on lodging resistance, root activity, yield and kernel quality

As stated in previous papers, the nitrogen top-dressing at full heading stage maintained high photosynthetic activity of leaves after heading and contributed to the increase in percentage of ripened grains, in the weight of 1000 grains and in yield. At the same time, it was known that protein content in brown rice fed by nitrogen top-dressing at full heading stage was raised by 20-30 % in comparison with that of control. The authors tried to make it clear that whether nitrogen top-dressing at full heading stage would have another effects besides the effects mentioned above. For instance, the question, does the top-dressing at full heading stage increase the root activity and the lodging resistance. or improve the qualities of rice grains?, was set in this experiment. To achieve this purpose, a different amount of nitrogen was individually applied at full heading stage in the form of ammonium sulphate, and the following results were obtained: 1. By nitrogen top-dressing at full heading stage, the percentage of ripened grains, the yield and the amount of dry matter accumulated after heading were increased as the dose rate of nitrogen was raised in the range of 3-9 g/m2. 2. By the same treatment, an activity of α-NA oxidation and O2 consumption by root was increased, and the rice plants were maintained freshly untill maturity. Consequently, the breaking strength at culm base and the lodging resistance became larger than those of control. 3. As to the quality of rice kernels, the following results were obtained by the same top-dressing ; a) the nitrogen content in brown rice was increased by 11-25 %, b) the number of kernels thicker than 2.0 mm was increased, and c) the percentage of perfect kernel was raised up, and the percentages of white belly (and core) rice and of milky white rice kernels was lowered, respectively, especially, characters described in this item were conspicuous in the plot where nitrogen was restricted during the period from 70 to 90 in leaf number index. 4. Effecfs of nitrogen top-dressing at full heading stage on nitrogen content in brown rice was more amplified in the case of upland conditions after heading and calcium basal dressing.

Effect of Time of Harvest and Nitrogen Level on Yield and Grain Breakage in Transplanted Rice1

AbstractAn application of up to 120 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer in the dry season improved the milling quality of the chalky varieties ‘IR8,’ ‘IR5,’ and ‘Sigadis’ but not that of the nonchalky variety ‘C4‐63.’ An application of up to 60 kg/ha of nitrogen increased the protein content of brown rice of the four varieties but increased the head rice yield of only Sigadis, the most chalky of the four varieties; the head rice yield of the other three varieties remained unchanged.Irrespective of variety and nitrogen level, the optimum time of harvest of transplanted rice for obtaining maximum grain and head rice yields and highest germination percentage was between 28 and 34 days after heading in the dry season, and between 32 and 38 days in the wet season. These heading periods correspond to moisture contents of between 22 and 19% and between 21 and 18%, respectively.Lodging increased grain yield losses in both seasons, with the losses being greater when harvested late; therefore, lodging‐susceptible varieties should be harvested earlier than lodging‐resistant varieties. Nitrogen fertilization in the dry season delayed by 2 to 4 days the optimum time of harvest of the improved varieties IR8, IR5 and C4‐63.

Effect of Fertilization on Protein Content in High Yield Rice

The influence of fertilizer on protein content of brown rice was investigated on the samples in high yield (average yield of brown rice: 694kg/10a) at farmers' field. With respect to amount of fertilized nitrogen, basal dressing and top dressing at Young panicle formation stage did not increased the protein content. However, the amount of top dressing after heading stage, both top dressings at young panicle formation stage and heading stage, and total dressing showed positive correlations with the protein content at the 1% level of probability. On the other hand, phosphorus and potassium did not affected the protein content.