Protein Malnutrition Research Articles

A Pre - Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Community based Education Program on Knowledge Regarding Prevention and Management of Protein Energy Malnutrition among the Mothers of Under Five Children in Selected Rural Areas

A Pre - Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Community based Education Program on Knowledge Regarding Prevention and Management of Protein Energy Malnutrition among the Mothers of Under Five Children in Selected Rural Areas

Comparison of Inclusion of Skimmed Milk and Edible Insects on the Nutritional, Sensory and Microbial Qualities of Enriched High Energy Rice Biscuits

Aims: The growing world population, carbon foot prints of rearing conventional protein sources, issues of protein malnutrition (particularly in developing nations) and the urgent needs of protein-rich food relief materials in crisis situations may necessitate the utilisation of underutilised sustainable, nutritious protein sources. The study was conducted to investigate the possibility of using indigenous food crops and substituting milk powder with edible insects’ powder as a sustainable alternative protein source in high energy rice biscuits.
 Study Design: Biscuits were produced following the standard USAID recipe for HEB and comparisons were made with the insect biscuits and STD.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, between January 2018 and August 2018.
 Methodology: The high energy biscuits was evaluated for proximate composition, total sugars using Anthrone reagent, micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), physical properties such as spread ratio, weight, width etc. Microbial and sensory quality of the biscuits were also determined using standard methods.
 Results: From the findings of the study, rice biscuits with silkworm pupae had outstanding protein (12.76 g/100 g), fat (15.78 g/100 g) and energy (451.38 Kcal/100 g) contents while biscuit with migratory locust powder had slightly higher total ash and CHO. The spread ratios of the biscuits were within acceptable range. In terms of mineral composition, all the insect biscuits were significantly superior to the milk biscuit except for calcium. However, all the rice HEB exceeded the minimum USAID specifications for nutritive elements. The insect biscuits had more than quadruple the recommended pro-vitamin A content (1200. 67 and 2390.05 μg/100 g) and impressive amounts of vitamin C (94.19 and 52.39 mg/100 g). The microbial assessment revealed HEB with remarkable quality signifying wholesome raw materials and hygienic sample preparation. All samples received good sensorial ranking, but HEB with migratory locust was preferred.
 Conclusion: The results demonstrated that edible insects could serve as alternative protein source in the production of a nutritious high energy biscuit with good organoleptic and microbiological qualities.

Optimization of fermentation parameters and their impact on the final properties of the cereal-legume-based fermented product

The enhancement of food diversification through the utilization of underutilized crops is imperative at both national and household levels due to their inherent high nutritional value. Employing fermentation technology stands out as a promising approach for processing these crops at the household scale. Fermented foods exhibit attributes conducive to maintaining a healthy dietary regimen, as they are abundant in nutrients, cost-effective, easy to produce, and serve as potent sources of proteins and other essential dietary components for alleviating protein malnutrition, particularly in children. In the current study, experiments were conducted to standardise the process for formulating idli batter using blends of barnyard millet, black gram, and black soybean, employing fermentation technology. The experimental design followed the Box-Behnken approach, encompassing three levels of predicted variables: particle size (400, 500, and 600 μ), temperature (28, 32, and 36 °C), and fermentation time (8, 10, and 12 h). Various properties of the resultant idli batter influenced by fermentation parameters, including batter volume, pH, titratable acidity, and density, were meticulously examined. The observed batter volume ranged from 1 to 67 mL, pH from 5.7 to 4.58, titratable acidity from 0.36 to 0.67%, and density from 1.09 to 0.63 g/cm3. The optimal particle size of 400 μ, coupled with a fermentation temperature of 34.5 °C and a fermentation time of 12 h, yielded maximal expansion in batter volume, thereby contributing to the preparation of idli of superior quality. Additionally, the fermentation kinetics of the optimized batter were investigated to elucidate the growth patterns of microorganisms involved in the fermentation process.

Impact of Oral Nutritional Supplementation in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis: An Open-label, Single-arm Study among Indian Patients.

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) affects about 50-75% of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly those who are on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of an oral nutritional supplement in Indian patients receiving MHD. This was a 3-month, prospective, open-label, and single-centered study. Eligible participants supplemented their regular diet with one sachet (40 gm) of oral nutritional supplement powder twice daily for 90 days. The study efficacy endpoints were mean change in acute phase proteins (albumin and prealbumin), anthropometric measurements [weight, body mass index (BMI), and triceps skin fold thickness], handgrip strength, hemoglobin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), potassium, and phosphorus levels, malnutrition score (MS)-modified subjective global assessment (modified SGA), malnutrition inflammation score (MIS), and nutritional status. The study population comprised 36 (42.9%) men and 48 (57.1%) women with a mean age of 54.85 ± 15.50 years. A paired sample t-test was used to compare the baseline with end-of-study values for continuous variables. Serum albumin, prealbumin, hemoglobin, and phosphorus levels remained stable throughout the study period. The mean change in weight, BMI, triceps skin fold thickness, handgrip strength, and TIBC for the overall study population was 1.11 kg (1.82%, p < 0.0001), 0.46 kg/m2 (1.98%, p < 0.0001), 3.47 mm (30.78%, p < 0.0001), 6.05 kg (44.98%, p < 0.0001) and 11.80 µg/dL (6.06%, p < 0.0001), respectively. At the end of the study period, there was a significant (p < 0.0001) improvement in the SGA and MIS scores. Further, there was a significant improvement in nutritional status as demonstrated by the overall intake of calories (p < 0.001), proteins (p < 0.0001), carbohydrates (p = 0.003, and fats (p < 0.0001). Protein-energy malnutrition is a strong predictor of morbidity, mortality, and poor outcomes in CKD patients. A scientifically designed formula in accordance with KDOQI standards was able to improve the nutritional status, overall body composition, sarcopenia, and quality of life in CKD patients on MHD.

Nutrition status and incidence of malnutrition in home enteral nutrition patients: A cross sectional study

Home enteral nutrition (HEN) is a long-term, life-sustaining nutrition therapy for patients unable to consume sufficient food orally. Patients rely on a prescribed, manufactured product to provide their full nutrient requirements, although some patients may have supplementary oral intake. Prescribed enteral nutrition is used as a treatment for malnutrition, but may, in the long-term, cause poor nutrition status. This study aimed to investigate the nutrition status (energy, protein, vitamin D, and selenium) and malnutrition incidence in long-term HEN patients in the Counties Manukau region. In this cross-sectional study, 42 adults on HEN for 4+ weeks under the care of Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand were analysed. Participants’ enteral and oral feeding regimes were tracked using patient records and five non-consecutive 24-hour recalls. Biochemical markers, body mass index (BMI), body composition (BIA), and nutrition focussed physical findings were evaluated using reference standards and the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) malnutrition criteria(1). Independent t-tests and Mann-Whitney tests compared participants based on their enteral and supplementary oral intakes and adherence to their enteral prescription. Dependent t-tests and Wilcoxon tests evaluated nutrients contributions from various feeding methods and sources. Over half (54.7%, n = 23) relied exclusively on enteral nutrition, but 60% did not achieve their full energy prescription. Compared to requirements based on the Oxford equation and 1g/kg of body weight, energy and protein intake was low in 20% of all participants, mean intake of these participants was 1,242 ± 183 kcal and 57.5 ± 13.5 g respectively. Participants with full enteral intake had a significantly higher vitamin D intake (14.9 µg, P&lt;0.05) than those with supplementary oral intake (11.2 µg, P&lt;0.05). However, those with oral intake had significantly higher intake of selenium, energy, and all the macronutrients than those with sole enteral intake. Vitamin D and selenium intakes were significantly greater in participants obtaining their full prescription than those that did not. No participants had low vitamin D or selenium blood concentrations, however 40% and 38.1% respectively were high. There was a significant relationship between meeting their energy prescription and high plasma selenium. Low BMI, mid arm muscle circumference, and fat free mass index were observed in 47.5%, 40.5%, and 44.8% of participants respectively. This was not statistically significant between groups. Fat mass and waist circumference were significantly higher in participants on full enteral nutrition. According to the GLIM malnutrition criteria, 62.5% (n = 25) of all participants were malnourished. In conclusion, while HEN patients maintain good vitamin D and selenium status, energy and protein malnutrition are evident. The types of food consumed by those with oral intake may be responsible for the differences in nutritional status. Further attention to prescription adherence and nutritional balance from HEN and oral intake is necessary for this vulnerable group.

Increasing the proportion of plant to animal protein in hospital patient menus: what do stakeholders think?

Replacing dietary animal protein with plant protein has a positive impact on greenhouse gas emissions(1) and preventing death from chronic disease(2). Despite being ideally situated to re-design menus, foodservices in hospitals have not focused on changing protein sources(3). Implementation in hospitals requires cooperation from stakeholders across the foodservice system e.g., managers, dietitians, menu planners, purchasers, cooks. A qualitative descriptive study design using semi-structured interviews explored perspectives of hospital foodservice stakeholders on increasing the proportion of plant to animal protein in hospital patient menus and outlined actions required to do this. Interviews were based on participatory backcasting with a “desirable future” defined as hospital patient menus containing, on average, more plant-based protein foods (PBPF) (i.e., legumes, nuts, plant-based meat alternatives) than animal-based protein foods (ABPF) (i.e., beef, lamb, pork, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy) by the year 2050. Analysis was completed using a general inductive approach. Thirty-five stakeholders participated (foodservice dietitians n = 10; foodservice managers, n = 6; dietetic professional leads n = 4; chef/cooks n = 4; information technology n = 4; manager [contracts] n = 4; manager [other] n = 3). Most (n = 25) supported patient menu changes to increase the proportion of plant to animal protein foods, though all described barriers. Common concerns were that patients wouldn’t eat the meals (n = 32), that menu re-design would have a negative impact on protein intake and malnutrition rates (n = 30), and that cost of PBPF was too high making the change unfeasible (n = 25). Benefits were an improvement in the nutrition profile of the menu and subsequent improvement to health (n = 16), lower cost of legumes compared to meat (n = 10), improvements in greenhouse gas emissions (n = 10) and opportunity to use the menu as an education tool (n = 8). We developed a model describing the required actions which began with a trigger for change followed by a cyclical design process, preparation, implementation and monitoring. The cyclical design process included stakeholder consultation, setting a target, choosing a strategy, developing a menu and recipes, finding product, planning the system and operation, and checking it worked. Participants valued gradual changes and maintaining choice during the change process. When prompted about specific strategies, stakeholders were most supportive of replacing ABPF with PBPFs in familiar recipes or replacing entire menu items (n = 21), adding PBPF options (n = 25), and moving PBPFs before ABPF-based items on the menu (n = 22). Hospital foodservices and policy makers wishing to increase the proportion of plant to animal protein in hospital patient menus can use the process and actions identified to plan pathways and communicate these to stakeholders. Future research should explore strategies for increasing the proportion of plant to animal protein while maintaining some ABPF on hospital menus, and evaluating effects of changes uptake, cost, estimated greenhouse gas emissions, satisfaction, dietary intake and health outcomes.

An evidence-based tuberculosis patient’s nutrition assessment tool and intervention guidelines for DOTS providers: a modified Delphi study

Background: An individual's nutritional state is an indicator of their overall health. Poor nutrition, under nutrition, vitamin deficiency and protein energy malnutrition a form of nutritional problems. In low and middle-income countries, the linkage between infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and under nutrition is critical to public health. Thus, the current study aims to explore the DOTS Providers' concerns and develop evidence-based tuberculosis patient’s nutrition assessment tool and intervention guidelines for DOTS providers, which can be quick and easy to assess. Methods: A modified Delphi process was used to develop the nutrition assessment tool and intervention guidelines through mixed-method approach. Three rounds of the Delphi process were carried out via email, with a letter requesting to participate in the Delphi process. Result: An in-depth interview schedule was conducted to extract themes and subthemes generating an item pool in the initial phase. The main themes identified were Perception of disease, TB cure, Association of under nutrition and TB management, Problems or difficulties encountered, Counsel, Assessment and intervention. Quantitative data analysis was performed manually by calculating the content validity index (CVI). The CVI was found to be &gt;80% for all the items with I-CVI≥0.8 and S-CVI≥0.9. All the items were considered very essential with a score of 1. Conclusions: The assessment tool should be subjected to other levels of evaluation that measures the suitability of the tool and interventional guidelines for the intended field.

Effects of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal on Local Guinea Fowl Breeder Hens Performance, Egg Quality, and Blood Parameters

Breeding local guinea fowl has the potential to address protein malnutrition and alleviate poverty in West African countries. The current study aimed to examine the effects of incorporating Moringa oleifera leaf meal into the diet on hematology and biochemical parameters as well as the productive performance of local guinea fowl breeders in Togo. Thus, 512 local guinea fowls (22 weeks of age with an average weight of 1176.7 ± 2.9 g), comprising 384 females and 128 males, were examined for 31 weeks. The fowls were randomly assigned to four dietary groups, namely M0, M1, M2, and M3 containing 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in diets, respectively. Each group had 4 replicates of 32 fowls. During the study, feed intake, body weight, egg-laying rate, and feed conversion ratio were weekly recorded. Blood samples for hematology and biochemical analysis were taken from 12 females (3/replicate) at 34 and 50 weeks of age. Eggs were collected for the quality evaluation. Results showed that feed intake was comparable across all groups during the rearing period (23 to 33 weeks of age). However, it significantly decreased in fowls of the M2 and M3 during the laying period (34 to 50 weeks of age). The live weight of fowls in M3 was significantly higher than other groups before the laying period. The egg production, yolk ratio, and shell ratio of the birds in the M1 were like that of M0 and higher than that of M2 and M3. The feed conversion ratio was not significantly different between groups during the laying period. However, the albumen ratio and haugh unit were improved by feeding Moringa leaves especially at level 1.5%. The level of white blood cells and lymphocytes decreased by feeding the Moringa leaves at 1%. Neutrophils and platelet levels were comparable across groups. Total proteins, albumin, and transaminases increased in Moringa groups (M1, M2, M3), especially in M3. It was concluded that the use of Moringa oleifera leaves at 0.5% improved egg-laying performance in local guinea fowl. Moreover, 1% and 1.5% of incorporation improved the quality of eggs. Keywords: Blood parameter, Breeder, Guinea fowl, Egg quality, Moringa oleifera

Innovative prophylactic and therapeutic approaches in liver cirrhosis.

Liver cirrhosis is the consequence of chronicisation and of the evolution of untreated liver diseases. The complexity of the disease and the complications it can cause have been and are still intensively researched, aiming to discover new therapies or improve existing ones for the effective management of liver cirrhosis. Currently, the treatment used is directed against the cause that caused the disease, if it is known; in advanced cases, liver transplantation is the only valid therapeutic option. Hepatoprotectors that are currently on the market are numerous, having as common properties the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, stabilizing properties of the hepatocytic membrane; A few examples: the ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa, the extract from the plant called Sophora flavescens, the extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra, silymarin (extracted from Sylibum marianum), the extract of Ganoderma lucidum, etc. Liver cirrhosis is accompanied by generalized hypovitaminosis, so supplementing the diet with hydro- and liposoluble vitamins is mandatory. Protein-caloric malnutrition can be prevented by a hyperprotein diet, especially beneficial being the supplementation with branched-chain amino acids, which are also applicable in the prophylaxis and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Nanoparticles are a state-of-the-art therapeutic option, proving increased bioavailability, for example polydopamine nanoparticles loaded with l-arginine have been tested as therapy in liver cirrhosis. Among the innovative treatment directions in liver cirrhosis are hybrid products (e.g. hybrid polymer nanoparticles loaded with caffeic acid), cell cultures and artificial or bioartificial liver support.

Assessment of House Cricket (Acheta domesticus) Meal for Nigerian Households

Over 100 million people in Africa are affected by protein malnutrition because they cannot afford conventional animal protein. The light yellowish-brown cricket (Acheta domesticus) is one of the cricket species preferred for mass rearing. The study was aimed at assessing the safety of the house cricket meal for human and animals’ consumption in Nigeria. Four house crickets were collected from the wild and reared in the animal house of Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria to produce several generations. Samples of adult and nymph house crickets were obtained from the stock and processed by sun-drying for three days and then analysed for microbial count. Samples of 10 g each were weighed and put in 90 ml of 4% tween 20 in 1 in 10 dilutions. Also, 10 ml was also measured aseptically and transferred to 90 ml of diluent in 1 in 100 bottle. The total aerobic microbial count for adult and nymph house cricket yielded growth with flat opaque colonies of Bacillus sp of 2430 cfu/g and 590cfu/g respectively. The mold count for the adult was 2470 cfu/g and 425 cfu/g for nymph respectively. House crickets sampled were free of diseasecausing microbes such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringes and yeast.

Prenatal influences on postnatal neuroplasticity: Integrating DOHaD and sensitive/critical period frameworks to understand biological embedding in early development.

Early environments can have significant and lasting effects on brain, body, and behavior across the lifecourse. Here, we address current research efforts to understand how experiences impact neurodevelopment with a new perspective integrating two well-known conceptual frameworks - the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) and sensitive/critical period frameworks. Specifically, we consider how prenatal experiences characterized in the DOHaD model impact two key neurobiological mechanisms of sensitive/critical periods for adapting to and learning from the postnatal environment. We draw from both animal and human research to summarize the current state of knowledge on how particular prenatal substance exposures (psychoactive substances and heavy metals) and nutritional profiles (protein-energy malnutrition and iron deficiency) each differentially impact brain circuits' excitation/GABAergic inhibition balance and myelination. Finally, we highlight new research directions that emerge from this integrated framework, including testing how prenatal environments alter sensitive/critical period timing and learning and identifying potential promotional/buffering prenatal exposures to impact postnatal sensitive/critical periods. We hope this integrative framework considering prenatal influences on postnatal neuroplasticity will stimulate new research to understand how early environments have lasting consequences on our brains, behavior, and health.

Quality attributes of pasta produced from cassava starch, egg powder and spiced with ginger flour

Protein malnutrition stands out as the most serious nutrition deficiency problem in infants and young children in developing countries. This study investigated the quality attributes of pasta produced from a blend of cassava starch, egg powder, and ginger flour. D-optimal mixture design approach was used for the formulation of the flour blends, resulting into fourteen experimental runs. Pasta was manufactured from this blend via cold extrusion process and was analyzed for proximate composition, colour, antioxidant, cooking and sensory properties using standard methods. The crude protein and total carbohydrate contents of the pasta ranged from 4.15-8.40% and 81.29-86.28%, respectively. Significant differences (p&lt;0.05) were observed, from a statistical viewpoint, in the colour and antioxidant properties. The cooking properties ranged from 8.45-20.07min, 2.88-20.00%, 1.06-8.47% and 86.50-468.74% for cooking time, cooking loss, expansion ratio and water absorption capacity, respectively. However, pasta produced from cassava starch, egg powder and ginger flour were all preferred by the panelists in terms of aroma, colour, texture and appearance, but pasta from the control sample had the highest overall acceptability. The study showed that pasta from cassava starch, egg powder and ginger flour could be useful to combat malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies in developing countries.

50 Effects of cottonseed supplementation on the rumen microbiota of parasite-challenged meat goats

Abstract Cotton serves as a vital economic driver within the agricultural sector of Mississippi. The seeds of cotton are rich in fat and protein content, making them a cost-effective alternative to soybean meal and other expensive protein sources. Additionally, cottonseed is the primary source of gossypol, a phenolic compound with significant potential for natural parasite control. The rumen microbiota, a diverse community of microorganisms, has a pivotal role in nutrient digestion and detoxification. However, the impact of cottonseed on rumen microbial ecosystems remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cottonseed supplementation on the rumen microbiota of meat goats with and without the challenge of parasites. Forty female weaned Boer × Spanish crossed meat goats were assigned to one of the four treatments (n = 10 per treatment) in a 2 × 2 factorial design consisting of control group (CON), parasite challenge group (P), cottonseed supplementation (0.5% body weight) without parasite challenge group (CS-NP), and CS supplementation with parasite challenge group (CS-P). The parasite challenge was performed with a dose of 4,000 infective third-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus per animal. After 25 d following the first dose, the treatments were applied for 10 wk. The goats were slaughtered at the end of the experiment, and rumen digesta samples were collected for microbiota analysis using high-resolution full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The results revealed that the parasite challenge significantly reduced the number of bacterial species in the rumen (P = 0.032), regardless of cottonseed supplement. Anaeromassilibacillus senegalensis, which has been isolated from kwashiorkor (severe protein malnutrition) patient, Hungateiclostridium aldrichii, and Mogibacterium diversum were enriched in rumen of P group, while Anaerocella delicata and the rumen lipolytic organism Anaerovibrio lipolyticus were reduced compared with the CON group [linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores &amp;gt; 3.6]. Cottonseed supplementation did not affect the number of bacterial species in the rumen of parasite-challenged goats, but it did lead to an increase of Anaerovibrio lipolyticus (P = 0.008) and a reduction of Anaeromassilibacillus senegalensis (P = 0.007). Moreover, cottonseed supplementation tended to increase the number of bacterial species in the rumen of meat goats without parasite challenge (P = 0.08) and increased the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria such as Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans and Intestinimonas butyriciproducens, along with the butanol-producing bacteria Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum (LDA scores &amp;gt; 2). Conversely, cottonseed supplementation inhibited cellulolytic bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes, polysaccharide-degrading bacteria Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus, and several Prevotella species, including P. oris, P. loescheii, P. copri, and P. albensis (LDA score &amp;gt; 2). In conclusion, parasite challenge affects the rumen microbial diversity and certain bacterial species that utilize protein and lipids, and cottonseed supplementation partially restores the altered rumen microbial ecosystem of the parasite-challenged meat goats.

Клинические особенности затяжного течения кишечной инфекции, ассоциированной с Klebsiella pneumoniae, у ребенка грудного возраста

The development of complex criteria for the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and optimization of treatment of infectious diarrhea associated with opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae is a pressing issue of pediatric research and practice. The paper reports a clinical case of protracted intestinal infection associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae in the form of moderate hemorrhagic enterocolitis in an infant, which is explained by the decrease in specific resistance due to unfavorable maternal obstetric and gynecological history, perinatal CNS injury, iron deficiency anemia, protein-energy malnutrition. The disease relapse associated with secondary norovirus infection was reported after the first hospitalization. Three courses of intestinal antiseptics and probiotics were required to achieve a beneficial treatment outcome, although usually in such a situation one course of such drugs is enough. The recovery process was accompanied by the nutritional status improvement, hemorrhagic colitis relief, normalization of gut microbiota.

Different Trends of World &amp; Ethiopian Local Soybean Based Recipes and Their Health Benefits: A Review

Soybean (Glycine max L.) accounts for 25% of global vegetable oil production. It is a high-protein, high-nutritional-value food that is beneficial for chronic disease prevention and treatment, alleviates depressive symptoms, and improves skin health, fiber, high in calcium and magnesium, essential amino acids, anthocyanin, saponins, lipids, and oligosaccharides. According to epidemiological studies, consumption of soybean based foods provides the advantages of lowering the prevalence of heart disease, reducing the chance of an ischemic stroke, and lowering cholesterol, which reduces the likelihood of atherosclerosis. It is effective against a wide range of malignancies, including breast, prostate, colorectal, ovarian, and endometrial cancers. Soybean recipe have antioxidant properties and helps to ease menopausal symptoms in women as well as lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. Isoflavones, a phytochemical present in soybeans, have numerous health benefits. Soybean recipes (dishes) are created in varied ways and composite ratios in different countries. Soy milk, bread, enjera, tofu and kukis are a few examples in Ethiopia. In all types of the recipes prepared, their nutritional compositions are outstanding and delicious in their tastes. The large population of Ethiopian Orthodoxy Christianity followers are not allowed during seasons of fasting, to consume proteins derived from animals. Hence soybean foods are good alternatives during those fasting days for the problem of protein malnutrition and vitamin A absorption. Ethiopian traditional unique foods like enjera, bread, wot, kitta, biscuit, kukis etc. can be prepared from soybean mixed flour. Owing to its superior nutritional value as a well-balanced diet and several health advantages, we advise making greater use of soybean-based recipes, oils, and products.

Nutritional Compositions and Sensory Evaluation of Fermented Maize and Millet Fortified with Crayfish and Soybeans for the Production of Infant Food

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Despite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt; the reported improvement in the nutrient status of fermented cereal-based diets in Sub-Saharan Africa, the nutrient needs of infants are still not being met. Hence, this study evaluated the nutritional compositions of fermented protein-fortified cereals. The proteins used in fortifying maize and millet were crayfish (30%), soybeans (30%) and a combination of both protein sources in a ratio of 70:15:15 for cereals, crayfish and soybeans, respectively. Fermentation of protein-fortified cereals was carried out using submerged fermentation for 5 days. Results revealed that fortifying maize and millet with crayfish and soybeans increased the protein content (11.1 to 19.1%). The fortification led to a reduction in crude fiber and carbohydrate contents of raw maize and millet. Fermentation also significantly reduced the carbohydrate content, with the lowest carbohydrate value observed on the last day of fermentation. Fortification with crayfish and fermentation increased all the minerals (potassium, magnesium and calcium) of raw maize and millet, but no significant effect at p &amp;lt; 0.05 on the iron content. All the samples that were fortified had better sensory acceptability than those that were not fortified. This study revealed that fermentation and fortification of maize and millet meal (cereal) with soybeans and crayfish can alleviate protein energy malnutrition (PEM) problems.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The clinical significance of hypoalbuminaemia

Albumin is a relatively small molecule with a radius of 7.5nm and a molecular weight of 65kDa. It is the most abundant protein in plasma, accounting for 60-75% of its oncotic pressure. Its concentration in plasma is merely one static measurement reflecting a dynamic and complex system of albumin physiology, and is the net result of several different processes, one or more of which may become deranged by disease or its treatment. It is also unsurprising that hypoalbuminaemia has proved to be an indicator of morbidity and mortality risk since the underlying conditions which cause it, including protein energy malnutrition, crystalloid overload, inflammation, and liver dysfunction are themselves risk factors. In some cases, its underlying cause may require treatment but mostly it is just a parameter to be monitored and used as one measure of clinical progress or deterioration. While malnutrition, associated with a low protein intake, may be a contributory cause of hypoalbuminaemia, in the absence of inflammation and/or dilution with crystalloid its development in response to malnutrition alone is slow compared with the rapid change caused by inflammatory redistribution or dilution with crystalloids. Other significant causes include liver dysfunction and serous losses. These causal factors may occur singly or in combination in any particular case. Treatment is that of the underlying causes and associated conditions such as a low plasma volume, not of hypoalbuminaemia per se.

Cross-country health inequalities of four common nutritional deficiencies among children, 1990 to 2019: data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BackgroundNutritional deficiencies remain serious medical and public health issues worldwide, especially in children. This study aims to analyze cross-country inequality in four common nutritional deficiencies (protein-energy malnutrition, dietary iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency and iodine deficiency) among children from 1990 to 2019 based on Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 data.MethodsPrevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) data as measures of four nutritional deficiency burdens in people aged 0 to 14 years were extracted from the GBD Results Tool. We analyzed temporal trends in prevalence by calculating the average annual percent change (AAPC) and quantified cross-country inequalities in disease burden using the slope index.ResultsGlobally, the age-standardized prevalence rates of dietary iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency and iodine deficiency decreased, with AAPCs of -0.14 (-0.15 to -0.12), -2.77 (-2.96 to -2.58), and -2.17 (-2.3 to -2.03) from 1999 to 2019, respectively. Significant reductions in socio-demographic index (SDI)-related inequality occurred in protein-energy malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency, while the health inequality for dietary iron deficiency and iodine deficiency remained basically unchanged. The age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates of the four nutritional deficiencies decreased as the SDI and healthcare access and quality index increased.ConclusionsThe global burden of nutritional deficiency has decreased since 1990, but cross-country health inequalities still exist. More efficient public health measures are needed to reduce disease burdens, particularly in low-SDI countries/territories.

Development of Millet Dip Stick (Samai, Thinai, Kambu) and Analyse the Sensory Acceptability

Nutrient loss occurs in the body when there is Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM).For children in underdeveloped countries, it is the leading cause of death. Protein-calorie malnutrition, or PEM, is another term for it. It manifests in children whose dietary intake of energy and protein is inadequate to meet their needs. Millets are considered a healthy food for developing kids and an excellent weaning food for babies. It’s high in protein. Hence, it supports children’s muscular development and growth. It has little simple sugars, a lot of fiber, and few carbohydrates. As a result, it has a lower glycemic index than wheat or rice and results in lower blood sugar levels. A biscuit is a flour-based and shaped food product. The biscuits are great for quelling children’s sudden hunger sensations and can even be eaten by adults. Concerned about their child’s protein consumption, many parents search for nutritional supplements. To fulfil the nutritional requirements, millet biscuits are ideal. Iron is abundant in moringa leaves. Millet biscuits are the best option to provide the necessary nutritional intake. Moringa leaves are rich in iron. For this project, we created a dip using powdered moringa leaves and biscuits made with little, foxtail, and pearl millet. It is a healthy treat that is perfect for children.

Functional Foods for Better Health

Food is very important for human beings in health and disease. To larger extent, human beings struggle to obtain food in day today life . Apart from this food struggle and shortage, the human face nutritional deficiency diseases. The nutritional diseases are protein energy malnutrition, endemic goitre, nutritional anemia, nutritional blindness and other related diseases affects individual life. Functional food plays a vital role in providing essential nutrients to the human and their well-being. The simple meaning of functional food is that food which provide health benefits that is basic nutrients. The basic nutrients include micronutrients and macro nutrients such as vitamins minerals, fat and protein. The concept of functional foods was first developed and introduced in Japan in the mid 1980’s. Since then there is no clear meaning and definition for functional foods. It includes the primary categories of foods like conventional, modified food ingredients. Normally foods are considered as functional when it contains a bio active component and non – nutrients. Bioactive components are nutrients like vitamins, minerals, protein etc., and non- nutrients are phyto chemicals like poly phenols, prebiotic dietary, fibers etc. which affects the individual physiological functions in the body. This improves the well-being and health reduces disease risk and improves the disease outcomes. Thus, functional foods include nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, and medical foods. The consumption of functional food helps to achieve specific health benefits. This functional food leads to follow a healthy dietary pattern. This healthy dietary pattern is important for maintaining optimal health and reduce chronic disease risk. So, an attempt is made to study the functionals foods for better health in India.