Protein Banding Patterns Research Articles

Molecular characterization of some algae by protein banding pattern and ISSR markers collected from the Gulf of Aqaba, Saudi Arabia

Molecular characterization of some algae by protein banding pattern and ISSR markers collected from the Gulf of Aqaba, Saudi Arabia

Protein-Based Genetic Diversity Assessment of Tilapia guineensis and Sarotherodon melanotheron Populations from South-West Nigerian Coastal Waters

The present study was carried out to investigate the genetic differences in the Protein banding pattern of Tilapia guineensis and Sarotherodon melanotheron populations in Southwest Nigeria using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Four populations of Tilapia guineensis and three populations of Sarotherodon melanotheron from Ondo and Lagos states were considered for the study. The sarcoplasmic protein of the studied Cichlid species resolved on 12% SDS-PAGE revealed variations in their genetic diversity indices (number of alleles, shanon information index, heterozygosity and percentage polymorphism). T. guineensis had more proteins and higher genetic diversity as was revealed by the genetic diversity parameters and was found to be more polymorphic with a percentage polymorphism of 78.57% than S. melanotheron (57.14%). The two species had similarity coefficient of 0.82 indicating high genetic similarity between them. UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) dendrogram also revealed some level of genetic similarity between the studied populations and among the two species. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) confirmed the low genetic variation among the populations of the cichlid species and demonstrated that genetic variation was mostly within populations in both species. It is established from the study that Tilapia guineensis had higher genetic diversity than Sarotherodon melanotheron and the two species are closely related. Further study involving molecular markers is encouraged to complement this finding.

English

Some rhizospheric fungi of Solanum lycopersicum were isolated from Cairo governorate and identified in Taxonomy Department, Ain-Shams University, Cairo City, Egypt. These isolated fungi were cultivated on soil extract medium enriched with 2% (w/v) glucose and 5% (w/v) yeast extract. The cytological effects of the metabolites of these fungi on the seeds of S. lycopersicum were examined after three different intervals (6, 12 and 24 h). These cytological effects include three parameters; chromosomal aberrations, nucleic acids content, protein banding patterns. Moreover, ochratoxin A was determined in the fungal filtrate of the most effective isolate using HPLC technique. Key words: Rhizospere, fungi, Solanum lycopersicum, mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, nucleic acids, protein patterns.

Changes in the polypeptide/ protein banding pattern of guava (Psidium guavajava L.) fruits during ripening on-tree and in-storage

Changes in the polypeptide pattern of guava (Psidium guavajava L.) cvs. viz. Hisar Safeda and Hisar Surkha were examined during ripening on-tree as well as in-storage, at different stages of ripening. Observation of protein banding profile of guava fruits revealed that the profiles differed among cultivars as well as seasons. Both the hybrids revealed reproducible bands ranging from Rf values of 0.48 to 0.98 in rainy season and 0.36 to 0.93 in winter season. Polymorphism was exhibited clearly in fruits of rainy season crop than winter season crop. Also the profiles were affected differentially during ripening on-tree and in-storage. Differences were also observed with respect to maturity stages. There were few bands which were present only at green mature and half ripe stages but absent at full ripe stage while some bands were absent at green mature and half ripe stages but present at full ripe stage. In the present investigations, two unique bands were also observed. One band (Rf value 0.28) was present only in Hisar Surkha at full ripe stage whereas another band (Rf value 0.66) was present in Hisar Safeda at green mature stage only.

Growth performance, anti-oxidative status, innate immunity, and ammonia stress resistance of Siganus rivulatus fed diet supplemented with zinc and zinc nanoparticles

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of different Zn sources on growth performance, anti-oxidative status, immune response, and ammonia stress resistance of marbled spinefoot rabbitfish, S. rivulatus. The fish were fed four experimental diets in triplicate per treatment−1 for eight weeks. The first diet was control (without Zn supplementation), the other three treatments included supplementation with 30 mg kg−1 zinc oxide (ZnO), Zn-Methionine (Zn-Met), and ZnO-nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). The results revealed a significant improvement in growth performance and protein utilization with Zn-Met and ZnO-NPs supplemented treatments compared to the control and ZnO groups. There was a significant decrease in malondialdehyde content, and a significant increase in catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in all Zn supplemented groups. The lysozyme and phenoloxidase activities improved significantly with both ZnO-NPs and Zn-Met. Also, the electrophoretic investigation coupled with cluster analysis showed different distribution patterns of protein bands among treatments and the highest similarity was seen with ZnO and ZnO-NPs. The tolerance of S. rivulatus against an ammonia challenge was increased with Zn-Met and ZnO-NPs supplementation. In conclusion, supplementation with Zn-Met and ZnO-NPs is better than ZnO for improving growth performance, the anti-oxidative status and innate immune response of rabbitfish, S. rivulatus.

Arginine and salinity stress affect morphology and metabolism of Indian borage (Plectranthus amboinicus lour.)

Essential oil of Indian borage has different activities such as anti-bacterial and anti-malarial. Salinity stress has harmful effects on the productivity of aromatic plants. This study aimed decrease the harmful effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) on Indian borage plants by adapting them to salinity stress through the use of arginine. Plants were exposed to NaCl (0, 2 and 4 g/L) and/or arginine (0, 150 and 300 mg/L). Morphological characters (leaf area, total fresh and dry herbs as well as total fresh and dry roots), essential oil composition, photosynthetic pigments, proline, soluble sugars, crude protein, nutrients (NPK), antioxidant enzymes activities and protein banding patterns of Indian borage plants were evaluated. Obtained results were statistically analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance. Salinity treatments decreased morphological characters, photosynthetic pigments, crude protein and nutrient contents. Salinity promoted the accumulation of essential oil and its major constituents (carvacrol, thymol, γ-terpinene and limonene), proline, soluble sugars and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Plants treated with salinity x arginine resulted in higher values of all growth characters and chemical composition than those treated with salinity only. On the other hand, salinity x arginine produced various changes in the number of bands. It may be concluded that application of arginine resulted in positive increases in growth, yield and chemical constituents of Indian borage under NaCl stress. So this study indicated that arginine resulted in a reduction of the hazards effect of salt stress.

Genotoxic and Anatomical Deteriorations Associated with Potentially Toxic Elements Accumulation in Water Hyacinth Grown in Drainage Water Resources

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs)-induced genotoxicity on aquatic plants is still an open question. Herein, a single clone from a population of water hyacinth covering a large distribution area of Nile River (freshwater) was transplanted in two drainage water resources to explore the hazardous effect of PTEs on molecular, biochemical and anatomical characters of plants compared to those grown in freshwater. Inductivity Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis indicated that PTEs concentrations in water resources were relatively low in most cases. However, the high tendency of water hyacinth to bio-accumulate and bio-magnify PTEs maximized their concentrations in plant samples (roots in particular). A Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay showed the genotoxic effects of PTEs on plants grown in drainage water. PTEs accumulation caused substantial alterations in DNA profiles including the presence or absence of certain bands and even the appearance of new bands. Plants grown in drainage water exhibited several mutations on the electrophoretic profiles and banding pattern of total protein, especially proteins isolated from roots. Several anatomical deteriorations were observed on PTEs-stressed plants including reductions in the thickness of epidermis, cortex and endodermis as well as vascular cylinder diameter. The research findings of this investigation may provide some new insights regarding molecular, biochemical and anatomical responses of water hyacinth grown in drainage water resources.

Comparison of protein profiles of the pellicle, gingival crevicular fluid, and saliva: possible origin of pellicle proteins

BackgroundThe pellicle, the acellular organic material deposited on the surface of tooth enamel, has been thought to be derived from saliva. In this study, protein compositions of the pellicle, gingival crevicular fluid, and saliva collected from healthy adults were compared to elucidate the origin of pellicle proteins.ResultsThe pellicle, gingival crevicular fluid, and saliva from the parotid gland or mixed gland were collected; subsequently, protein expression in samples from the respective individual was compared by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. Following SDS-PAGE, proteins in the major bands were identified by mass spectrometry. The band pattern of pellicle proteins appeared different from those of gingival crevicular fluid, or saliva samples. Using mass spectrometry, 13 proteins in these samples were identified. The relative abundance of the proteins was quantitatively analyzed using mass spectrometry coupled with stable isotope labeling and by western blot. Cystatin S and α-amylase detected in pellicle were enriched in saliva samples, but not in gingival crevicular fluid, by western blot, and their abundance ratios were high in saliva and low in gingival crevicular fluid when analyzed by stable isotope labeling. Serotransferrin, however, was found only in the pellicle and gingival crevicular fluid by western blot and its abundance ratio was low in saliva.ConclusionsOur study revealed that the gingival crevicular fluid appears to contribute to pellicle formation in addition to saliva.

The influence of He-Ne laser on agro-morphological criteria, ISSR marker and SDS-PAGE of Moringa oleifera

BackgroundMoringa oleifera L. (moringa) is a promising plant for nutritionally and medicinally uses. The influence of laser radiation on moringa seeds (dry and wetted) was investigated, using helium–neon (He–Ne) laser source at ʎ = 632.8 nm wavelength and 5 cm beam diameter for 25, 45, and 90 min. Agro-morphological criteria, SDS-PAGE protein banding patterns, and ISSR markers were investigated to elucidate the influence of He–Ne laser on moringa.ResultsMost agro-morphological criteria increased especially with wetted seed group pre-laser treatments (25 min). SDS-PAGE and ISSR profiles showed changes which include the absence of some bands and the appearance of few novel bands. ISSR markers showed a change in band number in all investigated samples with a total number of 172 bands. The polymorphic bands were 91 bands with 19 unique bands. The average mean percentage of polymorphism was recorded 52.91% at samples treated with a laser at different times. Wetted seed treatment for 25 min recorded 40 bands as new bands. Genetic template stability (GTS) values were recorded in all treatments. The lowest GTS % was recorded 76.74 at 25 min (wetted seeds) while highest GTS % was recorded 83.72 at 25 min (dry seeds). According to the data of GTS, produced by laser treatment for 25 and 45 min for wetted and dry seeds, respectively, it is more effective on genome stability than other treatments.ConclusionHe–Ne laser treatments of wetted seeds achieve biostimulation in many aspects of agro-morphological criteria. ISSR analysis is a highly sensitive method for the detection of DNA alteration induced by laser treatments. The exposure of dry and wetted seeds to He–Ne laser at different times affected the genomic template stability percentage (GTS %). Also, the laser treatments have a great effect on gene expression by switching on or off some genes that may lead to the presence or absence of certain proteins, respectively.

Tracking the changes in protein profile during mating in male accessory glands of Helicoverpa armigera (H)

The changes in protein profile of male accessory glands (MAGs) of Helicoverpa armigera during mating were tracked by interrupting mating every 5 min interval until the mating terminated. Polyacrylamide gel based protein banding patterns of these samples revealed changes in the protein profile of the MAGs at different durations of mating. The disappearance of a protein band ≍24 kDa on 12% glycine gel after 30 min of mating was very prominent which presumed to be transferred to female at the time of mating and involved in post mating behavioral changes in female.

Effect of high-power sonication pretreatment on extraction and some physicochemical properties of proteins from chickpea, kidney bean, and soybean

Impact of high-power sonication (HPS) as pretreatment in extraction and some physicochemical properties of proteins from soybean flakes, flour of soybean, chickpea, and kidney bean was evaluated. Soybean flakes and flours from soybean, chickpea, and kidney bean were dispersed in distilled water (1.10 w/v) and sonicated at two power densities (PD) of 2.5 and 4.5 W/cm3 for 5 min continuously. Proteins were extracted at pH range 8–8.5. PD 2.5 and 4.5 W/cm3 significantly increased protein extraction yields from soy flakes to 29.03% and 25.87%, respectively, compared to 15.28% for unsonicated controls, but did not increase for flours. Freeze-dried spent substrates at higher PD sonication aggregated in size. Free sulfhydryl content for both sonicated and unsonicated soy flakes and flour were similar but increased in chickpea and kidney bean when HPS of 4.5 W/cm3 was applied, indicating the unfolding of protein structure. The protein band patterns for sonicated and unsonicated legumes proteins were found to be similar, indicating no peptide profile alterations by HPS. However, circular dichroism analysis showed changes in secondary structure composition in extracted kidney bean protein causing unfolding and destabilizing the native structure. The secondary structure composition for soy flakes and flour protein and chickpea protein remained unchanged.

Protein and DNA Polymorphisms among Three Colored Seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Cultivars during Seven Subsequent Stages of their Development

THIS STUDY aimed to evaluate genetic variations among germplasms of three colored seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars (creamish yellow “strike”, deep brown “contender” and reddish spotty pinto “wounder”) during seven subsequent stages of seed development ranging from dormant seed to pollen grains. The evaluation based on the analysis of the data obtained from electrophoretic banding patterns of protein and DNA separated from each of the three studied cultivars, by using two different bioassays; sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). These analyses revealed major distinctive genetic variations among the three cultivars qualitatively and quantitatively. Besides, there were also variations in the percentages of polymorphisms in the produced protein and DNA bands due to the differences among their size, number, intensity, types, and gain or loss others. The highest number of polypeptide bands and amplified DNA products was scored at the contender cultivar, while the lowest number was scored at the strike cultivar during all stages of seed development. Meanwhile, the highest total number of polypeptide bands (64) and amplified DNA bands (108) were scored at the seedling and vegetative stages, respectively. This study concluded that data generated by the used bioassays were nearly equivalent, but not identical. Thus, it is better to be combined for reliable estimates of genetic variations among the three studied cultivars during their development to earn valuable genetic resources exploited for breeding new cultivars.

Characterization of some Cotton Genotypes Highly Resistant to Fusarium Wilt Disease by Electrophoresis of Peroxidase Isozymes and Seed Proteins.

Cluster analysis was used to evaluate the genetic diversity among 12 cotton genotypes highly resistant to Fusarium wilt disease. Cluster analysis was carried out based on electrophoretic banding patterns of peroxidase isozymes and seed proteins. Cluster analysis of peroxidase isozymes divided the genotypes into three distinct remotely related groups. Peroxidase isozymes were reliable to differentiate among genotypes included in the different groups; however, the isozymes were of limited reliability to differentiate among genotypes within groups. The genotypes were separated into a larg number of remotely related subclusters based on cluster analysis of their protein banding patterns. Therefore, it was easy to differentiate among the genotypes of the different subclusters. The present study demonstrated that cotton genotypes could be identified by their electrophoretic banding patterns of peroxidase isozymes and seed proteins. These results could be of practical value for cultivar identification and for seed purity tests.

Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis using endo- and exo-proteases on secondary structure, functional, and antioxidant properties of chickpea protein hydrolysates

Chickpea protein isolate was hydrolyzed batchwise using Alcalase as an endopeptidase and Flavourzyme as an exopeptidase, by either individual or sequential treatment. Secondary structure, SDS-PAGE molecular weight profile, functional properties, and antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates were investigated. Alcalase was more effective than Flavourzyme to cleave the peptide bonds, and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of Alcalase-treated hydrolysate was 25.8% compared to Flavourzyme-treated counterpart with a DH of 11.9%. Sequential treatment increased the DH up to 50%. The hydrolysis process significantly changed the protein’s secondary structure characterized by decreased ordered structures and increased disordered structures. The more notable changes occurred for those that were treated sequentially. Protein banding patterns of the hydrolysates were also markedly changed, especially for those treated by Alcalase in which no visible band was observed. Furthermore, hydrolysates had a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the solubility, emulsifying capacity, and DPPH· scavenging capacity. The changes in DH and protein secondary structure significantly correlated with functional properties and DPPH· scavenging capacity. DH presented a significant inverse association with emulsifying stability (r = − 0.940), but a positive correlation with DPPH· scavenging activity (r = 0.951). β-sheet was found to be negatively correlated with both solubility (r = − 0.979) and DPPH· scavenging activity (r = − 0.979). However, an opposite trend was observed for β-turn which positively correlated with both solubility (r = 0.881) and DPPH· scavenging activity (r = − 0.909). The results reveal that hydrolysis enhanced the functional properties and antioxidant activity of chickpea protein which may be beneficial for potential functional food ingredient applications.

Effect of Infested Carnation Flowers by Haplothrips cottei and Tetranychus urticae on the Vase Life Period under Glasshouse Conditions

This study was carried out to study effect of infested Carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by Carnation thrips, Haplothrips cottei (Vuillet) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) andTetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on the vase life period of Carnation flowers under glasshouse conditions at two locations (governorates), International Garden (Cairo Governorate) and El-Orman Garden, (Giza Governorate) during successive seasons 2018. This is because the vase life period is very important parameter in cut flowers. And there are many factors affected on the vase life period. Therefore this study divided into two parts, first part studied effect of infested Carnation flowers by H. cottei andT. urticae on the vase life period of Carnation flowers after picking. Second part studied effect of infested Carnation flowers by the same pests on the internal components of these flowers which correlated with vase life period such as total sugar and total protein. Results obtained showed that the infestation by H. cottei reduced the vase life period of carnation flowers after picking more the infestation byT. urticae compared to control (which non infested by the same pests). Also results showed that the infestation by H. cottei reduced total suger and total protein at the infested Carnation flowers more than the infestation byT. urticae compared to control. Lastly, results obtained showed that the infestation by H. cottei andT. urticae changed the number and arrange of the protein banding patterns (amino acids) of infested Carnation flowers petals compared to control.

In vitro Analysis of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae and Comparative Study of Protein Profiling under Biotic Stress

Bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by X. axonopodis pv. Punicae (XAP) assumed epidemic form and resulted in economic burden on farmers. In the current study the pathogen infected samples were collected and the isolated XAP was identity and confirmed through the morphological, biochemical characterization and Pathogenicity test. Bacterium was reisolated from infected plant to prove Koch’s postulates. Efficacy of different chemicals and oils were tested by disc diffusion assay and turbidometrically. Bronopol 3000 ppm (25.6±1.6 mm) and Clove oil (18.0±0.7 mm) formed highest zone of inhibition Turbidometri showed the highest O.D. (0.908 nm) by Copper oxy chloride and Neem oil showed maximum inhibition of growth with O.D. (0.842 nm). Biotic stress (pathogen) induced protein response was studies by using SDS-PAGE method after protein extraction from XAP, healthy P. granatum L. and infected P. granatum L. The protein band pattern showed the unique band no. 2 (Mol.Wt.66000 Da) in infected P. granatum L. as compared to the banding pattern of XAP and healthy P. granatum L. The over expressed protein due to biotic stress could be useful as a marker for detection of the disease at the early stage and for control of the diseases after knowing the biochemical significance of the protein.

Health Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Workers in The Libyan Plastic Factories, Part A: Based on Biochemical Analysis

This study aimed to disclose the reasons for the health damage and heritable genetic mutations among workers in plastic manufactories due to negative environmental impacts. Moreover, this study may constitute an initial database expressing the negative impact on the environment in the plastics factories that may have a negative impact on workers. To study the effects of long-term exposure to plastic and its solvent vapors during plastic manifesting on the blood protein contents, blood samples were withdrawn from volunteers working in a plastics factory in Kasr Alakhyar City, North-west Libya. Six different samples were collected from Clarkes exposed to plastic vapor for different periods as follows, control (did not expose to plastic vapor), one-year exposure, three years exposure, six years exposure, seven years exposure, and twelve years exposure. Blood samples were collected and subjected to protein electrophoresis and isoenzymes analysis for esterase and peroxidase. The results of protein electrophoresis indicated that a total number of 14 protein bands were resolved on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ranging from 16.5 KDa to 105 KDa. Five bands out of the resulted from 14 bands were considered common bands with molecular weights of 105, 98, 85, 63, and 16.5 KDa. (i.e. these bands were presented in all the six blood samples under investigation). The results also showed that too many changes were recorded in the protein banding patterns between the control volunteer and those who were exposed to plastic and its solvents vapor for different exposure periods. These changes in proteins suggested that a modification in gene excretion occurred as a response to the different exposure times to plastic during manifesting. Also, in esterase and peroxidase isozymes changes in the banding patterns between the control volunteer and those who were exposed to plastic and its solvents vapor for different exposure periods. These changes in proteins suggested that a modification in gene excretion occurred in the genes conferring these isozymes as a response to the different exposure periods to plastic during manifesting.

Studies on polymorphism of enzyme systems in populations of Apis florea F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from Chandigarh and foothills of Himachal Pradesh, North West India

Biochemical characterization and enzyme polymorphism are useful tools in establishing intraspecific diversity in insect populations. The populations of Apis florea F. adult workers were selected from six varied topographic and climatic places of north western India including Chandigarh plain and foothills of Himachal Pradesh. These honey bees were analysed for proteome profile by SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Further four enzyme systems namely malate dehydrogenase (MDH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), esterase (EST) and hexokinase (HK) were analysed for enzyme polymorphism and isozymic variability in all the populations by running native PAGE and staining with specific substrate stains on the gels. Sixteen protein bands were reported in each population of A. florea using SDS PAGE and no difference was found in banding pattern of proteins of the populations studied. Enzymes stained on native PAGE from whole body homogenates revealed single isozymic form of ADH, two isozymic forms each of EST and MDH and three isozymic forms of HK in all the populations of A. florea collected from different study regions. There was significant difference in specific activity of enzymes from different regions but no polymorphism was found for the enzymes studied. Small changes in Rf values were found in the isozymes of the enzymes. The results suggest that none of these enzyme systems could be used as marker to differentiate the species at intraspecific level as the enzyme MDH, ADH, EST and HK did not exhibit polymorphism in A. florea from studied regions. In conclusion a single species of A. florea persisted throughout the area studied. However the slight changes in mobilities of individual bands and also changes in specific activity of enzymes reflect the adaptation ability of the bee according to climate variations.

Characterization and identification of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] genotypes based on quality of seed protein

Tris- and water-soluble seed protein profiling was used to characterize, identify and differentiate 13 genotypes of pigeonpea via SDS–PAGE based electrophoresis of seed protein. Electropherograms, RM-value and UPGMA based cluster (dendrograms) analysis was used to analyze tris- and water-soluble protein banding patterns of these genotypes. It revealed that RM-value of protein bands have differed from all the genotypes for both soluble proteins. Tris-soluble protein banding pattern exhibited 17 bands including 12-15 variate of RM-value (0.083 to 0.98) and two common bands with RM-value 0.083 and 0.78. However, water-soluble protein banding pattern revealed the presence of 16 bands including 8-12 variate of RM-value (0.16 to 0.95) with four common bands of RM-value 0.43, 048, 0.23 and 0.65, respectively. UPGMA cluster analysis was used to group the 13 genotypes into six distinct clusters. The banding pattern of tris-soluble protein was found to be more distinct than water-soluble protein. The result demonstrated that the electrophoretic profile of tris-soluble protein through SDS-PAGE was more effective than the water-soluble protein.

Induction of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Hemolymph of Spodoptera littoralis Larvae Following Treatment with Salmonella typhimurium

This study investigated the efficiency of intrahaemocoelic injection of sublethal concentration (LC20 = 5.7×103 cells/ml) of Salmonella typhimurium in the induction of immune response in 5th larval instar of Spodoptera littoralis. The role of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) induced in the larval hemolymph was examined as natural antibiotics against different Gram-negative (G-ve) or Gram-positive (G+ve) bacteria. Where the larval plasma injected with Salmonella showed a significant antimicrobial activity against different strains of pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis). The biochemical characterization of the immune hemolymph indicated drastic changes in both the total protein content and the protein banding patterns following bacterial injection. The total hemolymph proteins (THPs)decreased significantly 48 h post-Salmonella-injection. The hemolymph proteins profile was also qualitatively changed through the induction of new proteins and the disappearance of others simultaneously, which may be attributed to their participation in the immune reactions. The appearance of six new synthesized protein bands that were found to be specific for Salmonella injection, with a characteristic band of MW ~22 KDa predicting that this protein band may be Attacin-like AMP.