Protein Adsorption Research Articles

Adsorption and Morphology Analysis of Bovine Serum Albumin on a Micropillar-Enhanced Quartz Crystal Microbalance.

The adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA), a widely used blood plasma protein, onto poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) surface is a fundamental phenomenon attracting increasing interests in molecular biology, cell culture, immunology, diagnostics, and vaccinology. The nanostructured PMMA surfaces have shown a considerable effect on the BSA adsorption process. However, the effect of microstructures (e.g., micropillars) on BSA adsorption has seldom been studied. This research reports on the development of an acoustic resonance based method to explore the adsorption of BSA proteins on PMMA micropillars in terms of surface coverage, apparent binding constants, and pH-induced morphology variation. A theoretical model is developed to understand the frequency changes of QCM induced by BSA adsorption by taking into consideration the effects of the hydrodynamic force and an equivalent BSA/liquid layer formed on the micropillar surface. In addition, it was found that the resonance of micropillars with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) substrate significantly influenced BSA adsorption on micropillar surfaces.

Chelation-Induced Zwitterion-like Antifouling Behavior on Anionic Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Surfaces.

Antifouling properties are crucial for enhancing the longevity and functionality of biomedical implants, drug delivery systems, and biosensors. Zwitterionic polymers are renowned for their exceptional surface hydration and charge neutrality, which effectively resist biomolecular adsorption and protein attachment. We propose an innovative approach to develop zwitterion-like antifouling surfaces by chelating divalent cations with anionic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films, specifically PEDOT-PO4 and PEDOT-COOH. The chelation behavior of these films was systematically evaluated using Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ ions. Divalent ions, particularly Ca2+ and Mg2+, exhibit a strong affinity for the anionic groups, leading to significant antifouling properties. These modified surfaces effectively repelled both negatively charged bovine serum albumin (BSA) and positively charged lysozyme (LYZ) proteins across various pH environments. This study offers valuable insights into the antifouling characteristics of charged surfaces, enhancing our understanding of how ion-mediated surface modifications influence protein adsorption and interactions.

Small scale model for predicting transportation-induced particle formation in biotherapeutics

Understanding protein adsorption and aggregation at the air-liquid interfaces of protein solutions is an important open challenge in biopharmaceutical, medical, and biotechnological applications, among others. Proteins, being amphiphilic, adsorb at the surface, partially unfold, and form a viscoelastic film through non-covalent interactions. Mechanical agitation of the surface can break this film up, releasing insoluble protein particles into the solution. These aggregates are usually highly undesirable and even toxic in cases, such as for biopharmaceutical application. Therefore, it is imperative to be able to predict the behavior of such solutions undergoing surface agitation during handling, usually transport or mixing. We apply the findings on the viscoelastic protein film, formed at the air-liquid interface, to the prediction of surface mediated aggregation in selected protein solutions of direct biopharmaceutical relevance. Our broad study of Brewster angle microscopy and aggregation monitoring across multiple size ranges by micro-flow imaging, light scattering, and size exclusion chromatography shows that formation of protein particles is driven by the adsorption rate as compared to the rate of surface turnover and that surface film dynamics in the quiescent phase directly affect aggregation. We demonstrate how these learnings can be directly applied to the design of a novel small scale biopharmaceutical stability study, simulating relevant transport conditions. More generally, we show the impact of adsorption dynamics at the air-liquid interface on the stability of a distinct protein solution, as a general contribution to understanding different colloidal and biological interfacial systems.

Dual responsive drug-loaded nanomotor based on zwitterionic materials for the treatment of peritoneal metastatic cancer

Innovative treatments for peritoneal metastatic cancer have attracted widespread attention from researchers. Here, we propose a drug-loaded nanomotor (PSBMA/l-Arg/DOX, PLD) based on zwitterionic materials for the treatment of peritoneal metastatic cancer through intraperitoneal injection. Zwitterionic polymer nanocarriers (PSBMA NPs) are obtained by radical polymerization with zwitterionic SBMA as the polymerization monomer and N,N’-Bis(acryloyl)cystamine (BAC) as the cross-linking agent. The zwitterionic substrate of this nanomotor has the ability to resist non-specific protein adsorption in ascites. The loaded l-arginine enables the nanomotor to have the ability to chemotaxis towards high concentrations of ROS/iNOS in tumors and be catalyzed to produce NO, achieving deep penetration into tumor tissue. Furthermore, the disulfide bond (SS) carried by the crosslinking agent used in the preparation of the nanomotor can respond to the high expression of reducing glutathione in the tumor microenvironment and undergo degradation, releasing a large amount of loaded drug DOX. Cell and animal disease model experiments confirme the good therapeutic effect of this drug-loaded nanomotor, providing new therapeutic concepts and strategies for the treatment of peritoneal metastatic cancer.

Evaluation of the immune response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured on Ti6Al4V-ELI polished or etched surfaces.

While titanium and its alloys exhibit excellent biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, their polished surfaces can hinder fast and effective osseointegration and other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, due to their inert and hydrophobic properties. Despite being commonly used for orthopedic implants, research focuses on developing surface treatments to improve osseointegration, promoting cell adhesion and proliferation, as well as increasing protein adsorption capacity. This study explores a chemical treatment intended for titanium-based implants that enhances tissue integration without compromising the mechanical properties of the Ti6Al4V substrate. However, recognizing that inflammation contributes to nearly half of early implant failures, we assessed the impact of this treatment on T-cell viability, cytokine production, and phenotype. Ti6Al4V with extra low interstitial (ELI) content discs were treated with hydrofluoric acid followed by a controlled oxidation step in hydrogen peroxide that creates a complex surface topography with micro- and nano-texture and modifies the chemistry of the surface oxide layer. The acid etched surface contains an abundance of hydroxyl groups, crucial for promoting bone growth and apatite precipitation, while also enabling further functionalization with biomolecules. While cell viability remained high in both groups, untreated discs triggered an increase in Th2 cells and a decrease of the Th17 subset. Furthermore, peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to untreated discs displayed a rise in various pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to the control and treated groups. Conversely, the treated discs showed a similar profile to the control, both in terms of immune cell subset frequencies and cytokine secretion. The dysregulation of the cytokine profile upon contact with untreated Ti6Al4V-ELI discs, namely upregulation of IL-2 could be responsible for the decrease in Th17 frequency, and thus might contribute to implant-associated bacterial infection. Interestingly, the chemical treatment restores the immune response to levels comparable to the control condition, suggesting the treatment's potential to mitigate inflammation by enhancing biocompatibility.

Analysis of cow and goat milk by spr: adulteration detection and differences in protein adsorption

The article discusses using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) to detect adulteration of goat milk with cow milk. The SPR technique is based on changes in the refractive index and can be used to monitor the adsorption of proteins on the sensor surface. The SPR technique can differentiate between pure cow milk and pure goat milk by measuring the initial refractive index, which is higher for cow milk. The article then describes the changes in the refractive index that occur when goat milk is adulterated with cow milk and how adding a bovine casein film on the sensor surface can make it more selective for cow milk. The differences in the chemical compositions and molecular structures of cow and goat milk and how these differences affect the adsorption of proteins and fatty acids on the sensor surface. Finally, other proteins, such as α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin, are used as indicators of adulteration.

Long in vivo circulating nanomicelles formed by sharp-contrast Janus star polymers derived from β-cyclodextrin grafted with lipids and polyzwitterions

Amphiphilic block polymers have the ability to self-assemble and form nanomicelles, which have been extensively studied as nanocarriers for improving the bioavailability and biodistribution of chemotherapeutic drugs while reducing systemic toxicity. However, polymer micelles often face issues with poor stability in the bloodstream, leading to a short circulation time and leakage of the payload. Here, this work reports a rational design of a sharp-contrast Janus star polymer (SJSP) consisting of multiple arms of superhydrophobic lipid moieties and superhydrophilic polyzwitterion chains attached to a β-cyclodextrin core. The SJSP polymer forms nanomicelles possessing a stable core and a controllable and dense stealth shell that effectively protects them in the bloodstream, preventing payload leakage and blood protein adsorption. It is demonstrated that the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance can be optimized to achieve strong micellar assembly by adjusting the number of lipid and polyzwitterion arms. The SJSP micelle system shows significantly longer blood circulation time in vivo compared to linear counterparts and other available amphiphilic block copolymer micelle systems. Therefore, the SJSP micelle design offers a promising strategy for developing nanocarriers with potential for translational applications in vivo.

Fabrication of highly carboxylated nanofibrous aerogels under mild conditions and their protein adsorption performance

The development of high-performance media for protein adsorption in bio-purification is highly desired, particularly in biological pharmaceuticals. In this study, we demonstrate a simple, versatile and mild strategy to construct a nanofibrous aerogel (NFA)-based adsorption media for protein purification. Pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) was selected to in-situ graft onto poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (PE-co-PVA) nanofibers in aerogels through liquid phase grafting. The obtained PE-co-PVA/PMDA NFAs (PPNAs) possessed superb underwater elasticity, compression fatigue resistance and shape-memory performance. With an open porous network, abundant adsorption ligands, and surface hydrophilicity, the PPNAs exhibited a significant adsorption capacity of 1019.71 mg/g and a short equilibrium time of 3.0 h, surpassing that of commercial and reported nanofiber-based adsorbents. Additionally, the PPNAs demonstrated good dynamic adsorption performance for protein driven solely by gravity. Furthermore, the PPNAs showed reusability, selectivity, acid and alkaline resistance, and practical potential of extracting lysozyme form egg white solution. The successful scale-up of such aerogel-based adsorbents can open up new way for the development and design of next-generation protein adsorption media for bio-purification applications.

Elucidating the Mechanism of Large-Diameter Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes in Protecting Osteoblasts Under Oxidative Stress Environment: The Role of Fibronectin and Albumin Adsorption.

Large-diameter titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) have shown promise in preserving osteoblast function under oxidative stress (OS) in vitro. However, their ability to enhance osteogenesis in vivo under OS conditions and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the osteogenic potential of 110 nm TNTs (TNT110) compared to 30 nm TNTs (TNT30) in an aging rat model exhibiting OS, and to investigate the mechanisms involved. Surface properties of TNTs were characterized, and in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to assess their osteoinductive effects under OS. Transcriptomic, proteomic analyses, and Western blotting were performed to investigate the protective mechanisms of TNT110 on osteoblasts. Protein adsorption studies focused on the roles of fibronectin (FN) and albumin (BSA) in modulating osteoblast behavior on TNT110. In both in vitro and in vivo experiments, TNT110 significantly improved new bone formation and supported osteoblast survival under OS conditions. Subsequent ribonucleic acid sequencing results indicated that TNT110 tended to attenuate inflammatory responses and reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression while promoting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and extracellular matrix receptor interactions, all of which are crucial for osteoblast survival and functionality. Further confirmation indicated that the cellular behavior changes of osteoblasts in the TNT110 group could only occur in the presence of serum. Moreover, proteomic analysis under OS conditions revealed the pivotal roles of FN and BSA in augmenting TNT110's resistance to OS. Surface pretreatment of TNT110 with FN/BSA alone could beneficially influence the early adhesion, spreading, ER activity, and ROS expression of osteoblasts, a trend not observed with TNT30. TNT110 effectively protects osteoblast function in the OS microenvironment by modulating protein adsorption, with FN and BSA synergistically enhancing osteogenesis. These findings suggest TNT110's potential for use in implants for elderly patients.

Antimicrobial and antifouling hyaluronic acid-cobalt nanogel coatings built sonochemically on contact lenses

The wearing of contact lenses (CLs) may cause bacterial infections, leading in turn to more serious complications and ultimately vision impairment. In this scenario, the first step is the adhesion of tear proteins, which provide anchoring points for bacterial colonization. A possible solution is the functionalization with an antimicrobial coating, though the latter may also lead to sight obstruction and user discomfort. In this study, adipic acid dihydrazide-modified hyaluronic acid-cobalt (II) (HA-ADH-Co) nanogels (NGs) were synthesized and deposited onto commercial CLs in a single-step sonochemical process. The coating hindered up to 60 % the protein adsorption and endowed the CLs with strong antibacterial activity against major ocular pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, reducing their concentration by around 3 logs. Cytotoxicity assessment with human corneal cells demonstrated viabilities above 95 %. The nanocomposite coating did not affect the optical power and the light transmission of the CLs and provided enhanced wettability, important for the wearer comfort.

Microplastics interactions and transformations during in vitro digestion with milk

Despite increasing awareness of microplastic contamination in food, the specific interactions and transformations of microplastics during digestion remain poorly understood. The study investigates the behavior of microplastics during in vitro digestion processes and their interaction with components of milk. The in vitro digestion studies are conducted to study the changes in microplastics in simulated digestive fluids, with and without milk. The study revealed that microplastics undergo significant changes in size, surface morphology, and chemical properties when subjected to digestion with and without milk. Notably, microplastics digested with milk exhibited a 15–25 % increase in aggregation due to protein corona formation, enhancing their potential for interactions within biological systems. FTIR analysis revealed the formation of OH and CO groups in digested microplastics, indicating hydrolysis and structural changes. The stronger peaks in the 1630–1650 cm−1 range suggest significant adsorption of milk proteins, highlighting the complex interactions during digestion. Additionally, the chemicals and additives leached from microplastics into digesta raising the concerns about their potential health effects. The study emphasizes the necessity for additional research and regulatory measures to address the risks associated with microplastic contamination in food.

Cellular uptake of CPX-351 by scavenger receptor class B type 1-mediated nonendocytic pathway

The proper uptake of drugs in liposome formulations into target cells markedly impacts therapeutic efficacy. The protein corona (PC), formed by the adsorption of serum proteins onto the liposome surface, binds to specific surface receptors of target cells, influencing the uptake pathway. We investigated the uptake pathway into leukemia cells based on PC analysis of CPX-351, a liposome containing cytarabine and daunorubicin in a fixed 5:1 synergistic molar ratio. The PC of CPX-351 mixed with fetal bovine serum was analyzed by nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CPX-351 uptake in HL-60, K562, and THP-1 leukemia cell lines, was measured by flow cytometry using daunorubicin fluorescence. The major components of CPX-351 PC were apolipoproteins A-I and A-II, which bind to scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI), a nonendocytic pathway that takes up only liposome contents. SR-BI was expressed in each cell, and its expression correlated with CPX-351 uptake. The uptake was significantly decreased by the inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. Additionally, blocks lipid transport-1 (BLT-1), a selective inhibitor of SR-BI, decreased the uptake; however, high-dose BLT-1 addition significantly increased the uptake, which was more strongly inhibited by macropinocytosis suppression compared with clathrin-mediated endocytosis. BLT-1 enhances the binding of SR-BI to liposomes in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate that the enhancement of binding between SR-BI and CPX-351 activates different pathways, such as macropinocytosis, distinct from CPX-351 alone. SR-BI may be a biomarker for CPX-351 therapy, and the combination of CPX-351 with high-dose BLT-1 may augment therapeutic efficacy.

Synergistic coating of Laponite swollen-layer and heparin composite for enhanced antifouling and antithrombotic performance

When implantable medical devices come into contact with blood, acute thrombosis and inflammation often occur due to the adhesion and denaturation of plasma proteins, ultimately degrading device performance. To address this issue, we developed a gel-like coating with superhydrophilic properties, incorporating a heparin based outer layer designed to minimize foreign body reactions and enhance hemocompatibility. The coating was engineered using a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of poly-l-lysine (PLL), laponite (Lap), and heparin (Hep), utilizing electrostatic interactions. The successful formation of stable layers was confirmed by QCM-D analysis. The inner layer, composed of PLL/Lap multilayers, formed a gel-like structure that maintained superhydrophilicity and effectively prevented cell adhesion. The outermost PLL/Hep multilayers significantly suppressed thrombus formation by inhibiting plasma protein and red blood cell adsorption as well as platelet activation. The coating exhibited excellent stability, retaining its superhydrophilic properties and heparin functionality even after 7 days of immersion in DPBS. Additionally, in vitro hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility tests confirmed its non-toxicity and overall biocompatibility. These results highlight the potential application of this coating to various implantable medical devices, providing a robust solution for improving device performance and safety.

The nanocellulose fiber scaffold to construct a hierarchical phenolic coating on cotton fiber surfaces for inactivating pathogens through an enhanced protein adsorption mechanism

Emerging pathogens present a significant societal threat, and biological protection textiles are expected to play a pivotal role in controlling their spread. However, incorporating highly effective pathogen transmission-blocking abilities into textiles while ensuring their large-scale production remains challenging. This work has successfully developed a hierarchically structured coating for cotton fibers, which exhibits enhanced antiviral and antibacterial functionalities compared to existing phenolic coating methods. The multilevel coating consisted of a cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) scaffold on cotton fibers, along with a phenolic layer constructed of 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)valeric acid (DPA) on the CNF surfaces. The bioactive textile exhibited remarkable antiviral and antibacterial capabilities with exceptional durability, while demonstrating strong protein affinity for pathogen destruction. Especially, the CNFs with diameters below 10 nm show significant size effect in capturing phi6. This is primarily due to their complementary shape matching the spike proteins, resulting in an increased number of binding sites and improved inactivation effectiveness. Moreover, the modification process was demonstrated to be scalable in a pad-dry-cure line commonly employed by textile finishing factories, and the resultant coating ensured reliable safety for human skin without sacrificing wearing comfort. This approach opens up new possibilities for developing protective textiles that effectively block pathogen transmission.

Inflammation-responsive PCL/gelatin microfiber scaffold with sustained nitric oxide generation and heparin release for blood-contacting implants

Delayed endothelialization, the excessive proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and persistent inflammation are the main reasons for the implantation failure of blood-contacting materials. To overcome this problem, an inflammation-responsive, core-shell structured microfiber scaffold is developed using polycaprolactone (PCL), selenocystamine-modified gelatin (Gel-Se), L-ascorbyl 6-palmitate (AP), and dexamethasone as the fiber shell, with poly (l-lysine) (PLL) and heparin incorporated in the fiber core. Superhydrophilic microfiber scaffolds exhibit antifouling properties that inhibit protein adsorption and blood cell adhesion, thereby effectively mitigating the risk of acute thrombosis. The continuous release of heparin and sustained generation of nitric oxide (NO) through the catalytic decomposition of S-nitrosothiols by selenocystamine lead to a biomimetic endothelial function for the enhancement of blood compatibility. The inflammation-responsive compound AP can detoxify excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) while controlling the release of dexamethasone to reduce chronic inflammation. We demonstrate the ability of microfiber scaffolds to reduce thrombotic and inflammatory complications, inhibit SMC proliferation, and promote rapid endothelialization both in vitro and ex vivo. Hence, microfiber scaffolds are robust and promising for blood-contacting implants with enhanced antithrombogenicity and anti-inflammatory capabilities.

Bioactive modification of cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) film surfaces by hyaluronic acid and chitosan for enhanced cell adhesion

Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) has recently emerged as an attractive material in biomedical fields for its high purity, excellent stability and chemical resistance, particularly in applications of microfluidic chips, prefilled syringes and bone regeneration. However, the high hydrophobicity of COC has inhibited the adhesion of cells and biological macromolecules, such as proteins, etc., significantly limiting its broader applications. In this study, we propose a new method to modify COC surfaces by sequential coating with polydopamine (PDA) followed by hyaluronic acid (HA) or O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), while comparing the impacts of the positively charged HA and negatively charged CMC on protein adsorption and cell adhesion. FTIR and XPS measurements confirmed the successful modification on COC films, resulting in surfaces with highly increased hydrophilicity, anti-oxidative properties, and improved protein adsorption. Moreover, negatively charged HA, with signal transduction capabilities showed a greater effect in promoting cell adhesion. Thus, we present a straightforward strategy for enhancing the hydrophilicity of COC surfaces, offering new insights into COC modification and potential biomedical applications.

Viscoelastic Properties of Electrospray‐Deposited Polymer Shells via Quartz Crystal Microbalance With Dissipation (QCM‐D)

AbstractMultilayer polymer films are extensively used in multiphase separation. Electrospray deposition (ESD) is an important technique for fabricating such films with tunable morphology. Viscoelastic properties of polystyrene (PS) nanoshell coatings produced by ESD on gold and spin‐coated PS surfaces are evaluated using Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM‐D). The thickness of PS films on gold increases with flow rate from ∼200 nm at 0.5 to ∼400 nm at 1.5 mL h−1, accompanied by an order‐of‐magnitude increase in dissipation due to larger particle sizes from shorter droplet flight times. This effect is absent on spin–coated PS films, suggesting the onset of the self‐limiting effect of charges. Although the shear moduli for ESD films calculated from Voigt models is only 0.08%–0.20% of the bulk PS modulus, the stiffness ratio of spray‐coated PS to a single shell is (5.00–13.3) × 103 m−1, due to shell–shell and shell–substrate interactions. These are novel results related to the interparticle friction obtained using QCM‐D for the first time. This work demonstrates that mechanical properties of particulate viscoelastic films with potential applications in high surface area sensors, such as size‐selective membranes for protein or electrolyte adsorption, can be evalauted by QCM‐D with nanograms of material.

A Stealthiness Evaluation of Main Chain Carboxybetaine Polymer Modified into Liposome.

Background: Acrylamide polymers with zwitterionic carboxybetaine (CB) side groups have attracted attention as stealth polymers that do not induce antibodies when conjugated to proteins. However, they induce antibodies when modified onto liposomes. We hypothesized that antibodies are produced against polymer backbones rather than CB side groups. Objectives: In this study, we designed and synthesized a polymer employing CB in its main chain, poly(N-acetic acid-N-methyl-propyleneimine) (PAMPI), and evaluated the blood retention of PAMPI-modified liposomes in mice. Results: The non-fouling nature of PAMPI-modified liposomes estimated from serum protein adsorption was found to be not inferior to PCB- and PEG-modified liposomes. However, to our surprise, the PAMPI-modified liposomes showed an instantaneous clearance less than 1 h post-injection, comparable to the naked liposomes. Conclusions: The extent of the blood retention of polymer-modified liposomes cannot be predicted by their susceptibility to serum protein adsorption and semi-flexible conformation.

Lyso-phosphatidylcholine as an interfacial stabilizer for parenteral monoclonal antibody formulations

Therapeutic proteins suffer from physical and chemical instability in aqueous solution. Polysorbates and poloxamers are often added for protection against interfacial stress to prevent protein aggregation and particle formation. Previous studies have revealed that the hydrolysis and oxidation of polysorbates in parenteral formulations can lead to the formation of free fatty acid particles, insufficient long-term stabilization, and protein oxidation. Poloxamers, on the other hand, are considered to be less effective against protein aggregation. Here we investigated two lyso-phosphatidylcholines (LPCs) as potential alternative surfactants for protein formulations, focusing on their physicochemical behavior and their ability to protect against the formation of monoclonal antibody particles during mechanical stress.The hemolytic activity of LPC was tested in varying ratios of plasma and buffer mixtures. LPC effectively stabilized mAb formulations when shaken at concentrations several orders of magnitude below the onset of hemolysis, indicating that the potential for erythrocyte damage by LPC is non-critical. LPC formulations subjected to mechanical stress through peristaltic pumping exhibited comparable protein particle formation to those containing polysorbate 80 or poloxamer 188. Profile analysis tensiometry and dilatational rheology indicated that the stabilizing effect likely arises from the formation of a viscoelastic film at approximately the CMC. Data gathered from concentration-gradient multi-angle light scattering and isothermal titration calorimetry support this finding. Surfactant desorption was evaluated through sub-phase exchange experiments. While LPCs readily desorbed from the interface, resorption occurred rapidly enough in the bulk solution to prevent protein adsorption. Overall, LPCs behave similarly to polysorbate with respect to interfacial stabilization and show promise as a potential substitute for polysorbate in parenteral protein formulations.

Chirality and Curvature on Protein Adsorption and Osteogenesis

AbstractHere we designed enantiomeric lipid‐mimetic glutamic acid derivatives (L/D‐UG) and investigated their self‐assembled chiral nanostructures’ interaction with the protein adsorption as well as the osteogenesis. It was found that L or D‐UG molecules can self‐assemble into vesicle bilayers and two‐dimensional (2D) nanocrystals via a kinetic and thermodynamic control, respectively. These chiral vesicles and 2D crystals showed differentiated adsorption of proteins, determined by their curvature and chirality. Specifically, fibronectin constituted by L‐amino acids adsorbed preferentially on L‐UG 2D crystal in a semi‐random pattern and L‐2D nanocrystal show as the most effective structures to promote bone regeneration. The controlled vesicle and 2D crystal assemblies with different chirality and curvature helps to clarify their determine roles in protein adsorption and osteogenesis.