Protected Space Research Articles

Community and City Government Participation in Coastal Coastal Area Conservation: a study in Pariaman City.

Irregularities in spatial use that are not in accordance with regional planning resulting in reduced protected and buffer zone space in Pariaman City. The research objective was to analyze the causes of the deviation in spatial use from the point of view of the sustainability of the coastal area in Pariaman City. The research method is a combination of qualitative research methods with quantitative research methods using a spatial approach using geographic information systems (GIS). The results show that the harmonization analysis between Law 26 of 2007 article 5 and Law 1 of 2014 article 9 and RTRW are appropriate: Coastal areas are used as protected and buffer areas, but the use of existing land is not in accordance with the harmonization analysis of the two laws and regulations. By the existence of a built-up area in an area that should be a buffer zone. The participation of the community and city government in the management of the coastal area causes this deviation: Lack of knowledge of residents about the zoning of customary rights over are two contributing factors. The city government which prioritizes the economic development of coastal areas with tourism development threatens the ecology and coastal resources Keyword: Environmental Management, Conservation, Coasta areas, Community participation, Zoning

Ion-Complex Microcrystal Formulation Provides Sustained Delivery of a Multimodal Kinase Inhibitor from the Subconjunctival Space for Protection of Retinal Ganglion Cells.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the major risk factors for glaucoma onset and progression, and available pharmaceutical interventions are exclusively targeted at IOP lowering. However, degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) may continue to progress despite extensive lowering of IOP. A complementary strategy to IOP reduction is the use of neuroprotective agents that interrupt the process of cell death by mechanisms independent of IOP. Here, we describe an ion complexation approach for formulating microcrystals containing ~50% loading of a protein kinase inhibitor, sunitinib, to enhance survival of RGCs with subconjunctival injection. A single subconjunctival injection of sunitinib-pamoate complex (SPC) microcrystals provided 20 weeks of sustained retina drug levels, leading to neuroprotection in a rat model of optic nerve injury. Furthermore, subconjunctival injection of SPC microcrystals also led to therapeutic effects in a rat model of corneal neovascularization. Importantly, therapeutically relevant retina drug concentrations were achieved with subconjunctival injection of SPC microcrystals in pigs. For a chronic disease such as glaucoma, a formulation that provides sustained therapeutic effects to complement IOP lowering therapies could provide improved disease management and promote patient quality of life.

Linking Urban Tree Cover Change and Local History in a Post-Industrial City

Municipal leaders are pursuing ambitious goals to increase urban tree canopy (UTC), but there is little understanding of the pace and socioecological drivers of UTC change. We analyzed land cover change in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (United States) from 1970–2010 to examine the impacts of post-industrial processes on UTC. We interpreted land cover classes using aerial imagery and assessed historical context using archival newspapers, agency reports, and local historical scholarship. There was a citywide UTC increase of +4.3 percentage points. Substantial UTC gains occurred in protected open spaces related to both purposeful planting and unintentional forest emergence due to lack of maintenance, with the latter phenomenon well-documented in other cities located in forested biomes. Compared to developed lands, UTC was more persistent in protected open spaces. Some neighborhoods experienced substantial UTC gains, including quasi-suburban areas and depopulated low-income communities; the latter also experienced decreasing building cover. We identified key processes that drove UTC increases, and which imposed legacies on current UTC patterns: urban renewal, urban greening initiatives, quasi-suburban developments, and (dis)investments in parks. Our study demonstrates the socioecological dynamism of intra-city land cover changes at multi-decadal time scales and the crucial role of local historical context in the interpretation of UTC change.

Preparedness strategies in neonatology units during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey conducted at maternity centers in Argentina.

The objective of this study was to analyze available resources, guidelines in use, and preparedness to care for newborn infants at maternity centers in Argentina during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cross-sectional study based on a survey administered to medical and nursing staff. In May 2020, Argentine facilities with more than 500 annual births were contacted; 58 % of these were from the public sector. In total, 104/147 facilities answered (71 %). All had guidelines for care during the pandemic, and 93 % indicated they had been trained on how to use them. A companion was not allowed during childbirth in 26 % of private facilities and in 60 % of public ones (p < 0.01). Deferred cord clamping was recommended in 87 %; rooming-in with asymptomatic newborns was promoted in 62 %; breastfeeding using protective measures was recommended in 70 %; and breast milk using a bottle, in 23 %. In 94 %, family visiting in the Neonatology Unit was restricted. Difficulties included the unavailability of individual rooms for symptomatic newborn infants and a potential shortage of health care staff and personal protective equipment. All facilities are aware of the national guidelines to fight the pandemic. Most have the resources to comply with the recommended protective measures. There is uncertainty as to whether personal protective equipment, staff, and physical space available at the different facilities would be enough if cases increased significantly.

Creating Learning Environments Free of Violence in Special Education Through the Dialogic Model of Prevention and Resolution of Conflicts.

Violence suffered by children is a violation of human rights and a global health problem. Children with disabilities are especially vulnerable to violence in the school environment, which has a negative impact on their well-being and health. Students with disabilities educated in special schools have, in addition, more reduced experiences of interaction that may reduce both their opportunities for learning and for building protective social networks of support. This study analyses the transference of evidence-based actions to prevent violence in schools – the dialogic model of prevention and resolution of conflicts (DMPRC) – in the context of a special school, and its impact on the reduction of violence, the creation of egalitarian relationships, and the prevention of bullying. A case study with a communicative approach was conducted including in-depth interviews and communicative focus groups with the diverse participants to analyze the process of transformation carried out in the school and the main actions that give students a voice in the management and creation of egalitarian non-violent relationships. The results show that the inclusion of the students’ voices in the resolution and prevention of conflicts reduces violence, empowers special education students, strengthens friendship relationships, caring behavior, and active positioning among the community. The positive impact of the transference of the DMPRC to special schools contributes to students’ well-being and healthy development by offering safe and protective educational spaces and quality emotional education, also contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals related to the elimination of all forms of violence in childhood.

Environmental Citizenship Education through the Doñana, Biodiversity and Culture Program

While the need to educate for the formation of environmentally committed citizens is something that has always been recognized, currently however it has become an obligation. The present study analyzes the Doñana, Biodiversity and Culture Program from the perspective of its participants. The program is part of the action being carried out with schools intending to teach environmental citizenry using the context of protected natural spaces, in this specific case, the Doñana National Park. The Park’s managers and public guides were interviewed, and observation records of the process were collected. These were later analyzed by means of a category table elaborated within the project Patrimonial Education for Citizens’ Territorial and Emotional Intelligence, of which this study is a part. The consistency of the informants was verified, as also was the practice observed, showing the importance of the socio-identity framework, of critical thinking, and of socio-affective relationships with the territory.

The Regional Aspects of Biodiversity Preservation under Oil Deposit Exploitation and Oil Transportation

The structure and composition of the forming vegetation at the developed oil field in Western Siberia is considered. The absence of pathologies in plants in reclaimed and self-growing developed areas and the growth of Dactylorhiza maculata (a specially protected plant from the Khanty-Mansi AO Red Book) in the post-technogenic territory testify to the restoration of biodiversity and environmental safety of the emerging post-technogenic communities. Dactylorhiza baltica populations from the Red Book of the Russian Federation have been identified on the Russian Plain in the Leningrad and Yaroslavl Regions in the protected area of oil pipelines. In addition, in the Yaroslavl region, populations of Neottia nidus-avis, Platanthera bifolia, Glyceria lithuanica, Carex sylvatica, Dactylorhiza incarnata, Dactylorhiza maculata, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Listera ovata, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Veratrum lobelianum, were found. These species are especially protected in the Yaroslavl region. The characteristics of their populations are given: the number of locations, the number of specimens, biotopes. The areas of various grassy biotopes in forest regions are increased through the length of treeless and protected spaces above oil pipelines. Thus these treeless spaces contribute to the conservation of rare and endangered edge-meadow, meadow and bog-meadow plants. Measures for the conservation and restoration of populations of specially protected species are recommended. A suggestion is made about the necessity to expand the assortment of sown plant species when carrying out reclamation work on post-technogenic lands using indigenous species for sowing seeds.

Sphere ecology: Peter Sloterdijk’s spatial-analytic approach to media environments

This article makes the case for reading the German philosopher and cultural theorist Peter Sloterdijk as a media ecologist. Tracing the media ecological implications of what is perhaps his most significant work, the three-volume Spheres project, it argues that Sloterdijk’s spatial analysis of human habitats, what he terms spherology, can be interpreted as offering a promising, distinctive approach to the study of media as environments. By redescribing media as morpho-immunological spheres, or shared spatial interiors, Sloterdijk recasts both human existence and sociocultural change as the result of the interplay or mediation between a relative enclosure into a protective space and a world considered to be outside. This framework, which enables Sloterdijk to chart a grand narrative of globalization, yields a therapeutic methodological strategy by means of which media ecologists may increase the spacious dimensions of the world while strengthening the immune systems of newly designed artificial atmospheres.

The Construction of Water-Sensitive Urban Design in the Context of Japan

Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is a critical sustainable development theory in the urban water environment, which is attracting more and more attention worldwide. Meanwhile, as an island country, Japan attaches great importance to water resources and water environment, and have achieved fruitful result in urban water management. Based on the framework of WSUD, this research introduces Japan’s practical experience from the perspectives of water source protection, flood control, and waterfront space landscape, aiming to summarise Japan’s experience and provide a new perspective. By explaining the thoughts of water sensitivity design contained in Japanese practice, this research expands the scope of WSUD, provides a meaningful research framework for Japanese researchers, and provides compelling cases for researchers on water-sensitive design around the world.

Sur le seuil : le concept de « home » dans Maps for Lost Lovers (2004) de Nadeem Aslam

Nadeem Aslam’s novel, Maps for Lost Lovers, focuses on the life of a Pakistani family exiled in Great Britain, in a city inhabited by a heterogeneous community of immigrants who have renamed it Dasht-e-Tanhaii (‘Desert of Solutide’). In order to adopt this new territory as theirs, individuals from various communities impose a Pakistani, Indian or Bangladeshi model, as a palimpsest onto the British space they occupy. Yet finding new roots is difficult and the tensions between the homecountry and the hostcountry are incessant. In this new ‘home’, which does not easily identify as such, the house seemingly stands in an opposition: at the heart of a rejected British space, a protected space emerges, in which traditions are warily preserved as the last defence against threats of contamination from the outside. Analysing this duality, the study will question the possibility for a geographical and metaphorical third space to emerge, which could allow for the establishment of a new type of roots.

MARSBOx: Fungal and Bacterial Endurance From a Balloon-Flown Analog Mission in the Stratosphere.

Whether terrestrial life can withstand the martian environment is of paramount interest for planetary protection measures and space exploration. To understand microbial survival potential in Mars-like conditions, several fungal and bacterial samples were launched in September 2019 on a large NASA scientific balloon flight to the middle stratosphere (∼38 km altitude) where radiation levels resembled values at the equatorial Mars surface. Fungal spores of Aspergillus niger and bacterial cells of Salinisphaera shabanensis, Staphylococcus capitis subsp. capitis, and Buttiauxella sp. MASE-IM-9 were launched inside the MARSBOx (Microbes in Atmosphere for Radiation, Survival, and Biological Outcomes Experiment) payload filled with an artificial martian atmosphere and pressure throughout the mission profile. The dried microorganisms were either exposed to full UV-VIS radiation (UV dose = 1148 kJ m−2) or were shielded from radiation. After the 5-h stratospheric exposure, samples were assayed for survival and metabolic changes. Spores from the fungus A. niger and cells from the Gram-(–) bacterium S. shabanensis were the most resistant with a 2- and 4-log reduction, respectively. Exposed Buttiauxella sp. MASE-IM-9 was completely inactivated (both with and without UV exposure) and S. capitis subsp. capitis only survived the UV shielded experimental condition (3-log reduction). Our results underscore a wide variation in survival phenotypes of spacecraft associated microorganisms and support the hypothesis that pigmented fungi may be resistant to the martian surface if inadvertently delivered by spacecraft missions.

MANAGEMENT OF CONSERVATION AREAS WITH PARTICIPATION OF COMMUNITIES IN MOZAMBIQUE

This article discusses the challenges of managing conservation areas; in search of new institutional instruments and mechanisms that make effective conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems in protected areas. The management of conservation areas in some countries has been made from a growing demand for involvement of stakeholders and communities in decision-making in the process of managing natural resources. There are three issues surrounding the debate on participatory management of conservation areas, namely: the distribution of authority and responsibilities in the decision-making process; distribution of benefits and sustainability (ecological, social and economic). The main reasons that justify the management of these areas with the participation of communities are: the restriction on access to resources can compromise the food security of families living there and; it is a prerequisite for communities to be able to carry out their activities, to set up joint enterprises with them, or other forms of management that make their participation effective. The analytical approach was based on the theory of natural resource management and complemented by recent contributions from research in the areas of political sociology, poverty and the environment on the phenomenon of "participation". The local dimension, although the integrative synthesis between the natural and the human, historically and spatially located, makes essential a participatory management of conservation areas in countries such as Mozambique, because it allows the understanding and transformation of social relations that are carried out from a certain mode of production and organization established in a defined space of protection and conservation.

Inner dimensions of contemplation

This contribution investigates the inner dimensions of contemplation and the dynamics of the spiritual process. It focusses on six paradigms taken from the Christian tradition: It firstly discusses the contemplative reader that is characterized by the interpretation of signs, read in a protected space, seeking understanding, but at the end leading to the “other” reading, brought about by the divine-human dialogue. The second type of contemplation refers to “the contemplative warrior” which is about contemplative transformation that provides a spiritual defence mechanism against destructive demonic forces. This type of contemplation is practiced by the desert monks. The article then analyses a third contemplation in terms of the Biblical characters of Mary and Martha who represent two different, but unified positions of the contemplative way. The fourth paradigm belongs to the field of modernity: it is about contemplation in discernment that reflects the desire to discern the will of God amidst as a time of doubting and uncertainty. There is, in the fifth paradigm, contemplation in presence. In this part, Brother Lawrence is presented as an example: His concept of contemplation is living in the presence of the Lord in a simple act of love and being loved. The final paradigm is prophetic contemplation, of which Titus Brandsma is an example. He had Elijah as model of inspiration and as an exemplar for imitation. For him this Elijahan contemplation is unified in three layers. The first layer is the ideal of contemplation, the second one is the realization of this ideal in a life of prayer, the third one is the liturgy of hours.

Yarning as protected space: relational accountability in research

In this article, we open up Yarning as a fundamentally relational methodology. We discuss key relationships involved in Indigenous research, including with participants, Country, Ancestors, data, history, and Knowledge. We argue that the principles and protocols associated with the deepest layers of yarning in an Indigenous Australian context create a protected space which supports the researcher to develop and maintain accountability in each of these research relationships. Protection and relational accountability in turn contribute to research which is trustworthy and has integrity. Woven throughout the article are excerpts of a yarn in which the first author reflects on his personal experience of this research methodology. We hope this device serves to demonstrate the way yarning as a relational process of communication helps to bring out deeper reflection and analysis and invoke accountability in all of our research relationships.

Relationship of Knowledge and Attitudes with Male Participation in Vasectomy in Indonesia

Family planning is an effort to control the birth of children, the ideal space and age for childbirth, pregnancycontrol, through promotion, protection, and assistance in accordance with reproductive rights to form aquality family. Vasectomy, or vas occlusion, is considered to be the most effective and very popular form ofcontraception. This study aims to analyze the relationship between knowledge and attitudes with vasectomyparticipation in men. This study used a cross-sectional approach. The research location is in Madiun City,East Java, Indonesia. The total sample in this study was 323 respondents. The variables in the study wereknowledge, attitudes, and participation in vasectomy family planning. There is a relationship betweenknowledge and attitudes about vasectomy with male participation in vasectomy.

Извилистые тропы научных карьер

The paper covers studies of initial stages of scientists’ career paths in a crisis and/or moderni­zed society. The major focus is made on the following topics: impact of a crisis situation and/or a modernized society on any individual’s choice of the career and influence of personal protected space parameters on scientist’s career development.&#x0D; The studies include three thematic clusters: 1. Careers of natural scientists in the period of development of the profession of a scientist (in the context of England of the second half of the 17th century). The biographies of R. Boyle and R. Hooke were selected as references. 2. The career of a Russian scientist in 18–19th centuries. The biographies of M.V. Lomonosov and D.I. Mendeleev were selected as references. 3. German scientists during the Third Reich: creative activities and career development. The biography of P. Debye was selected as a reference.&#x0D; The presented historical examples along with an extensive array of sources (including archives) demonstrate that despite any individual differences in the career paths of the scientists living in the crisis and/or modernized societies in different countries and eras, the personal determinants of their career paths are in a certain way similar, namely:&#x0D; — the ability to distance oneself from other people (at least mentally);&#x0D; — the ability to represent one’s professional distinctiveness and irreplaceability;&#x0D; — the ability to make thematic research choices that are scientifically, career-wise, and socially successful;&#x0D; — the ability to stand up for personal scientific and life interests and priorities (even at the expense of generally accepted moral norms);&#x0D; — the ability to resort to protectionist resources and, if necessary, political rhetoric and dema­gogy with the purpose to carry out scientific works.

Security multi-position radar systems: model, topology, structure

In accordance with the general ideas about the relevance, methods and means of protecting important protected objects, as well as the principles of constructing single and multi-position radar systems (radar), the features of radar perimeter protection are considered, with the presentation of it as a large hierarchical system of interconnected, united by a common purpose of functioning controlled subsystems. The measured radar parameters, advantages and disadvantages of security radars, as well as the advantages of multi-position radars over single-position ones are noted. The elements of a mathematical model of a multi-position radar are presented, for which: decomposition of technical protection as a large system; the features of the matrix-vector description of the parameters of the generated and received radar signals of a multi-position radar are considered; analyzed the topology of the security radar as a single object with the protected space; the concept of abstract protected elements is introduced and their relationship with the measure of the protected space in the general case of dimensions longer than three is determined. On the basis of the analysis, the requirements for the structure and placement of the security radar are formulated, which are interdependent on the dimension of the protected area, the topology of the security perimeter, the composition, structure, tactical and technical features of the security radar and tactical, technical, operational, environmental and economic quality indicators. The features of the formation of the structure and placement of single- and multi-position security radars under various initial conditions and requirements, as well as approaches to calculating the coordinates of the placement of their elements on the ground are shown.

РАЗВИТИЕ СИТУАЦИОННОГО ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЯ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ В ЗАРУБЕЖНЫХ СТРАНАХ

The article analyzes the development of the theory of crime prevention in foreign countries. Since the 80s of the last century, situational crime prevention has been developed there. This direction was based on the idea of the influence of the environment on the commission of crimes. The vision of crime prevention through ecological design by creating a protected space was put forward. A protected space is a model of a residential environment that deters crime by creating a physical expression of a social structure that protects itself, sends a signal to a potential criminal, which is then interpreted as an area not conducive to criminal activity. This way of preventing criminal events involves establishing territorial behavior, strengthening surveillance of the territory by creating zones of territorial influence (territory design, organic approach, street design, real and symbolic barriers) and convincing residents that their actions matter. The main purpose of situational warning is to reduce the possibilities of criminal events and increase the risks of criminal events in such a way that they are perceived by most (if not all) offenders.

Projection art and projection activism

This article explores the use of unauthorised projection-based artworks and messages as a form of activism, and as contextual street art. The issues of authority and permission that are central to the political nature of street art are unique in the case of projection artworks as the ephemeral and temporary nature of light-based installations skirt some of the fundamental objections to most street art and graffiti such as the damage to physical surfaces. Through the changes imposed on urban forms by light projections, the city is described as an animate entity, with various forces animating the surface at different timescales. The effect of street art is to democratise the alterations of the animate urban surface, and the effect of projection-based street art is to further democratise access to protected visual spaces, and to accelerate its animate nature.

Evaluation of the suitability of urban protective green space layout in industrial cities: A case study of Baotou city, Inner Mongolia

Evaluation of the suitability of urban protective green space layout in industrial cities: A case study of Baotou city, Inner Mongolia