Protective Factor For Hypertension Research Articles

The Relationship between the Effect of Obesity and Smoking on the Incidence of Hypertension in the Elderly Age

Background: The background for this work hypertension is the silent killer or the silent disease because the sufferer does not know that he has hypertension. The incidence of hypertension in Indonesia has increased from the 2013 Riskesdas data, aged 55-64 years by 45.9%, increasing to 55.2% from the 2018 Riskesdas data. Objectives: State the objectives of this research This study aims to analyze the relationship between age, obesity and smoking with the incidence of hypertension in the elderly Methods: The methods employ in this research The type of research used is analytic observational with cross sectional research design. This study uses secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 5. The research sample is the entire elderly population (age > 60 years) totaling 1,050 respondents who have met the criteria. The variables studied obesity, and smoking. This study was univariate analysis and bivariate analysis using Chi-square. Results: The results showed that there was a relationship betweenobesity (p value = 0.000; PR = 0.46; CI = 0.37 - 0.58), and smoking (p value = 0.001; PR = 1.25; CI = 1.09 - 1.44) with the incidence of hypertension in the elderly. Conclusions: Obesity and smoking are variables associated with the incidence of hypertension in the elderly. Smoking are risk factors for hypertension, obesity is a protective factor for hypertension. Suggestions for this research are expected that the elderly community can implement healthy living behaviors, and the government can provide education regarding risk factors for hypertension in the elderly community.

Muscle quality is negatively related to hypertension prevalence in adults: Results from NHANES 2011-2014.

Resistance training could counter hypertension and improve muscle quality (MQ), but current evidence about the correlation between MQ and hypertension is limited. The authors aimed to explore this correlation using the data of participants aged 20-59 from NHANES 2011-2014 via a cross-sectional study. The MQ was quantified as handgrip strength (kg)/lean soft tissue mass (kg) of the dominant arm. Weighted multivariate logistic regression models were mainly utilized to investigate the MQ-hypertension association; linear trend tests and subgroup analysis were also conducted. Moreover, the authors employed weighted multivariate linear regression models to uncover the association between blood pressure (BP) and MQ. Four thousand four hundred and sixty-nine individuals were enrolled, and 1167 were hypertensive. Hypertensive participants had a lower MQ than normotensive participants. In the totally adjusted model, each unit elevation in MQ was related to a 7% reduction in hypertension prevalence (p=.002). There was a decreasing trend in hypertension prevalence and in systolic BP as the MQ increased from the bottom to the top quartile across all three models (p for trend ≤.01), with a 28% difference (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.95) in hypertension prevalence and a 1.88mm Hg (95% CI: -3.56, -0.20) difference in SBP between the top and bottom quartiles in the fully adjusted model. Subgroup analysis further confirmed the MQ-hypertension inverse association. In conclusions, the MQ was negatively associated with hypertension prevalence and systolic BP, which suggests the MQ may be a protective factor for hypertension and need to be improved.

Association of Early Sports Practice with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Community-Dwelling Adults: A Retrospective Epidemiological Study

BackgroundSports practice in childhood and adolescence has been inversely related to the chances of developing cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs). However, it is not clear whether sports practice in childhood and adolescence could be inversely related to CRF in adult life.ObjectivesThis study aimed to analyze the association between early sports practice and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized sample of community-dwelling adults.MethodsFor this, 265 adults aged ≥ 18 years composed the sample. Cardiovascular risk factors of obesity, central obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension were collected. Early sports practice was retrospectively self-reported using an appropriate instrument. Total physical activity level was assessed by accelerometry. The association between early sports practice and cardiovascular risk factors in adulthood was analyzed by binary logistic regression, adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.ResultsEarly sports practice was observed in 56.2% of the sample. The prevalence of central obesity (31.5 vs. 50.0%; p = 0.003), diabetes (4.7% vs. 13.7%; p = 0.014), dyslipidemia (10.7% vs. 24.1%; p = 0.005), and hypertension (14.1% vs. 34.5%; p = 0.001) was lower in participants who reported early sports practice. Participants who reported early sports practice in childhood and adolescence were, respectively, 60% (OR = 0.40; 95% CI 0.19–0.82) and 59% (OR = 0.41; 95% CI 0.21–0.82) less likely to have hypertension in adult life when compared to those with no early sports practice, independently of sex, age, socioeconomic status, and habitual physical activity level in adulthood.ConclusionEarly sports practice in childhood and adolescence was a protective factor for hypertension in adulthood.

Relative Handgrip Strength and Incidence of Hypertension: A Case-Cohort Study From Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases Cohort.

The present study assessed the association between relative handgrip strength (RHGS) and hypertension incidence in healthy adults. We performed a case-cohort study on 3784 participants from Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases cohort study. The absolute HGS was measured using a digital dynamometer. Hypertension was defined as systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≥140/90mm Hg and/or use of antihypertensive medications. Cox regression analysis was utilized to estimate hazard ratios of incident hypertension events with RHGS. Physical activity was significantly higher in the participants with hypertension compared with nonhypertensive participants (P < .001). High-level physical activity in the subjects with lower, middle, and upper RHGS was 19.6%, 33.1%, and 47.3%, respectively (P < .001). RHGS was significantly higher in individuals with greater skeletal muscle mass (P < .001). The men and women with the upper RHGS, had an 80% (hazard ratio: 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.3) and 70% (hazard ratio: 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-1.2), were lower risk of hypertension compared with those with the lower RHGS, respectively. This association remains significant after adjustment for confounding factors in men. The study demonstrated that middle and upper levels of RHGS were associated with a lower risk of hypertension incidence. RHGS may be a protective factor for hypertension. We suggested muscle strengthening exercises.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM OSTEOCALCIN AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHINESE ADOLESCENTS AGED 12–18 YEARS

Objective: The relationship between serum osteocalcin level and blood pressure remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether osteocalcin would be associated with blood pressure in Chinese adolescents. Design and method: A total of 1686 subjects (1022 boys,60.6%) aged 12–18 years from Ningxia were randomly selected through a stratified cluster sampling. Serum osteocalcin levels were measured by ELISA. Blood pressure (BP) by using a calibrated electronic sphygmomanometer according to the standard method by the American Hypertension Education Project Working Group. Results: The proportions of Hypertension was highest in the< = 33th percentile subgroup (39.8%) and lowest in the > 66th percentile subgroup (26.3%) in boys, with statistically significant differences between groups (2 = 10.988, P = 0.027). Compared with the subgroup of the< = 33th percentile, the odds ratios (ORs) for abnormal blood pressure were 0.73(95% confidence interval (CI), 0.55—0.96) in the 34th–66th percentile subgroup, 0.64(95% CI, 0.48—0.84) in the > 66th percentile subgroup, respectively. Additionally, the corresponding ORs for high BP were 0.63(95%CI,0.45–0.89) in the 34th–66th percentile subgroup,0.59(95%CI,0.42–0.84) in the > 66th percentile subgroup, respectively. Similar results were found in boys (P all < 0.05). After Adjusting age, fasting blood glucose and BMI, the ORs for high BP were 0.60(95%CI,0.36–0.99) in the > 66th percentile subgroup compared with the reference subgroup. Conclusions: Serum osteocalcin is a protective factor for hypertension in Chinese adolescents, especially in boys.

Risk factors for chronic non-diseases and cardiovascular risk anthropometric indices: is there a correlation?

It aimed to correlate the prevalence of risk factors with the anthropometric indices of risk analysis for CVD in employees of a university center in Fortaleza/CE. It was a cross-sectional, observational, quantitative, descriptive, and analytical study, carried out in a Higher Education Institution. Sociodemographic, food consumption and anthropometric data were collected, in addition to the self-reported presence of any chronic disease, from August 2019 to January 2020. Anthropometric data were classified according to the WHO, characterizing the nutritional status and the presence of risk for CVD. Food frequency was analyzed by food groups, correlated with risk for CVD (eg consumption of soft drinks and sweets, whole milk, red meat with apparent fat and added salt). Data tabulation was performed in Microsoft Excel 2019 and statistical analyzes in SPSS 22.0. All data were collected after approval by the ethics committee and participants signed an informed consent form. Eighty employees were evaluated, 65% women, aged between 20 and 29 years old (50%, 62.5%), brown with 56.70% and with at least complete high school (52.5%). In the BMI, 68.75% were overweight (p= 0.172). Regarding the classification of WC, 62.5% of the population has a moderate to high risk according to their classification, with a difference between genders (p=0.00). In PC, 77.5% are obese and overweight (p=0.639). In WHtR, 75% of women and 60.7% of men had risk values, with no difference between genders (p=0.184). In both sexes, they ingested soda and artificial drinks from 1 to 2 days a week, where 42.9% were men and 30.8% were women (p = 0.654), consuming sweets 1 to 2 days a week, with the percentage of 37,5% (p=0.431). Vegetables and vegetables cooked, 3 to 4 times a week, 45% of the population consumed and 26.25% rarely consumed these raw foods. In red meat with visible fat, it was observed that most of the population consumes (57.5%) and whole milk (70%). Employees also presented as a protective factor for hypertension and dyslipidemia the presence of milk consumption and as a risk, and a higher risk when they had a BMI >25kg/m2. Thus, it could be observed that there is a large consumption of foods with saturated fats such as red meat and sugars such as soft drinks, sweets and artificial drinks that end up contributing to excess weight, cardiovascular risks and it is possible to identify how eating habits and the indicators are related to the development of chronic diseases.

Risk factors for chronic non-diseases and cardiovascular risk anthropometric indices: is there a correlation?

It aimed to correlate the prevalence of risk factors with the anthropometric indices of risk analysis for CVD in employees of a university center in Fortaleza/CE. It was a cross-sectional, observational, quantitative, descriptive, and analytical study, carried out in a Higher Education Institution. Sociodemographic, food consumption and anthropometric data were collected, in addition to the self-reported presence of any chronic disease, from August 2019 to January 2020. Anthropometric data were classified according to the WHO, characterizing the nutritional status and the presence of risk for CVD. Food frequency was analyzed by food groups, correlated with risk for CVD (eg consumption of soft drinks and sweets, whole milk, red meat with apparent fat and added salt). Data tabulation was performed in Microsoft Excel 2019 and statistical analyzes in SPSS 22.0. All data were collected after approval by the ethics committee and participants signed an informed consent form. Eighty employees were evaluated, 65% women, aged between 20 and 29 years old (50%, 62.5%), brown with 56.70% and with at least complete high school (52.5%). In the BMI, 68.75% were overweight (p= 0.172). Regarding the classification of WC, 62.5% of the population has a moderate to high risk according to their classification, with a difference between genders (p=0.00). In PC, 77.5% are obese and overweight (p=0.639). In WHtR, 75% of women and 60.7% of men had risk values, with no difference between genders (p=0.184). In both sexes, they ingested soda and artificial drinks from 1 to 2 days a week, where 42.9% were men and 30.8% were women (p = 0.654), consuming sweets 1 to 2 days a week, with the percentage of 37,5% (p=0.431). Vegetables and vegetables cooked, 3 to 4 times a week, 45% of the population consumed and 26.25% rarely consumed these raw foods. In red meat with visible fat, it was observed that most of the population consumes (57.5%) and whole milk (70%). Employees also presented as a protective factor for hypertension and dyslipidemia the presence of milk consumption and as a risk, and a higher risk when they had a BMI >25kg/m2. Thus, it could be observed that there is a large consumption of foods with saturated fats such as red meat and sugars such as soft drinks, sweets and artificial drinks that end up contributing to excess weight, cardiovascular risks and it is possible to identify how eating habits and the indicators are related to the development of chronic diseases.

Aerobic capacity as a protective factor for hypertension in Bogota’s soccer players

Abstract Background In Colombia between 1998-2011 the 23.5% of deaths that were reported were from CardioVascular Disease (CVD), 12.4% were caused by hypertensive disease; well now physical activity has been reported as a protective factor for CVD and Hypertension (HT), those people who perform high levels of physical activity have a relative decrease in developing HT by 19%, however what happens when this physical activity takes place with a duration greater than 4 hours a day, with moderate and high intensities, becoming a sports practice, the same benefits or opposite effects would be had, so the objective of the study was to determine the relationship between aerobic capacity and blood pressure in soccer players in the city of Bogotá. Methods Quantitative cross-sectional research; blood pressure of 64 players and the aerobic capacity was assessed using the Legger test (VO2 Max). Results It was evidenced that 4.6% of the players have hypotension, 50.8% normotension, 30.8% prehypertension and 12.3% stage I hypertension; As regards for VO2 max, 7.7% had an excellent capacity, 73.8% good and 12.3% favorable, there was no relationship between the variables. Conclusions Soccer players, although they have good levels of VO2 max, they do not present a decrease in blood pressure data, being mostly within a normal range. Key messages Although physical activity is a protective factor for HT. Soccer training does not show a decrease in blood pressure, possibly could be a risk factor for HT and CVD.

The Optimal Range of Serum Uric Acid for Cardiometabolic Diseases: A 5-Year Japanese Cohort Study.

The optimal range of serum uric acid (urate) associated with the lowest risk for developing cardiometabolic diseases is unknown in a generally healthy population. This 5-year cohort study is designed to identify the optimal range of serum urate. The data were collected from 13,070 Japanese between ages 30 and 85 at the baseline (2004) from the Center for Preventive Medicine, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo. We evaluated the number of subjects (and prevalence) of those free of the following conditions: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) over 5 years for each 1 mg/dL of serum urate stratified by sex. Furthermore, the odds ratios (ORs) for remaining free of these conditions were calculated with multiple adjustments. Except for truly hypouricemic subjects, having lower serum urate was an independent factor for predicting the absence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and CKD, but not diabetes. The OR of each 1 mg/dL serum urate decrease as a protective factor for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and CKD was 1.153 (95% confidence interval, 1.068–1.245), 1.164 (1.077–1.258), and 1.226 (1.152–1.306) in men; 1.306 (1.169–1.459), 1.121 (1.022–1.230), and 1.424 (1.311–1.547) in women, respectively. Moreover, comparing serum urate of 3–5 mg/dL in men and 2–4 mg/dL in women, hypouricemia could be a higher risk for developing hypertension (OR: 4.532; 0.943–21.78) and CKD (OR: 4.052; 1.181–13.90) in women, but not in men. The optimal serum urate range associated with the lowest development of cardiometabolic diseases was less than 5 mg/dL for men and 2–4 mg/dL for women, respectively.

Impact of physical activity on the prevalence of hypertension among the older adults in Beijing communities

This study aims to evaluate the impact of physical activity (PA) on the prevalence of hypertension among older adults in Beijing community. As economy growing rapidly in China, the occurrence of hypertension increases among older people in China as well. Epidemiological studies have shown that physical activity may significantly related to lower risk of hypertension. Taking PA maybe an instructive factor to reduce the risk of being hypertensive. We randomly selected Beijing community residents aged 65 and above (n=400), collected data comprising level of PA (low, moderate, high), blood pressure, and a host of potentially confounding variables indicated by the literature. Five logistic regression models adjusted for different modifiers were used to estimate the association between hypertension and PA. The prevalence of hypertension was 96.88%, 78.57% and 73.66% among subjects with low, moderate and high level of PA respectively. Lower diastolic BP was observed for elder people with higher level of PA (p<0.01). We observed a strong and statistically significant association between moderate (OR=0.09, 95%CI: 0.01 to 0.74) or high (OR=0.08, 95%CI: 0.01 to 0.57) level of PA and lower risk of hypertension (p < 0.05). PA is a protective factor for hypertension among older Beijing people, which suggests elderly people be encouraged to actively engage in PA, if body conditions permit.

GPER was Associated with Hypertension in Post-Menopausal Women.

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and hypertension in post-menopausal women.MethodsUsing a matched case-control design, clinical and laboratory data were collected. Conditional logistic regression with stratified analysis was conducted to identify the association between GPER and hypertension.ResultsThe GPER level was significantly lower in the case group than in the control group (126.3 ± 21.6 vs. 133.6 ± 27.3, P=0.000). The GPER levels of the hypertension cases with and those without menopause were significant (120.5 ± 11.8 and 127.2 ± 12.1, P=0.000). No significant difference in the GPER level between the controls with and those without menopause was observed (P=0.241). Logistic regression revealed that the GPER quartile was related to hypertension (odds ratio [OR]: 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13–0.93, P=0.018) after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Stratified analysis revealed that the GPER quartile was not associated with hypertension in premenopausal women, and the fourth GPER quartile showed a predictive association with hypertension (OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.29–0.90) in menopausal women.ConclusionsGPER level is associated with hypertension and is a protective factor for hypertension in menopausal women but not premenopausal women. Further research is required due to study limitations.

The A930G Polymorphism of P22phox (CYBA) Gene but Not C242T Variation Is Associated with Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis

BackgroundRecently, it has been reported that the A930G and C242T polymorphisms within p22phox (CYBA) gene are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. However, the results remain controversial. Furthermore, no previous meta-analysis has been conducted to evaluate the relationship between the A930G and C242T polymorphisms and hypertension. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to clarify these controversies.Objective and MethodsAll of the included articles were retrieved from the PubMed and Embase databases, as well as the CNKI, CBM, Chongqing VIP and Wan Fang databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the strength of the association. Accounting for heterogeneity, a fixed or random effects model was respectively adopted. Heterogeneity was checked using the Q test and the I2 statistic. A cumulative meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the tendency of pooled OR. Funnel plots and Egger’s tests were performed to test for possible publication bias.ResultsFive articles on A930G with 2003 cases/2434 controls and eight articles on C242T with 2644 cases/1967 controls were identified. A significant association of A930G polymorphisms with the risk of hypertension was found in the dominant model (OR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.38–0.92, p=0.021) and allelic model (OR=0.66, 95% CI: 0.46–0.95, p=0.024). In the stratified analysis, a significant association could be found among the hospital-based and population-based studies. However, no evidence of a significant association of the C242T polymorphism with hypertension was found in the overall analysis and subgroup analysis.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis indicates that the A930G polymorphism, but not the C242T variation, might be a protective factor for hypertension.

Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Factors among Older Rural Adults: Results from Liaoning Province, China

Objective: The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors among older rural adults in Liaoning Province, China. Subjects and Methods: The study was conducted in 2004–2006, using a multistage, stratified clustering sampling scheme to select a representative sample. A total of 10,065 adults aged 60 years or older were examined. A survey of blood pressure and associated factors was carried out. All data analyses were conducted using SPSS 11.5 statistical software package. Results: Overall, the prevalence rates of hypertension are 57, 64.4 and 64.9% for the age groups 60–69, 70–79 and ≥80 years, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension was positively correlated with age, female gender, Mongolian ethnicity, overweight and obesity, smoking and drinking, whereas income level was a protective factor for hypertension. The rates of awareness, treatment and control among older rural adults were very low (overall 35.2, 28.7 and 1.0%, respectively). Conclusion: Hypertension was highly prevalent among older rural adults in Liaoning Province, and it was associated with many factors. The percentages of hypertensives who were aware, treated, and controlled were very low. These data underscore the urgent need to strengthen the public health education and blood pressure monitoring system to better manage hypertension among older adults in rural China.

Analysis of Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension Among Uygur Adults in Tushala and Hetian Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

This study was designed to survey the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension in Uygur adults in Tushala Township, Hetian area of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Cross-sectional study of possible risk factors for hypertension was conducted in Tushala and in 28 surrounding villages using a stratified random sampling method. A modified version of the WHO STEP wise approach for risk factor survey was employed. Data collection on these relevant risk factors was performed using the WHO STEPS approach. Physical and body parameters were collected and used for analysis of variance. In addition, risk factors for hypertension were screened using a multifactor logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of hypertension in Hetian Township was 25.6%. The incidence of hypertension was positively correlated with body mass index and triglyceride cholesterol. There was also a positive correlation between risk of hypertension and levels of waist-to-hip ratio as well as abdominal circumference (AC). Logistic regression analysis exhibited AC as the predominant risk factor while high-density lipoprotein as the main protective factor for hypertension. In conclusion, our results indicated that high caloric food intake may trigger hyperlipidemia and subsequently elevated blood pressure, with elevated BMI and cholesterol levels being the major risk factors for hypertension.

GST M1/T1 and MTHFR polymorphisms as risk factors for hypertension

The aim of this study is to investigate GSTM1, GSTT1 and MTHFR genetic polymorphisms and its relation with total plasma glutathione (tGSH) levels in hypertension. Genotype distributions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion polymorphisms and C677T variant of MTHFR were examined in a sample of 94 hypertensive patients with congestive heart failure and 207 healthy unrelated Portuguese individuals using PCR techniques. Plasma GST activity was determined spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant status was evaluated by fluorometric assays of tGSH. Genotype distributions of GSTT1 ( χ 2 test; p < 0.01) and MTHFR ( χ 2 test; p < 0.01) differ significantly between control and hypertensive patients with a greater prevalence of “non-null GSTT1/M1” and CT (heterozygous) genotypes. Moreover, GST activity and tGSH were markedly decreased in hypertension but there is no correlation with the studied polymorphisms. GSH depletion confirmed the possible involvement of oxidative stress in this pathology. Deletion of GSTT1 gene might be considered as protective factor for hypertension.