Protective Effect Of Physical Activity Research Articles

Associations between physical activity and incidence of cancer among overweight adults in Korea: Results from the Health Examinees-G study.

Although the protective effects of physical activity against several cancers are well established, evidence is inconsistent concerning Asian populations. Therefore, we assessed the association between the characteristics of physical activity and overall and type-specific cancer incidence in Koreans and examined the differences in association according to obesity status. Using prospective data from 112,108 participants in the Health Examinees study-G from 2004 to 2013, we evaluated the association between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and the incidence of overall and type-specific cancers using the Cox proportional hazards model. Self-reported LTPA participation, duration per week, intensity, type, and diversity were assessed. The incidence of overall and type-specific cancers, including colorectal, gastric, lung, breast, and prostate cancer and 13 obesity-related cancers, was identified using the Korea Central Cancer Registry from 1999 to 2018. Analyses were also stratified according to obesity status. In overweight males, participation in vigorous LTPA (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72-0.97) and walking (HR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72-0.98) were associated with a lower risk of cancer overall. Regarding cancer types, climbing was marginally associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer in overweight males (HR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.37-1.00). In normal-weight females, although there was an increased risk in those performing recreational activities, this risk was attenuated when those diagnosed with thyroid cancer were excluded. In the analysis for 13 obesity-related cancers, consistent associations were found. These findings suggest the need for greater public awareness regarding physical activity among overweight individuals within the Asian population.

The relationship between interhemispheric transfer time and physical activity as well as cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy older adults

The structural and functional degradation of the corpus callosum (CC) has been shown to play an important role in the context of cognitive aging (Reuter-Lorenz and Stanczak, 2000). This is also reflected by findings of elongated interhemispheric transfer time (IHTT) in older adults (Riedel et al., 2022). At the same time, a protective effect of physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on brain health including the CC is widely accepted (Hillman et al., 2008; Loprinzi et al., 2020). Based on this idea, the present study investigated the relationship between IHTT and PA/CRF in 107 healthy older adults (m: 64, f: 43) aged 67.69 ± 5.18. IHTT was calculated detecting event-related potentials (ERPs) using an established Dimond-Task. PA was evaluated using accelerometry resulting in estimates of overall bodily motion and time spent at higher intensity PA. CRF was estimated using graded exercise testing, approximating running speed at 4 mmol/l blood lactate concentration. The results showed a negative correlation between IHTTright→left and PA overall as well as in the male subgroup and between IHTTleft→right and CRF in women. This indicates a potential relationship between IHTT and PA/CRF. While the present investigation is only the first to hint at such a relationship taking into account the differential effects with regards to sex, mode of PA/CRF and IHTT direction, it is in line with previous findings and theoretical suggestions linking brain health to PA/CRF in the context of aging. Further research is needed in order to increase our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and of the influence of sex, PA intensity, degree of CRF and significance of IHTT direction.

Lifestyle factors associated with inflammatory bowel disease: data from the Swiss IBD cohort study

BackgroundVarious environmental risk factors have been associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. In this study we aimed to identify lifestyle factors that affect the onset of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.Methods2294 patients from the Swiss IBD Cohort Study received a questionnaire regarding physical activity, nutritional habits and status of weight. In addition, a control group was formed comprising patients’ childhood friends, who grew up in a similar environment. ResultsOverall, 1111 questionnaires were returned (response rate: 48.4%). Significantly more patients with inflammatory bowel disease reported no regular practice of sport during childhood and beginning of adulthood compared to the control group (p = 0.0001). No association between intake of refined sugar and onset of inflammatory bowel disease was observed. More patients with Crohn’s disease compared to ulcerative colitis and controls suffered from overweight during childhood (12.8% vs. 7.7% and 9.7%, respectively; p = 0.027).ConclusionsOur study underlines the relevance of environmental factors in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Our results imply a protective effect of physical activity regarding the onset of inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract P3-03-15: Physical Activity and Risk of Death in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Prospective Study

Abstract BACKGROUND. Strong evidence exists supporting the protective effect of physical activity on the risk of developing breast cancer; however, its impact on survival after breast cancer diagnosis remains controversial with limited research in long-term survivors. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the association of physical activity and risk of all-cause mortality in long-term breast cancer survivors. METHODS. We conducted a prospective cohort of 315 post-menopausal breast cancer survivors who were at least 2 years post their initial diagnosis (median 6 years of survivorship). They initially were diagnosed with early stage (AJCC TNM Stages 0-II) breast cancer between January 1996-December 2012. Baseline interviews were conducted between August 2013 and March 2015, and participants were followed until date of death or study’s end (April 2022). Subjects were queried on physical activity and fatigue using validated questionnaires, Godin Leisure Physical Activity Scale (GLPAS) and Fatigue Symptom Inventory (FSI). Physical activity was defined in 3 levels (active, moderately active, insufficiently active). Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the association of physical activity with risk of all-cause mortality, adjusted for age at baseline, breast cancer stage, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), years since cancer diagnosis, fatigue, race/ethnicity, lifetime history of insomnia and depression, and adjuvant cancer treatments (endocrine, chemotherapy and radiation). RESULTS. Of the 315 women, mean age at interview was 71 years (range: 57-86). The cohort included 30% women of color, mainly African American/Black and Asian/Pacific Islander women. Over a maximum follow-up of 8.7 years (median:7.8, IQR:7.3-8.3) after their baseline interview, 45 subjects (14.3%) died due to all causes. The mortality rates were: 12.9 per 1000 person years (PY) for active; 13.4 per 1000 PY for moderately active; and 32.9 per 1000 PY for insufficiently active. In multivariable analysis, compared to insufficiently active women, those who were active or moderately active had a markedly 60% decreased risk of death (active: HR=0.42, 95% CI: 0.21-0.85; moderately active: HR=0.40, 95% CI:0.17-0.95). CONCLUSION: We found that even moderate physical activity was associated with a significantly decreased risk of all-cause death in long-term breast cancer survivors. Survivorship care plans should consider incorporating physical activity because even moderate activity is vital for extending survival as well as health-related quality of life. Citation Format: Lie Hong Chen, Michael R. Irwin, Richard Olmstead, Reina Haque. Physical Activity and Risk of Death in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Prospective Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-03-15.

Irisin Role in Chondrocyte 3D Culture Differentiation and Its Possible Applications

Irisin is a recently discovered cytokine, better known as an exercise-induced myokine, produced primarily in skeletal muscle tissue as a response to exercise. Although the skeleton was initially identified as the main target of Irisin, its action is also proving effective in many other tissues. Physical activity determines a series of beneficial effects on health, including the possibility of counteracting the damage that is caused by arthritis to the cartilage of people suffering from osteoarthritis. Nevertheless, up to now, the studies that have taken into consideration the possible involvement of Irisin on the well-being of cartilage tissue are particularly limited. In this study, we postulated that the protective effect of physical activity on cartilage tissue may depend on the paracrine action of Irisin secreted during exercise; therefore, we analyzed the effects of Irisin, in vitro, on chondrogenic differentiation. To achieve this goal, three-dimensional cultures of commercially available human articular chondrocytes (HACs) were treated with the molecule under study. Our results revealed new crosstalk mechanisms between muscle and cartilage tissue. Furthermore, the confirmation of Irisin ability to induce chondrogenic differentiation could favor the development of exercise-mimetic drugs, with application relevance for patients who cannot perform physical activity.

Smoke Exposure Reduces the Protective Effect of Physical Activity on Hypertension: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2018.

The joint effects between smoke exposure (SE) and physical activity (PA) on hypertension are still unclear, and the effect of SE is still debated. To explore associations and joint effects of SE and PA on hypertension, the data of 14,456 selected participants from the NHANES (2013-2018) were used for analyses. SE status was divided by serum cotinine concentrations. Moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) and insufficient or no PA (INPA) were divided by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Hypertension was assessed by blood pressure and questionnaires. Survey logistic multivariable regression models were conducted for data analyses. In fully adjusted models, hypertension risk among SE participants increased (OR = 1.175, 95% CI: 1.036-1.332), especially those who were <40 years or female. However, the risk among MVPA participants decreased (OR = 0.747, 95% CI: 0.663-0.841), especially those who were ≥40 years. Additionally, the OR for MVPA participants without SE when compared with INPA ones without SE was 0.740 (95% CI: 0.654-0.837), especially those who were <60 years. However, the OR for MVPA participants with SE was 0.880 (95% CI: 0.747-1.037). For INPA participants, we did not observe significant ORs for SE compared with non-SE participants (p > 0.150). In conclusion, SE increased the risk of hypertension and MVPA reduced it, but SE could reduce such protective effect.

Assessment of the prevalence and risk factors of low back pain in operating room health workers: An observational study in Italy

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) among healthprofessionals and the possible risk factors. Methods: The study was carried out from April 2018 to October 2018 among all health workers of theOrthopaedic Clinic and the Emergency Department of “Policlinico Umberto I” in Rome. LBP wasassessed using the Nordic Questionnaire Musculoskeletal Disorders in the section on lumbar pain.The type of physical activity carried out as prevention was investigated by use of theInternational Physical Activity Questionnaires. The overall state of health and lifestyle wasdeter- mined by the Short Form 12-item Health Survey. Job satisfaction and perceived work stresswere assessed through the 15-questions of Karasek’s Questionnaire. The intensity of the low backpain was assessed using a Numerical Rating Scale. A univariate analysis was conducted to assess theassociations between socio-demographic and working variables. Multiple logistic regression mod- elswere used to assess independent correlates of LBP. Results: One hundred thirteen subjects were enrolled, 52 women and 61 men. The annual period-prevalence of lumbar musculoskeletal disorder was found on 79.6% of participants with LBP.Mean value evidence of NRS was 2.66. The highest LBP risk over the 12 months was found in groupswith high job demand (OR = 1.18; 95%CI: 1.01 – 1.38), low decision-making opportunities (fordecision latitude OR = 0.87; (0-76 – 1.0), and low levels of physical activity (OR = 0.75; 95%CI:0.64 – 0.89). Conclusion: The working environment is a potential risk factor for the development of LBP and issuitable for prevention programmes. The protective effect of physical activity and work-relatedstress management indicate room for improvements for the prevention of LBP in these HCWs. Conflicts of interest: None declared.

Protective and Educational Effects of Physical Activity Practice on Mental Health in Young Age during COVID-19 Lockdown

Background: The restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic have modified the lifestyle of young people, worsening their mental health. Although some countries were allowed to practice outdoor physical activity (PA) in cases of lockdown, the PA level in the general population decreased. The current study aims to assess the differences in fear of COVID-19, anxiety, neuroticism, and general self-efficacy between university students who practiced PA during the second wave of lockdown and those who did not practice any PA. Methods: The sample consisted of 276 university students (176 females, 63.8%; mean age: 22.13, SD: ±3.94) who answered an online questionnaire detecting life habits (e.g., PA practice) during COVID-19 restrictions, fear of COVID-19, anxiety, neuroticism, and general self-efficacy. In addition, a 2 (gender) × 2 (physical activity) MANCOVA model was used to compare the variables’ differences. Finally, a path analysis model was performed to assess the protective effect of physical activity. Results: The students engaging in PA during lockdown showed lower fear of COVID-19, state and trait anxiety, neuroticism, and higher levels of general self-efficacy. Gender differences concerning fear of COVID-19 and a significant interaction with physical activity emerged: physically active females displayed the highest fear of COVID-19 compared to sedentary females and active males. Gender differences also emerged concerning state and trait anxiety and neuroticism. The path analysis model confirmed a light protective effect of sport/PA practice on mitigating neuroticism and anxiety, which, in turn, affect general self-efficacy. Conclusions: According to the results, it emerged that physical activity could represent a protective and educational factor for male students’ mental health during the COVID-19 restriction and partially for female ones.

Protective effects of physical activity on mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been linked with increased reports of depression, anxiety, and stress. Stay-at-home directives during the pandemic-imposed lifestyle changes, including eating and sedentary behaviors that can further undermine mental health outcomes. Physical activity is a vital component for metabolic health, as well as for mental health by serving as an active coping strategy to manage stress and promote resilience. Global reports of increased sedentary leisure behaviors have been associated with feelings of depression and anxiety, but it unclear whether the relationship between physical activity and depression or anxiety persists over time. In this longitudinal study, we investigated (i) whether physical activity at the onset of the pandemic was related to feelings of depression or anxiety over time and (ii) whether this relationship was mediated by stress appraisals during the pandemic. We surveyed 319 adults living in Canada or the United States to assess physical activity, stress appraisals, and mental health outcomes at two time points over a 6-month period. We found a reduction in leisure-time physical activity that was linked to subsequent feelings of depression. Furthermore, individuals with lower levels of physical activity were more likely to appraise their COVID-19 situation to be uncontrollable at pandemic onset and as the pandemic continued. Stress appraisals of threat and uncontrollability were also positively related to feelings of depression. Modelling these three factors together showed that appraising a situation as uncontrollable mediated the relationship between initial physical activity and subsequent depressive feelings. Although correlational, these data highlight the protective role of leisure-time physical activity against worsened mental health outcomes during periods of prolonged stress.

Co-occurrences of fall-related factors in adults aged 60 to 85 years in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

A broad set of factors are associated with falling (e.g., age, sex, physical activity, vision, health), but their co-occurrence is understudied. Our objectives were to quantify the number and pattern of co-occurring fall-related factors. Data were obtained from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 1,957, 60-85 years). Twenty fall-related factors were included (based on previous research), covering a wide range including cognitive, motor, sensory, health, and physical activity measures. The number and pattern of co-occurring fall-related factors were quantified with logistic regression and cluster analyses, respectively. Most participants (59%) had ≥4 fall-risk factors, and each additional risk factor increased the odds of reporting difficulty with falling by 1.28. The identified clusters included: (1) healthy, (2) cognitive and sensory impaired, and (3) health impaired. The mean number of co-occurring fall-related factors was 3.7, 3.8, and 7.2, for clusters 1, 2, and 3, respectively (p&lt;0.001). These observations indicate that co-occurrence of multiple fall-risk factors was common in this national sample of U.S. older adults and the factors tended to aggregate into distinct clusters. The findings support the protective effect of physical activity on fall-risk, the association between gait speed and falls, and the detrimental effect of health-related factors on difficulty with falls (e.g., arthritis, prescription medications). Cluster analyses revealed a complex interplay between sex and BMI that may alter the role of BMI in the etiology of falls. Cluster analyses also revealed a large detrimental effect of health-related factors in cluster 3; it is important to extend current fall interventions (typically focused on balance, flexibility, strength, cognitive, fear factors) to include health-related interventions that target factors such as BMI and arthritis.

'Weekend warrior' and regularly active physical activity patterns confer similar cardiovascular and mortality benefits: a systematic meta-analysis.

It is well documented that physical activity (PA) is associated with a lower risk of non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD) as well as mortality.1–3 Previous PA guidelines as well as recent guidelines by the World Health Organization have recommended that all adults should aim for 150–300 min of moderate intensity PA per week or 75–150 min of vigorous intensity PA per week or an equivalent combination of moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity PA per week.4 Evidence suggests these levels provide substantial health benefits in most people.2 Despite guideline recommendations and population-wide strategies to promote PA levels, most populations do not adhere to PA recommendations. A major reason for the low levels of adherence is the lack of time. The balance between frequency, duration, and intensity, which are components of PA, plays an important part in the protective effects of PA. To derive maximal benefits from PA, an appropriate intensity, frequency, and duration, which comprise the volume is essential. However, emerging evidence suggests that the intensity of PA may be more important than the quantity (frequency or duration).5 It is uncertain if the majority of PA concentrated into a few days confers similar cardiovascular benefits as that spread over more days. Following the seminal study by Lee et al.,6 a few recent reports have evaluated whether guideline recommended PA patterns concentrated in one or two sessions per week (commonly called the ‘weekend warrior’ pattern) or patterns spread over multiple sessions per week (i.e. regularly active pattern) may differ with respect to cardiovascular outcomes and mortality. Some studies have reported similar benefits,7 whereas other reports suggest that regularly active PA patterns confer more benefits than weekend warrior PA patterns.6,8 Given the sparseness and inconsistency of the data, there is a need to systematically synthesize the existing evidence. Furthermore, given the relatively low sample size of some of these previous studies, pooling the overall evidence will provide adequate power to reveal any true associations. In this context, we aimed to assess and compare the associations of weekend warrior and regularly active PA patterns vs. inactive PA patterns with the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes using a systematic review and meta-analysis of all published observational cohort studies conducted on the topic.

Association of sedentary and physical activity behaviours with body composition: a genome-wide association and Mendelian randomisation study

ObjectivesStudies suggest that body composition can be independently improved through physical activity (PA). We performed a Mendelian randomisation (MR) study to test the incremental benefits of sedentary behaviour and various...

Recommendations for Resuming PA after Prolonged Rest in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Integrative Review of Relevance for Immunity.

This systematic integrative review aims to summarize the protective effect of PA on children and adolescents, with special reference to the immune system. Periods of prolonged inactivity in children and adolescents are rare and due to exceptional events, such as illness or environmental circumstances, e.g., natural disasters, wars, or epidemics. The recent COVID-19 pandemic forced billions of children in developmental ages into inactivity. This exceptional event was the reason for studying the compensational behavioral strategies adopted by children and adolescents to counteract physical inactivity. Several studies showed the rise of spontaneous physical activity (PA) among children and adolescents to compensate for sedentarism. However, for some children, sedentarism could in turn foster other sedentarism. With the restart of “normal daily life” worldwide, a question is posed on both how to resume PA without causing damage and how to improve the immune response. Some key points emerged from the literature. Children must resume PA gradually using different methods, considering age, sex, health status, and the presence of overweight conditions. Immunity can be stimulated with PA by aerobic exercise, resistance training, flexibility exercise, relaxation, and coordinative exercises.

Baseline physical activity is associated with reduced mortality and disease outcomes in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients, physically active individuals may be at lower risk of fatal outcomes. However, to date, no meta‐analysis has been carried out to investigate the relationship between physical activity (PA) and fatal outcomes in patients with COVID‐19. Therefore, this meta‐analysis aims to explore the hospitalisation, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and mortality rates of COVID‐19 patients with a history of PA participation before the onset of the pandemic, and to evaluate the reliability of the evidence. A systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, and medRxiv was conducted for articles published up to January 2022. A random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed to compare disease severity and mortality rates of COVID‐19 patients in physically active and inactive cases. Twelve studies involving 1,256,609 patients (991,268 physically active and 265,341 inactive cases) with COVID‐19, were included in the pooled analysis. The overall meta‐analysis compared with inactive controls showed significant associations between PA with reduction in COVID‐19 hospitalisation (risk ratio (RR) = 0.58, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.46–0.73, P = 0.001), ICU admissions (RR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.52–0.81, P = 0.001) and mortality (RR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.38–0.59, P = 0.001). The protective effect of PA on COVID‐19 hospitalisation and mortality could be attributable to the types of exercise such as resistance exercise (RR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.15–0.49, P = 0.001) and endurance exercise (RR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.23–0.74, P = 0.003), respectively. Physical activity is associated with decreased hospitalisation, ICU admissions, and mortality rates of patients with COVID‐19. Moreover, COVID‐19 patients with a history of resistance and endurance exercises experience a lower rate of hospitalisation and mortality, respectively. Further studies are warranted to determine the biological mechanisms underlying these findings.

Physical activity, mental and physical health during the Covid-19 outbreak: longitudinal predictors of suicide ideation in Germany

AimSuicide ideation has increased since the outbreak of Covid-19 in many countries. The present longitudinal study investigated potential predictors of suicide ideation.Subject and methodsData of 406 participants from Germany (age M = 27.69, SD = 6.88) were assessed via online surveys in spring 2020 (baseline, BL) and in spring 2021 (follow-up, FU).ResultsThe current results reveal a significant increase in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress between 2020 and 2021. Positive mental health (PMH), sense of control, and physical health significantly decreased. Depression symptoms (BL), PMH (BL), and consciously enhanced physical activity since the pandemic outbreak (FU) significantly predicted 12-month suicide ideation (FU). In a moderated mediation analysis, the positive relationship between depression and suicide ideation was significantly mediated by PMH. Consciously enhanced physical activity significantly moderated the negative association between PMH and suicide ideation.ConclusionThe context of Covid-19 could negatively impact mental health and physical health. This might increase the risk for suicide ideation. However, PMH and physical activity might serve as protective factors. The protective effect of physical activity could be especially important in people with high depression symptoms and low PMH, such as clinical patients. Potential ways of how PMH and physical activity could be enhanced in the Covid-19 context to prevent suicide ideation are discussed.

Changes Among Mexican Adults in Physical Activity and Screen Time During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period and Association With Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress, May 29-July 31, 2020.

We examined the association between changes in physical activity and leisure screen time and mental health outcomes during the early stages of the recommended COVID-19 stay-at-home period in a national sample of Mexican adults aged 18 years or older. A cross-sectional online survey conducted from May 29 through July 31, 2020, among 1,148 participants, reported time spent in physical activity and leisure screen time during a typical week before (retrospectively) and a week during the COVID-19 stay-at-home period. Mental health outcomes during this period were measured with the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Linear regression models were used to estimate the associations between changes in physical activity and leisure screen time and mental health outcomes by socioeconomic status (SES), adjusting for potential confounders. Compared with maintaining high levels of physical activity or increasing them, decreasing physical activity was associated with higher stress scores overall, and among people of high SES, with higher scores for DASS-21, depression, and anxiety. Among participants of low and medium SES only, increasing screen time was associated with higher DASS-21, depression, anxiety, and stress scores compared with maintaining low or decreasing leisure screen time. Results highlight the potential protective effect of physical activity and limited leisure screen time on mental health in the context of COVID-19 stay-at-home restrictions.

Protective effects of physical activity against health risks associated with type 1 diabetes: "Health benefits outweigh the risks".

The magnitude of diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased in recent decades, where the number of cases and the proportion of the disease have been gradually increasing over the past few decades. The chronic complications of DM affect many organ systems and account for the majority of morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. The prevalence of type 1 DM (T1DM) is increasing globally, and it has a very significant burden on countries and at an individual level. T1DM is a chronic illness that requires ongoing medical care and patient self-management to prevent complications. This study aims to discuss the health benefits of physical activity (PA) in T1DM patients. The present review article was performed following a comprehensive literature search. The search was conducted using the following electronic databases: “Cochrane Library”, Web of Science, PubMed, HINARI, EMBASE, Google for grey literature, Scopus, African journals Online, and Google Scholar for articles published up to June 21, 2021. The present review focused on the effects of PA on many outcomes such as blood glucose (BG) control, physical fitness, endothelial function, insulin sensitivity, well-being, the body defense system, blood lipid profile, insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), insulin requirements, blood pressure (BP), and mortality. It was found that many studies recommended the use of PA for the effective management of T1DM. PA is a component of comprehensive lifestyle modifications, which is a significant approach for the management of T1DM. It provides several health benefits, such as improving BG control, physical fitness, endothelial function, insulin sensitivity, well-being, and the body defense system. Besides this, it reduces the blood lipid profile, insulin resistance, CVDs, insulin requirements, BP, and mortality. Overall, PA has significant and essential protective effects against the health risks associated with T1DM. Even though PA has several health benefits for patients with T1DM, these patients are not well engaged in PA due to barriers such as a fear of exercise-induced hypoglycemia in particular. However, several effective strategies have been identified to control exercise-induced hypoglycemia in these patients. Finally, the present review concludes that PA should be recommended for the management of patients with T1DM due to its significant health benefits and protective effects against associated health risks. It also provides suggestions for the future direction of research in this field.

Physical activity influences heart rate variability in young adults, regardless of dextrose ingestion.

Cardiac autonomic modulation can be altered by carbohydrate ingestion. On the other hand, some of the protective effects of physical activity may be due to its impact on the autonomic nervous system. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate whether physical activity level influences heart rate variability (HRV) under fasting and mainly, after dextrose ingestion. Healthy adults aged 18-40 years ( n = 92; 54.35 % women) were separated into nonactive ( n = 47) and active groups ( n = 45), based on the physical activity level determined by International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and then compared. There were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) for age, body mass, BMI, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose and blood glucose at 60 min after dextrose ingestion between groups. Body fat (%) was lower in the active group ( P = 0.02). The time-domain indices (RMSSD, SDNN and pNN50) were higher in the physically active group compared to the nonactive group (main effect of group, P < 0.01). The SDNN index was higher at 60 min after dextrose ingestion compared to fasting (main effect of time, P ≤ 0.01). However, no HRV indices showed significantly interaction effect (group x time; P > 0.05). The magnitude of HRV responses to glucose was not influenced by physical activity status. Young adults who met at least the minimum physical activity recommendations showed a higher cardiac autonomic modulation, regardless of dextrose ingestion.

Abstract P047: Depressive Symptom Trajectory Associated With Step Counts From Smartwatch: The Electronic Framingham Heart Study

Introduction: Depression is a common and serious medical illness world-wide. Studies have demonstrated a protective effect of physical activity on depression, but few studies have examined the prospective association between depressive symptoms and objectively measured physical activity. Objective: To investigate if antecedent depressive symptoms predict subsequent daily step counts among participants enrolled in the electronic Framingham Heart Study (eFHS). We hypothesize that the trajectory group with a larger proportion of participants having depressive symptoms and antidepressant use is associated with a lower level of physical activity. Methods: We used group-based multi-trajectory modeling to construct depressive symptom trajectory patterns using both depressive symptoms and antidepressant use collected from eFHS participants who attended three FHS health exams over fourteen years. The presence of depressive symptoms was defined at each exam with a Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) score &gt; 16. At the final exam, participants were provided with a study smartwatch to measure daily step counts. We excluded: a) person-day records with less than 5 hours of wear-time, or less than 1000 steps recorded in a day; b) participants who failed to return data for ≥1 day per week in the first month. We performed linear mixed effects models to examine the association between depressive symptom trajectories and average daily step counts during the first 30 days of smartwatch use and one-year of follow-up adjusting for age, sex, wear-hour, BMI, and smoking status. We used p&lt;0.05 for significance. Results: We identified two depressive symptom trajectory groups for the 724 eFHS participants (mean age 53 years, 60% women). The “low-stable” group (n=578; mean follow-up 286±110 days) consisted of &lt;5% of participants with depressive symptoms and &lt;3% of those with antidepressant medication use across the three exams. The “high-increasing” group ( n = 146; 269±114 days) consisted of &gt;21% of participants with depressive symptoms and &gt;46% of those with antidepressant medication use across the three exams. Compared to the low-stable trajectory group, the participants in the high-increasing depressive symptoms group walked 475 (95% CI: 24-927) fewer daily steps during the first 30 days of smartwatch use ( p = 0.04) and walked 550 (95% CI: 109-991) fewer daily steps during one-year of follow-up ( p = 0.01). Conclusion: Participants in the group with a larger proportion of antecedent depression and anti-depressant use walked significantly fewer steps compared to the group with a smaller proportion of antecedent depression and anti-depressant use. Our findings suggest that interventions via mHealth technologies that target mood may play an important role in promoting physical activity.

Interaction Effect between Physical Activity and the BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism on Depression in Women from the PISMA-ep Study.

The relationship between depression and the Val66Met polymorphism at the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF), has been largely studied. It has also been related to physical activity, although the results remain inconclusive. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between this polymorphism, depression and physical activity in a thoroughly characterised sample of community-based individuals from the PISMA-ep study. A total of 3123 participants from the PISMA-ep study were genotyped for the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, of which 209 had depression. Our results are in line with previous studies reporting a protective effect of physical activity on depression, specifically in light intensity. Interestingly, we report a gene-environment interaction effect in which Met allele carriers of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism who reported more hours of physical activity showed a decreased prevalence of depression. This effect was observed in the total sample (OR = 0.95, 95%CI = 0.90–0.99, p = 0.027) and was strengthened in women (OR = 0.93, 95%CI = 0.87–0.98, p = 0.019). These results highlight the potential role of physical activity as a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing and adjuvant treatment of depression and suggest molecular and genetic particularities of depression between sexes.