Protective Effect Research Articles

Empagliflozin use in cardiac transplant patients

Objectives: Sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitor |(SGLT2) drugs are used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes. In additions to their beneficial metabolic effects in lowering the glaciated hemoglobin, body weight and blood pressure, these agents have shown favorable and protective effects on the heart and the kidneys. These cardio renal benefits are seen even in people without diabetes. There is little evidence on the safety and efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors use in cardiac transplant recipients. We wanted to study the cardiac transplant recipients who used Empagliflozin for the treatment of diabetes to evaluate its safety and efficacy in this niche sub group of patients. Method: We retrospectively identified 20 patients on the cardiac transplant recipient register taking Empagliflozin (Jardiance) or Empagliflozin combined with Metformin (Synjardy). We studied the safety and efficacy parameters. Results: Our results show improvement in HBA1c, body weight and stability in serum creatinine. There was no increased risk of genitourinary infection, hypoglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis. Conclusion: While we need larger studies in cardiac transplant patients taking Empagliflozin, our small study provides assurance that Empagliflozin is safe to use in cardiac transplant recipients.

Comparative Study of Lycopene-Loaded Niosomes Prepared by Microfluidic and Thin-Film Hydration Techniques for UVB Protection and Anti-Hyperpigmentation Activity

Niosomes are employed for their improved physical properties and stability and as a controlled delivery system. However, their large-scale production and different preparation methods affect their physical properties. The microfluidic method represents a novel approach to the preparation of niosomes that enables precise control and decreases the preparation time and steps compared to alternative methods. The UVB protection and anti-hyperpigmentation activities of lycopene-loaded niosomes prepared by microfluidic (MF) and novel conventional thin-film hydration (THF) methods were compared. Extract powders from tomatoes (T), carrots (C), and mixed red vegetables (MR) were utilized to prepare lycopene-rich extract-entrapped niosomes. The resulting niosome formulations were characterized by particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, FT-IR spectra, entrapment efficiency, lycopene-release profile, permeation, and stability. The lycopene extract–niosome formulations were evaluated for their potential to provide UVB protection to human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and for their anti-melanogenesis effects on B16F10 melanoma cells. The results indicated that niosomes prepared by the MF method exhibited high uniformity and homogeneity (reflected by a low PDI value) and maintained smaller sizes when processed through a chip utilizing a hydrodynamic flow-focusing (HFF) platform compared to THF niosomes. The release kinetics of all lycopene–niosome formulations followed the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. The FT-IR spectra indicated that lycopene was incorporated into the niosome bilaminar membrane. Moreover, niosomes obtained from MF demonstrated enhanced stability during heating–cooling cycles, along with high UVB protection and anti-melanogenesis effects. Therefore, these developed niosome preparation methods could be effectively applied to topical products.

A common framework for the development of spring water contamination early warning system in western Mediterranean karst areas: Spanish and French sites.

Karst water resources, traditionally used worldwide for drinking purposes, are highly vulnerable to contamination. Scientific-technical efforts must therefore be done to ensure sufficient water quality for human consumption. Early-Warning-Systems emerge as an effective spring scale protection strategy for real-time identification of contamination episodes at drinking water capture points. With this ambition, the proposed stepwise procedure for the implementation of site-specific Early-Warning-Systems (EWS), focuses on three critical features: identification of groundwater contamination proxy parameters, warning dissemination and system validation. It was tested at three karst springs affected by temporary faecal contamination and intended for supplying drinking water to populations in Spain (Ubrique) and France (Montpellier). The applied statistical techniques, coupled to the analysis of individual flood events at karst springs, allowed to identify the optimal combination of groundwater and contamination proxy parameters at each study site according to the main contaminants and recharge mechanisms. The decision tree-like workflow, used to evaluate groundwater quality at hourly time step and set up the EWS, was then constructed considering a specific combination of hydroclimatic, hydrodynamic and physical variables together with national regulations for drinking water. Hence, warning thresholds were adapted to the behaviour of each karst system, and used to trigger the alarm when specific parameters and proxies exceeded the defined limits. The performance of the EWS was assessed by implementing 4 specific Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) dedicated to appreciate the effectiveness of the workflows in identifying contamination events and verifying estimated warning thresholds. The performed analysis demonstrated an overall successful functioning of the EWS for the three case studies, with mean anticipation times ranging between 12 and 45 h and <3 % of failure rate.

“We all Support each Other”: The Protective Effects of Community Inclusion on Transgender Individuals

“We all Support each Other”: The Protective Effects of Community Inclusion on Transgender Individuals

Resveratrol improved mitochondrial biogenesis by activating SIRT1/PGC-1α signal pathway in SAP

NLRP3 inflammasomes- pyroptosis axis is activated by microcirculation dysfunction and touched off severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Activation of PGC-1α can improve microcirculation dysfunction by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. Resveratrol (RSV), one typical SIRT1 agonist, possesses the ability of alleviating SAP and activing PGC-1α. Therefore, the study was designated to explore whether the protective effect of RSV in SAP was though suppressing NLRP3 inflammasomes- pyroptosis axis via advancing SIRT1/PGC-1α-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis. The models of SAP were induced by treating with sodium taurodeoxycholate in rats and AR42J cells. The pathological injury, water content (dry/wet ratio) and microcirculation function of pancreas, activity of lipase and amylase were used to evaluate pancreatic damage. The expression of inflammatory cytokine was measured by ELISA and RT-PCR. The damage of mitochondrial was evaluated by measuring the changes in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (ΔΨm), mitochondrial ROS, ATP content and MDA as well as relocation of mtDNA and the activity of SOD and GSH. The expressions of NLRP3 inflammasomes- pyroptosis axis proteins were detected by Western blotting as well as SIRT1/PGC-1α/NRF1/TFAM pathway protein. Moreover, the modification of PGC-1α was measured by co-immunoprecipitation. The results displayed that RSV can significantly improve the damage of pancreas and mitochondrial, decrease the expression of pro-inflammatory factor and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes- pyroptosis axis, promote the expression of an-inflammatory factor and the deacetylation of PGC-1α together with facilitating SIRT1/PGC-1α-mediating mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, the protective effect of RSV in SAP is though inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasomes- pyroptosis axis via promoting mitochondrial biogenesis in a SIRT1/PGC-1α-dependent manner.

Protective effect of baicalin on oxidative stress injury in retinal ganglion cells through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo

Protective effect of baicalin on oxidative stress injury in retinal ganglion cells through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo

Design, Synthesis, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Evaluation of Novel Indanone Derivatives for the Treatment of Vascular Dementia.

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a neurodegenerative disease resulting from cerebral vascular obstruction, leading to cognitive impairment, and currently lacks effective treatment options.Due to its complex pathogenesis, multi-target drug design (MTDLs) strategies are considered among the most promising therapeutic approaches. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of novel indanone derivatives targeting targets related to vascular health and dementia. The results indicated that compound C5exhibited excellent acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC50= 1.16 ± 0.41 μM) and anti-platelet aggregation activity (IC50= 4.92 ± 0.10 μM) within ranges of 0.1-1000 μM and 0.03-300 μM, respectively, possibly mediated by molecular docking interactions. Furthermore, compound C5demonstrated protective effects on cells at concentrations ≤50 μM, significantly reducing the release of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in a concentration-dependent manner, showcasing its potent neuroinflammatory inhibitory effects. Anti-inflammatory therapies are regarded as effective strategies for treating VaD. Therefore, compound C5holds promise as a novel candidate drug for further investigation into the treatment of vascular dementia.

TAT-PPA1 protects against oxidative stress-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of the midbrain, resulting in severe motor impairments. Inorganic pyrophosphatase 1 (PPA1) plays a key role in various biological processes, and this study introduces a cell-penetrating PPA1 fusion protein (TAT-PPA1) to explore its transduction into cells and brain tissues. TAT-PPA1 effectively penetrates SH-SY5Y cells and the SN region of PD animal models without toxicity, exhibiting protective effects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP-)-induced cell death. TAT-PPA1 revealed an inhibitory influence on the MAPK signaling pathway and MPTP-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. TAT-PPA1 suppresses JNK, AKT, p53, ERK, and p38 phosphorylation, showcasing its multifaceted role in cell survival pathways. In the MPTP-induced PD animal model, TAT-PPA1 prevents dopaminergic cell death and enhances motor function. This study shows that TAT-PPA1 protects against oxidative stress and cell death in neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting potential as a PD treatment.

Antioxidant effect and protective effect of Salvia plebeia extract against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in neuronal cell

Antioxidant effect and protective effect of <i>Salvia plebeia</i> extract against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in neuronal cell

Effect of Surface Polymeric Organosilicon Nanolayers on the Electrochemical and Corrosion Behavior of Copper

The formation of polymeric self-organizing organosilicon surface nanolayers on copper occuring as a result of modification of the metal surface with organosilane-based formulations has been studied. The anticorrosive effect of such surface layers in corrosive chloride-containing electrolytes as well as in artificial and natural atmospheres has been studied in detail. It has been found that the maximum protective effect is observed at a thickness of 3.8 molecular layers, where the densest cross-linked polymer layers are formed that hinder the adsorption of chloride ions and other corrosive agents on the metal surface, thus significantly reducing the rate of their reactions with the surface copper atoms, and, as a result, inhibiting the corrosion and local anodic dissolution of the metal.

Honey Enriched with Additives Alleviates Behavioral, Oxidative Stress, and Brain Alterations Induced by Heavy Metals and Imidacloprid in Zebrafish

Environmental concerns have consistently been a focal point for the scientific community. Pollution is a critical ecological issue that poses significant threats to human health and agricultural production. Contamination with heavy metals and pesticides is a considerable concern, a threat to the environment, and warrants special attention. In this study, we investigated the significant issues arising from sub-chronic exposure to imidacloprid (IMI), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd), either alone or in combination, using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model. Additionally, we assessed the potential protective effects of polyfloral honey enriched with natural ingredients, also called honey formulation (HF), against the combined sub-chronic toxic effects of the three contaminants. The effects of IMI (0.5 mg·L−1), Hg (15 μg·L−1), and Cd (5 μg·L−1), both individually and in combination with HF (500 mg·L−1), on zebrafish were evaluated by quantifying acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, lipid peroxidation (MDA), various antioxidant enzyme activities like superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (SOD and GPx), 2D locomotor activity, social behavior, histological and immunohistochemical factors, and changes in body element concentrations. Our findings revealed that all concentrations of pollutants may disrupt social behavior, diminish swimming performances (measured by total distance traveled, inactivity, and swimming speed), and elevate oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers of SOD, GPx, and MDA in zebrafish over the 21-day administration period. Fish exposed to IMI and Hg + Cd + IMI displayed severe lesions and increased GFAP (Glial fibrillary acidic protein) and S100B (S100 calcium-binding protein B) protein expression in the optic tectum and cerebellum, conclusively indicating astrocyte activation and neurotoxic effects. Furthermore, PCNA (Proliferating cell nuclear antigen) staining revealed reduced cell proliferation in the IMI-exposed group, contrasting with intensified proliferation in the Hg + Cd group. The nervous system exhibited significant damage across all studied concentrations, confirming the observed behavioral changes. Moreover, HF supplementation significantly mitigated the toxicity induced by contaminants and reduced OS. Therefore, the exposure to chemical mixtures offers a more complete picture of adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems and the supplementation with bioactive compounds can help to reduce the toxicity induced by exposure to environmental pollutants.

Mendelian randomization analysis of causal and druggable circulating inflammatory proteins in schizophrenia

BackgroundSchizophrenia (SZ) is a severe mental disorder with complex origins. Observational studies suggested that inflammatory factors may play a role in the pathophysiology of SZ and we aim to investigate the potential genetic connection between them by examining the causal impact of circulating inflammatory proteins on SZ.MethodsWe utilized Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess the causal relationship between circulating inflammatory proteins and SZ and the GWAS summary datasets were sourced from public databases. The SZ dataset comprised 74,776 cases and 101,023 controls, while the summary results for 91 plasma proteins in 14,824 participants were obtained through the Olink Target platform. Moreover, to identify and evaluate potential drug targets, we searched the Drug-Gene Interaction Database (DGIdb).ResultsThe results of the MR study confirmed that nine inflammatory proteins had a causal effect on SZ. Among these proteins, IL1A (OR: 0.93), TNFB (OR: 0.94), TNFSF14 (OR: 0.96), and CD40 (OR: 0.95) exhibited protective effects against SZ. Conversely, CCL23 (OR: 1.04), CCL19 (OR: 1.04), 4EBP1 (OR: 1.06), TWEAK (OR: 1.08), and DNER (OR: 1.10) were associated with an increased risk of SZ. The MR-Egger and weighted median methods also supported the direction of these effects. According to the Gene-Drug analysis, LTA, IL1A, CD40, and 4EBP1 can serve as drug targets.ConclusionsOur study established causal relationships between circulating inflammatory proteins and SZ. It may be beneficial to personalize the treatment of SZ by incorporating inflammation management into the treatment regimen.

Influence of Engine Oil Degradation on Sliding Bearings, with Special Focus on Different Degrees of Nitration

Bismuth (Bi) can be considered for use as a green substitute for lead in bearing applications. However, accelerated Bi oxidation can occur during operation, creating a brittle surface and resulting in premature seizure failure. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of engine oil degradation, especially nitration processes, on the oxidation of Bi. Tailor-made artificially aged oils with different degrees of nitration were produced and utilized in static bearing oxidation tests. By means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the Bi surfaces were analyzed regarding their chemical compositions after the tests. The results were correlated with the respective oil conditions determined via conventional parameters as well as high-resolution mass spectrometry. The findings obtained revealed a direct correlation between the amount of Bi-oxide and the nitration values of the oil, proving there was a positive impact of nitration products on the oxidation of the Bi surfaces. A comparison with the Bi content in the oils demonstrated a protective effect of the oxide layer as the Bi content declined with an increase in nitration. Overall, valuable insight into understanding the impact of oil condition on engine parts is given, and the importance of testing engine parts with aged lubricants is emphasized.

Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Protective Effects of Plant-Derived Natural Active Compounds.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains a leading cause of death among patients with cardiovascular diseases. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been the preferred clinical treatment for AMI due to its safety and efficiency. However, research indicates that the rapid restoration of myocardial oxygen supply following PCI can lead to secondary myocardial injury, termed myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), posing a grave threat to patient survival. Despite ongoing efforts, the mechanisms underlying MIRI are not yet fully elucidated. Among them, oxidative stress and inflammation stand out as critical pathophysiological mechanisms, playing significant roles in MIRI. Natural compounds have shown strong clinical therapeutic potential due to their high efficacy, availability, and low side effects. Many current studies indicate that natural compounds can mitigate MIRI by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Therefore, this paper reviews the mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation during MIRI and the role of natural compounds in intervening in these processes, aiming to provide a basis and reference for future research and development of drugs for treating MIRI.

Telmisartan potentiates the ITE-induced aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity in human liver cell line.

Telmisartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the US for the treatment of hypertension. It possesses unique pharmacologic properties, including the longest half-life among all ARBs; this leads to a 24-h sustained reduction of blood pressure. Besides well-known antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects, there is also strong clinical evidence that telmisartan confers renoprotection. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) belongs to the steroid receptor family. 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE) is an endogenous ligand of AhR. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 is an AhR-target gene. In this article, we demonstrated that telmisartan (2.5-60μM) enhanced CYP1A1 promoter activity and expressions of mRNA and protein. Telmisartan-induced CYP1A1 expression was blocked by the AhR antagonist CH-223191 in liver cell lines and was negligible in the AhR signaling-deficient mutant cells. In addition, telmisartan induced transcriptional activity mediated by aryl hydrocarbon response element in both human and mouse cells, and was able to induce AhR translocation into the nucleus. Accordingly, telmisartan is an AhR agonist. It also acted synergistically with ITE to further enhance the expression of CYP1A1 mRNA and protein. This synergistic effect was more pronounced in cells with AhR overexpression compared to those without. AhR activity has strong association with the progression of chronic renal disease. Our study demonstrated that telmisartan is an AhR agonist and has synergistic effect with ITE, an indole derivative, to potentiate the effect on AhR. This finding may provide additional clues about the mechanism of the protective effect of telmisartan on the kidney.

Study of Flow Characteristics and Anti-Scour Protection Around Tandem Piers Under Ice Cover

The impact of an ice-covered environment on the local flow characteristics of a bridge pier was studied through a series of flume tests, and the dominant factors affecting the scour pattern were found to grasp the change laws of the local hydrodynamic characteristics of the bridge pier under the ice cover. At the same time, because the scour problem of the pier foundation is a technical problem throughout the life-cycle of the bridge, to determine the optimal anti-scour protection effect on the foundation of the bridge pier, active protection scour plate was used to carry out scour protection tests, and its structural shape was optimized to obtain better anti-scour performance. The test results show that the jumping movements of sediment particles in the scour hole around the pier are mainly caused by events Q2 and Q4, which are accompanied by events Q1 and Q3 and cause the particle rolling phenomenon, where Q1 and Q3 events are outward and inward interacting flow regimes, and Q2 and Q4 events are jet and sweeping flow regimes, respectively. The power spectral attenuation rate in front of the upstream pier is high without masking effects, while strong circulation at the remaining locations results in strong vorticity and high spectral density, in particular, when the sampling time series is 60 s (i.e., f = 1/60), the variance loss rates under ice-covered conditions at the front of the upstream pier, between the two piers, and at the tail end of the downstream pier are 0.5%, 4.6%, and 9.8%, respectively, suggesting a smaller contribution of ice cover to the variance loss.

Transriptome Analysis of Peripheral Blood Monocytes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients.

: The aim of the study was to perform monocyte transcriptome analysis for identification of differentially expressed genes and key disturbances in biological processes in these cells in COPD. . The study included three COPD patients and three smokers without bronchial obstruction. Monocytes were obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using the plastic adhesion method. The cell purity achieved as a result of enrichment was approximately 90% according to flow cytometry data. The isolated RNA samples were purified from genomic DNA and ribosomal RNA. The samples were sequenced on a MGISEQ-200 sequencer in SE50 mode. Read mapping and transcript counting were performed in Salmon v1.10.1 software; further data processing was carried out in R software environment. : As a result of the analysis, 21 upregulated and 29 downregulated genes were found in monocytes from COPD patients. Among the genes with increased expression, the most significant were the noncoding RNAs PKD1P5-LOC105376752 and PKD1P4-NPIPA8, the role of which remains unclear, as well as SETDB2, RNASE6, SERPINE1, and MRC1. Downregulated genes, of which F8A2, ZDHHC19, CXCL9, CXCL10, HBA1, HBB, C2, CFB, CFD, MT1B, MT1G, and TIMP3 were of most interest, showed enrichment in seven gene ontology (GO) terms, including those related to response to lipopolysaccharides, hydrogen peroxide, copper ions, and complement activation. . The data obtained indicate inhibition of monocyte functional activity in COPD patients with a decrease in the ability to provide effective protection against microbial pathogens while weakening self-protection against reactive oxygen species. Upregulation of SERPINE1 and downregulation of TIMP3 may significantly contribute to airway remodeling and emphysema development in COPD.

Olive Oil's protective potential against cyclophosphamide-induced nephrotoxicity in Swiss albino rats

Background: Cyclophosphamide is a widely used chemotherapy drug, known for its cytotoxic and mutagenic effects on mammalian tissues and cells. Olive oil, rich in antioxidants, has potential protective effects against drug-induced organ damage. This study investigates the protective role of olive oil against cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice. Objective: To evaluate the protective effects of olive oil against cyclophosphamide-induced kidney toxicity in rats. Material and Method: Male albino mice (n=9) were divided into three groups: Control, Cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg), and Cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) + Olive Oil (200 mg/kg). After one week of treatment, kidney tissues were collected and stained with hematoxylin and Eosin for histopathological analysis. Results: The administration of olive oil led to a significant decrease in cellular damage of the kidney tissue. In this study the histopathological examination revealed marked improvement in kidney tissue architecture, with reduced cellular damage, inflammation, and fibrosis compared to the group treated with cyclophosphamide alone. These findings suggest that olive oil has a protective effect against cyclophosphamide-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in mice. Conclusion: Cyclophosphamide caused significant histopathological damage to kidney tissues in mice. Co-administration of olive oil mitigated these adverse effects, likely due to its antioxidant properties. This suggests that olive oil may serve as a protective adjunct in cyclophosphamide chemotherapy.

HSP90 Enhances Mitophagy to Improve the Resistance of Car-Diomyocytes to Heat Stress in Wenchang Chickens

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is recognized for its protective effects against heat stress damage; however, the specific functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of HSP90 in heat-stressed cardiomyocytes remain largely unexplored, particularly in tropical species. In our study, Wenchang chickens (WCCs) were classified into two groups: the heat stress survival (HSS) group and the heat stress death (HSD) group, based on their survival following exposure to heat stress. Heat stress resulted in significant cardiomyocyte damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in the HSD group, while the damage was less pronounced in the HSS group. We further validated these findings in primary cardiomyocytes derived from Wenchang chickens (PCWs). Additionally, heat stress was found to upregulate Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, which was accompanied by an increase in HSP90 expression in both cardiomyocytes and PCWs. Our results demonstrated that HSP90 overexpression enhances PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, ultimately inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress in heat-stressed PCWs. However, the application of Geldanamycin (GA) reversed these effects. Notably, we discovered that HSP90 interacts with Beclin-1 through mitochondrial translocation and directly regulates mitophagy levels in PCWs. In summary, we have elucidated a novel role for HSP90 and mitophagy in regulating heat stress-induced acute cardiomyocyte injury.

Protective effect of (E)-(2,4-dihydroxy)-α-aminocinnamic acid, a hydroxy cinnamic acid derivative, in an ulcerative colitis model induced by TNBS.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a multifactorial disease that causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract. UC is the most common form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The current treatment for mild-to-moderate UC involves the use of 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA), but much of this compound is unabsorbed and metabolized by N-acetylation. Several efforts have since been made to evaluate new molecules from synthetic or natural sources. Recently, it was reported that (E)-(5-chloro-2-hydroxy)-α-aminocinnamic acid (2c) and (E)-(2,4-dihydroxy)-α-aminocinnamic acid (2f) are as good or better myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitors and antioxidants than 5-ASA. Then, the present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of 2c and 2f on a rat model of UC induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). The results showed that TNBS caused the induction of colonic ulcers, as well as a significant increase in MPO activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) and a decrease in glutathione (GSH) content. The administration of 2f, 2c and 5-ASA, decreased the ulcers presence, inhibited MPO peroxidation activity and MPO presence (as determined by immunofluorescence), and increased GSH and reduced MDA content. However, 2f was better than 2c and 5-ASA, then, the principal mechanism by which 2f presented a protective effect in a UC model induced by TNBS in rats is by inhibiting MPO activity and due to its antioxidant activity.