Protective Effect Of Vitamin Research Articles

The protective effects of Vitamin D against Cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity

BackgroundCadmium (Cd) is retained in the kidneys in large amounts thus inducing oxidative damage. Vitamin D (VD) is a potent antioxidant that is postulated to reverse the Cd-induced oxidative effects. AimThe present study aimed at investigating the effect of VD administration on reversing Cd-induced renal toxicity. Material and methodsTwenty-four male rats were assorted into three equal groups: Negative control (NC) group receiving drinking water only, Positive control (PC) group receiving Cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and VD group receiving VD injections in addition to CdCl2. The serum levels of creatinine, urea and 25-OH VD as well as renal tissue concentration of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Tissue sections were examined for signs of renal injury, immunostained for Vitamin D receptor (VDR), Cyp24a1 and Cyp27b1 and the apoptotic index was measured. ResultsCd administration resulted in higher serum levels of creatinine and urea as well as lower serum 25-OH VD level in addition to higher MDA and lower GPX renal concentration. VD supplementation showed improved renal functions, a remarkable improvement in the renal tissue with enhanced expression of VDR and Cyp27b1, lower Cyp24a1 expression and a lower apoptotic index. ConclusionVD administration can ameliorate Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.

The protective effect of vitamin C on growth, digestive enzymes, immune response, and gill histology in Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus) under diazinon stress

In recent years, the increase in the use of agricultural pesticides has endangered the production of marine creatures. However, exposing farmed creatures to water contaminated with pesticides is one of the current challenges. This study aims to investigate the defensive impact of diets containing varying amounts of vitamin C on the growth, digestive enzyme activity, immune response, and resistance of Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus) exposed to diazinon. Fish (average weight: 1.12 ± 0.17 g) were fed diets containing 0 (control; C0), 500 (C1), 1000 (C2), and 1500 (C3) mg/kg of vitamin C for 56 days. Then they were exposed to diazinon stress for 14 days (0.32 mg/liter). The highest final weight and lowest feed conversion ratio were obtained in fish fed a diet containing vitamin C. The highest protease activity and lowest amounts of lipase and amylase were observed in the C3 group. At the end of the feeding period, lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin amount, and complement (ACH50) in the C3 treatment were significantly higher than in the control treatment. After the stress period, lysozyme and complement activity were higher in all groups fed vitamin C supplements than in the control treatment. The highest levels of stress indicators (cortisol and alkaline phosphatase) were detected in the control group before and after stress. Based on the preparation of gill tissue sections, most lesions included edema, hyperplasia, adhesion of secondary lamellae, and necrosis of gill-covering cells. Overall, the results indicate that adding vitamin C to the diet can be used as a sustainable bioremediation tactic and reduce the adverse effects of diazinon exposure in Caspian roach.

The Protective Effect of Vitamin D on Dementia Risk in Hemodialysis Patients.

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis are at an elevated risk of developing dementia, potentially linked to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in this population, which may contribute to cognitive impairment. Nevertheless, the impact of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of dementia in hemodialysis patients remains uncertain, necessitating further investigation to elucidate the potential benefits of vitamin D intervention in this vulnerable group. In this propensity-score-matched comparative cohort study, we sought to assess the impact of vitamin D supplementation on the occurrence of dementia in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis. A total of 1424 patients were included and matched 1:1 using propensity scores. The study population was divided into two groups: those receiving vitamin D supplementation at a dose of ≥70 μg/week and those without any supplementation. The primary outcome of interest was the incidence of dementia. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) to examine the association between vitamin D supplementation and the risk of dementia while controlling for relevant covariates. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) comparing vitamin D supplementation to no supplementation was 0.44 (95% CI 0.29-0.69; p < 0.0001), demonstrating a significant decrease in the risk of dementia associated with vitamin D supplementation. The aHRs for vitamin D supplementation at different dose ranges (70-105, 106-350, 351-1000, and >1000 μg/week) were 0.51, 0.49, 0.43, and 0.41, respectively (p for trend < 0.0001). These findings suggest a potential dose-dependent relationship between vitamin D supplementation and the reduction of dementia risk. In our study, we found that vitamin D supplementation at doses of ≥70 μg/week significantly reduced the risk of dementia in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis. Furthermore, our results indicated a dose-dependent effect, with higher doses of supplementation correlating with a greater reduction in dementia risk. These findings underscore the potential of vitamin D supplementation as a preventive approach for cognitive impairment in this high-risk population.

Protective effect of Vitamin D against type II diabetic nephropathy in rats: a possible role of adropin

Protective effect of Vitamin D against type II diabetic nephropathy in rats: a possible role of adropin

Vitamin D status, sleep patterns, genetic susceptibility, and the risk of incident adult-onset asthma: a large prospective cohort study.

Vitamin D has been known to be associated with asthma, particularly in children, while the evidence among adults is limited and inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum, vitamin D concentrations, and the incidence of adult-onset asthma and also the modified effect caused by sleep patterns and genetic risks. A prospective cohort study with 307,872 participants aged between 37 and 73 years was conducted based on the UK Biobank, with a median follow-up of 12 years. The Cox proportional hazard model was applied to evaluate the association between vitamin D status and incident adult-onset asthma, and the modified effect was investigated by conducting stratified analysis according to sleep pattern score and genetic risk score, and subgroup analyses were performed by sex, age, BMI, and smoking status as well. Individuals with optimal vitamin D concentration were associated with 11.1% reduced risk of incident asthma compared to those participants with deficient vitamin D (HR = 0.889; 95% CI: 0.820-0.964; p = 0.005). Moreover, stratification analysis demonstrated that the protective effect of vitamin D on asthma risk was modified by sleep patterns or genetic susceptibility, with the strongest protective effect being observed in the subpopulation with a moderate sleep pattern (HR = 0.883; 95% CI: 0.797-0.977; p = 0.016) and a moderate genetic risk (HR = 0.817; 95% CI: 0.711-0.938; p = 0.004). In subgroup analyses, the protective effect of optimal vitamin D levels was only significant among men, individuals younger than 60 years of age, overweight individuals, and current or previous smokers. Increased serum vitamin D levels were associated with a lower risk of incident adult-onset asthma, and this association was modified by sleep patterns and genetic predisposition to some extent.

Histopathological and Biochemical Effect of Vitamin C and D on Phosphine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Rats

Background: Aluminum phosphide is becoming a very common agent for self-poisoning. The lack of specific antidote for phosphide poisoning has aroused the current interest of research. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of Vitamin C and D in phosphine-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 20 Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups ( n = 12). Group I was apparently normal Control Group. Groups II-V were induced with 2.5 mg/kg ALP. Groups II was without further treatment while Groups III-IV received vitamin C at 100mg/kg/bw and vitamin D at 10mg/kg/bw. Group V was co-administered with vitamin C at 100mg/kg/bw and vitamin at 10mg/kg/bw. The treatments lasted for 28 days. Results: The results showed that Vitamin C and D (P&lt;0.05) increased antioxidant capacity. Combined active constituents of the Vitamin C and Vitamin D raised the GPX antioxidant activities when compared to the phosphine poisoned group treated individually with Vitamin C and D. The combined activities of Vitamin C and Vitamin D showed the highest antioxidant effect as compared with the control Conclusion: The combined activities of Vitamin C and D supplementation improved the antioxidant defense system and histology of the liver in phosphine poisoning. Keywords: Metal phosphide, Carotene, Liver cell damage, Poison

Protective effect of vitamin C against tetrachlorobenzoquinone-induced 5-hydroxymethylation-dependent apoptosis in HepG2 cells mainly via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway

Tetrachlorobenzoquinone (TCBQ) is an active metabolite of pentachlorophenol, and stimulates the accumulation of ROS to trigger apoptosis. The preventive effect of vitamin C (Vc) against TCBQ-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells is unknown. And there is little known about TCBQ-triggered 5-hydromethylcytosine (5hmC)-dependent apoptosis. Here, we confirmed that Vc alleviated TCBQ-induced apoptosis. Through investigating the underlying mechanism, we found TCBQ downregulated 5hmC levels of genomic DNA in a Tet-dependent manner, with a particularly pronounced decrease in the promoter region, using UHPLC-MS-MS analysis and hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing. Notably, TCBQ exposure resulted in alterations of 5hmC abundance to ∼91% of key genes at promoters in the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, along with changes of mRNA expression in 87% of genes. By contrast, 5hmC abundance of genes only exhibited slight changes in the death receptor/ligand pathway. Interestingly, the pretreatment with Vc, a positive stimulator of 5hmC generation, restored 5hmC in the genomic DNA to near-normal levels. More notably, Vc pretreatment further counter-regulated TCBQ-induced alteration of 5hmC abundance in the promoter with 100% of genes, accompanying the reverse modulation of mRNA expressions in 89% of genes. These data from Vc pretreatment supported the relationship between TCBQ-induced apoptosis and the altered 5hmC abundance. Additionally, Vc also suppressed TCBQ-stimulated generation of ROS, and further increased the stability of mitochondria. Our study illuminates a new mechanism of TCBQ-induced 5hmC-dependent apoptosis, and the dual mechanisms of Vc against TCBQ-stimulated apoptosis via reversely regulating 5hmC levels and scavenging ROS. The work also provided a possible strategy for the detoxification of TCBQ.

Evaluation of dietary supplementation and/or herbal food consumption habits and common beliefs on their effectiveness during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Since 2020, COVID-19 has affected the entire world. Various dietary supplements/herbal foods are recommended to protect against and/or treat COVID-19 through social media and conventional media platforms, although their effects are unproven. Hence, this study aimed to investigate dietary supplementation and/or herbal food consumption habits intended to protect against and/or treat COVID-19, as well as common thoughts and beliefs about these products during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study was conducted as an online survey via the "SurveyMonkey" platform between June and December 2021. Participants were invited to participate in the study via social media (Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp) and the questionnaire was administered online. A total of 1767 participants were confirmed to be eligible. Overall, 35.3% used dietary supplements/herbal foods for protection against COVID-19 and 67.1% used them for treatment. Most believed that certain dietary supplements/herbal foods have an effect on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. According to the COVID-19 infection status, participants differed in their opinions regarding the protective effects of vitamin D supplementation against COVID-19 (P = .02). It is important to raise public awareness of this issue and to avoid the unnecessary use of dietary supplements before sufficient evidence has been presented.

Testicular toxicity induced by T-2 toxin and protective effect of vitamin E in Wistar rats

Background and purpose: Mycotoxicosis is a very common problem in stored feed and fodder. Ingestion of T-2 toxin through feedstuff leads to serious consequences and production losses in exposed populations. That may lead to reproductive organ system damage resulting in the reproductive problem. The study was planned to investigate the effect of T-2 toxin and vitamin E on testicular function in Wistar rats. Material and methods: Male Wistar rats were fed with standard rat feed. T-2 toxin treatment groups received T-2 toxin (2.5 ppm and 5.0 ppm) mixed feed, while vitamin E (100 mg/kg) was given by oral gavage alone and in T-2 toxin fed groups. After completion of 28 days of oral feeding of text compounds reproductive toxicity parameters were evaluated. Results: Total live sperm counts, sperm motility, and serum testosterone levels were reduced in T-2 toxin-treated groups. Antioxidant enzymes/nonenzymes and oxidative stress indicators were altered significantly and cellular damage to testis and epididymis in T-2 toxin groups was in a dosedependent manner. However, vitamin E intervention caused a marked reversal effect in T-2 toxin-fed rats on testicular damage and male reproductive parameters. Oxidative stress and related events appear to be a potential mechanism involved in T-2 toxin-mediated testicular damage. Conclusion: This study validated that the use of an optimum dose of vitamin E has the potential to protect against the testicular damage caused by the T-2 toxin.

Vitamin D regulates microflora and ameliorates LPS-induced placental inflammation in rats.

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disease, which has become an essential cause of perinatal and neonatal death. Gut microflora becomes the regulator of host immunity through the metabolic pathway. Epidemiological studies provide convincing evidence that vitamin D supplementation can prevent the onset of preeclampsia. However, research on the microbial mechanisms and effective treatment strategies for placental inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide is lacking. In this study, pregnant rats were induced by LPS to establish a rat model of preeclampsia. Sixteen-sequence analysis was used to determine the composition of microflora in feces. In addition, the protective effect of vitamin D supplementation on LPS-preeclampsia rats was evaluated. The results showed that the blood pressure and creatinine of pregnant rats in the LPS group were significantly higher than those in the control group. In addition, LPS disturbed the intestinal microbial community and reduced microbial diversity. Vitamin D supplementation improves the symptoms of preeclampsia, increases the abundance of intestinal beneficial flora, normalizes the level of inflammatory factors LPS-induced by inhibiting the TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB pathway, and effectively resists the disturbance of uterine spiral artery remodeling induced by LPS. This study established that vitamin D-mediated microbial mechanisms and their inhibition are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of preeclampsia.

A certain protective effect of vitamin D against dental caries in US children and youth: A cross-sectional study.

Recent studies reported that evidence of the association between caries and vitamin D was inconclusive. We investigated the relationship between dental caries and serum vitamin D levels in US children and youth aged 5-19 years through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The purpose of this study was to analyze the relations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D] level and dental caries in children and youth. Data were collected from the NHANES dataset performed in 2011-2018. A total of 8896 subjects completed the examination was enrolled. Serum 25(OH)D was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). All teeth examined and caries assessment was conducted by licensed dentists. Statistical analyses included complex samples Chi-square tests, analysis of variance, logistic regression analyses, and restricted cubic splines conducted by R software. There was a nonlinear relation between dental caries and age in youth. Vitamin D showed a relatively stable protective effect when the concentration exceeded 60 nmol/L. There was a dose-effect relation that a 10 nmol/L increase in serum 25(OH)D concentrations was associated with a decreased caries odd by 10%. Our findings suggested that vitamin D sufficiency may be a protective factor for dental caries.

Protective Effects of Vitamin C on Tartrazine and Allura Red-Induced Toxicity in Male Albino Rats

The food industry relies heavily on the incorporation of artificial pigments as additives, which significantly influences market demand.

The Roles of Vitamin D and Polyphenols in the Management of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Narrative Review

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic progressive ocular disease and the main cause of severe visual impairment in the elderly. Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for AMD. Additionally, current evidence suggests dietary advice of increasing consumption of polyphenols, which may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this review was to describe the roles of vitamin D levels and polyphenols in the management of AMD. The results of this review showed mixed evidence regarding the protective effect of vitamin D against AMD. Polyphenols (flavonoids group, curcumin and resveratrol) seem to play an important role as angiogenesis inhibitors, but their effect on AMD is still unclear. Vitamin D and polyphenols may both play an important role as nutritional modifiable protective factors that reduce the risk of AMD progression. However, more research is necessary to better understand the roles of vitamin D and polyphenols in different stages of the disease.

The possible protective role of vitamin C versus melatonin on potassium dichromate induced changes in rat thyroid gland: light and electron microscopic study

ABSTRACT Potassium dichromate is widely used in various laboratory and industrial applications. Vitamin C and melatonin are well-known antioxidants. Study the microscopic and morphometric alterations in the thyroid gland in adult male albino rats after the administration of potassium dichromate for successive 2 months and also to assess the possible protective effect of vitamin C versus melatonin on these changes. Sixty adult male albino rats were randomly divided into four main groups. Group I (The control group). Group II received potassium dichromate (25 mg/kg/day) dissolved in distilled water by intraperitoneal (i.p) injection for 2 months. Group III received the same dose of potassium dichromate with vitamin C (120 mg/kg/day) orally through an intragastric intubation. Group IV received the same dose of potassium dichromate and melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) as an i.p injection. Thyroid gland samples were prepared for light and electron microscopic studies. Potassium dichromate group demonstrated congested blood vessels, follicular hyperplasia, follicular enlargement with degenerated lining cells that were exfoliated in the lumen. The parafollicular cells appeared with darkly stained nuclei. PAS reaction showed weak reaction in the colloid with an abnormal pattern of vacuolization. A highly significant increase in the percentage area of fibrosis was detected in Mallory trichrome sections. Ultrastructurally, follicular cells and parafollicular cells appeared irregular in shape with dark, small heterochromatic nuclei. Small, electron-dense granules in the parafollicular cells were found. Potassium dichromate and vitamin C-treated group III showed partial improvement of the thyroid gland. The PAS reaction showed that nearly all the follicles were more or less similar to those of the control group. A significant decrease in the percentage area of fibrosis in group III was found as compared to those in group II. Potassium dichromate and melatonin-treated group showed that the thyroid gland was nearly similar to that of the control group. Vitamin C and melatonin could partially protect against potassium dichromate induced changes in the thyroid gland and the protective effect of melatonin was better than that of vitamin C.

Protective effect of vitamin E against plumbagin-induced liver injury and oxidative stress: biochemical, redox, and mitochondrial permeability changes

Protective effect of vitamin E against plumbagin-induced liver injury and oxidative stress: biochemical, redox, and mitochondrial permeability changes

Protective Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19-Related Intensive Care Hospitalization and Mortality: Definitive Evidence from Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.

The COVID-19 pandemic represents one of the world's most important challenges for global public healthcare. Various studies have found an association between severe vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19-related outcomes. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in immune function and inflammation. Recent data have suggested a protective role of vitamin D in COVID-19-related health outcomes. The purpose of this meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) was to better explain the strength of the association between the protective role of vitamin D supplementation and the risk of mortality and admission to intensive care units (ICUs) in patients with COVID-19. We searched four databases on 20 September 2022. Two reviewers screened the randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and assessed the risk of bias, independently and in duplicate. The pre-specified outcomes of interest were mortality and ICU admission. We identified 78 bibliographic citations. After the reviewers' screening, only five RCTs were found to be suitable for our analysis. We performed meta-analyses and then TSAs. Vitamin D administration results in a decreased risk of death and ICU admission (standardized mean difference (95% CI): 0.49 (0.34-0.72) and 0.28 (0.20-0.39), respectively). The TSA of the protective role of vitamin D and ICU admission showed that, since the pooling of the studies reached a definite sample size, the positive association is conclusive. The TSA of the protective role of vitamin D in mortality risk showed that the z-curve was inside the alpha boundaries, indicating that the positive results need further studies. The results of the meta-analyses and respective TSAs suggest a definitive association between the protective role of vitamin D and ICU hospitalization.

Protective Effect of Vitamin D against Hepatic Molecular Apoptosis Caused by a High-Fat Diet in Rats

The protective effects of vitamin D (VitD) in different diseases were studied. The liver is of great interest, especially with the presence of VitD receptors. A high-fat diet (HFD) is associated with many diseases, including liver injury. Consumption of saturated fatty acids triggers hepatic apoptosis and is associated with increased inflammation. We aimed in this study to investigate the protective effects of VitD on hepatic molecular apoptotic changes in response to an HFD in rats. Forty male Wistar albino rats were used and divided into four groups: control, HFD, control + VitD, and VitD-supplemented HFD (HFD + VitD) groups. After six months, the rats were sacrificed, and the livers were removed. RNA was extracted from liver tissues and used for the quantitative real-time RT-PCR of different genes: B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (BCL2), BCL-2-associated X protein (Bax), Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS), FAS ligand (FASL), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). The results showed that an HFD increased the expression of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax, FAS, and FASL, and reduced the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2. Interestingly, a VitD-supplemented HFD significantly increased the BCL2 expression and decreased the expression of all pro-apoptotic genes and TNFα. In conclusion, VitD has a protective role against hepatic molecular apoptotic changes in response to an HFD.

Protective Effect of Commercial Grade Vitamin C against Alcohol-induced Testicular Damage in Male Wistar Rats.

Alcohol consumption has a negative effect on male fertility, but Vitamin C may be able to alleviate this effect. In this study, the protective effect of Vitamin C against alcohol-induced testicular damage in adult male Wistar rats was evaluated. This study was conducted in a University setting. Following a 14-day acclimatisation period, forty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups of five rats. The control group received only food and water, test group B received alcohol only, test group C to E received different doses of Vitamin C, test group F to G received different doses of Vitamin C and alcohol. After a 21-day treatment period, the testis were harvested and analysed for sperm parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity, level of lipid peroxidation and histopathological changes. All analyses was performed using SPSS (version 16) and Microsoft Excel (2019) using Student's t-test. The results showed that in groups administered with alcohol only, there was a decrease in sperm count. Sperm motility, morphology, viability and antioxidant enzyme activity, but increase in the level of lipid peroxidation. In groups treated with Vitamin C and alcohol, there was improvement in the sperm parameters, antioxidant enzymes activity and a decrease and decrease in lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, in the histology of the testis, regenerative changes were seen. The chronic consumption of alcohol can have a deleterious effect on the testis, but commercial-grade Vitamin C can reverse these effects.

PS-B04-5: AMELIORATIVE POTENTIAL OF COMBINATION OF VITAMIN D AND SILDENAFIL AGAINST MONOCROTALINE-INDUCED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN RATS VIA ACTIVATING ENOS

Objective: The life expectancy in PAH is very less, and only symptomatic treatment is available. Patients with pulmonary hypertension are mostly diagnosed with co-existing vitamin D deficiency. In PAH, there is an increase in the level and expression of PDE 5 enzyme that results in increased degradation of cGMP but there is also a simultaneous decrease in the activation of cGMP due to a subsequent decrease in eNOS mediated nitric oxide synthesis. Thus, limiting the efficacy of sildenafil as monotherapy in the treatment of PAH. Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency is also associated with reduced expression of eNOS mediated NO synthesis, which further decreases cGMP synthesis thus increasing disease severity. Hence, this study was undertaken to study the combined effect of sildenafil and vitamin D therapy in monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats. Design and method: Rats were fed on a vitamin D deficient diet with exposure to filtered fluorescent light to induce vitamin D deficiency. PAH was induced by a single s.c. injection of MCT 50 mg/kg. Rats were divided into 6 groups: Control, MCT, MCT+Sildenafil, MCT+Vitamin D, MCT+Vitamin D+Sildenafil and MCT+L-NAME+Vitamin D+Sildenafil. Haemodynamic, echocardiographic, histopathological and biochemical parameters were analysed. The expression and level of eNOS was done using immunohistochemistry and western blot. Results: The effect of the vitamin D sildenafil combination group was significantly higher than the vitamin D and sildenafil treated alone groups. This protective effect of vitamin D sildenafil combination in PAH is attenuated when administered with L-NAME (20 mg/kg). Furthermore, the administration of MCT reduced the expression of eNOS, which was significantly reversed by the treatment with vitamin D sildenafil combination compared to vitamin D and sildenafil alone. Conclusion: The effect of vitamin D in the treatment of PAH is comparable to sildenafil alone and is further improved when given in combination with sildenafil. Moreover, if pulmonary hypertension is accompanied by vitamin D deficiency it results in increased disease severity of PAH. Thus, sildenafil when combined with vitamin D may exert a synergistic effect in amelioration of symptoms and disease severity in patients of pulmonary hypertension.

Evaluation of the possible protective effect of vitamin E on nicotine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Evaluation of the possible protective effect of vitamin E on nicotine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats