Protective Creams Research Articles

VITAMIN D STATUS AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS IN FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF ADEN- YEMEN

Vitamin D deficiency is not only associated with rickets and osteomalacia, but with several chronic diseases, such as cancer, ischemic heart disease and type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent across all age groups in epidemic proportions. Worldwide, an estimated one billion people suffer from vitamin D deficiency. One of the major reasons for the worldwide spread of this disorder has been deficient awareness about the importance of vitamin D, its benefits on health, and prevention of deficiency state across different populations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among female medical students regarding the importance of vitamin D and to determine its correlates among female students in Aden, Yemen. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 70 adult female students aged 19-30 years enrolled in Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Aden in the period April to October 2019. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information for participants data such as age, place of residence (urban or rural), skin color (pigmentation) and applying of sun protection creams. Blood samples were taken to investigate serum 25-(OH)D3 level for all participants through laboratory examination using Roche Cobas e 411 Automatic Analyzer, after recruiting their sociodemographic, health and lifestyle. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were classified as normal (>30 ng/ml), insufficiency (10-30 ng/ml) and deficiency (<10 ng/ml). The data statistically analyzed using SPSS version 24. The mean age (SD) of participants 22.4 ± 2.01years. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among all participants was 34.3% while 65.7% had vitamin D insufficiency. low concentrations of serum vitamin D is highly prevalent among female medical students. It is advisable to increase their consumption of foods rich in vitamin D. the incidence of VDD among growing girls is concerning and necessitates preventive intervention. Importantly, health strategy plan requires considerations of more promotion of safe sun exposure practice, sufficient vitamin D supplements and vitamin D fortification of foods.

Development and performance evaluation of medical radiation-reducing creams using eco-friendly radiation-shielding composites

To ensure the safety of medical personnel in healthcare organizations, radiation-shielding materials like protective clothing are used to protect against low-dose radiation, such as scattered rays. The extremities, particularly the hands, are the most exposed to radiation. New materials that can be directly coated onto the skin would be more cost-effective, efficient, and convenient than gloves. We developed protective creams using eco-friendly shielding materials, including barium sulfate, bismuth oxide, and ytterbium oxide, to avoid harmful effects of heavy metals like lead, and tested their skin-protective effects. Particularly, the radiation-shielding effect of ytterbium oxide was compared with that of the other materials. As shielding material dispersion and layer thickness greatly affect the efficacy of radiation-shielding creams, we assessed dispersion in terms of the weight percentage (wt%). The effective radiation energy was reduced by 20% with a 1.0-mm increase in cream thickness. Ytterbium oxide had a higher radiation-shielding rate than the other two materials. A 28% difference in protective effect was observed with varying wt%, and the 45 wt% cream at 63.4 keV radiation achieved a 61.3% reduction rate. Higher content led to a more stable incident energy-reducing effect. In conclusion, ytterbium oxide shows potential as a radiation-shielding material for creams.

Cosmetic Products with Potential Photoprotective Effects Based on Natural Compounds Extracted from Waste of the Winemaking Industry.

Grape marc is a by-product resulting from the winemaking industry that still contains beneficial compounds that can be valorized. Thus, we report here the possibility of using polyphenolic extracts of grape marc origin to obtain sun protection creams. The extractions were performed in ethanol and acetone solutions using pomace from different grape varieties (Merlot, Bläufrankisch, Fetească Neagră, Isabella) as a raw material. The obtained extracts were analyzed in order to determine the total phenolic content, the antioxidant activity, and the sun protection factor (SPF) via Mansur spectrophotometric assay. The best results were achieved using 70% ethanol in water as a solvent. The extracts with the highest potential photoprotective effects are from the Merlot variety (SPFspectrophotometric = 7.83 ± 0.76). The sunscreens were prepared using the 70% ethanolic extract of the Merlot variety evaporated to dryness, redissolved in either distilled water or ethanol. The SPF estimated in vitro via the COLIPA method showed values of 14.07 ± 1.50 and 11.46 ± 1.32 for the aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively, when working with a cream to polyphenolic extract a ratio of 1/1 (w/w). At the same time, the use of aqueous polyphenolic extracts ensures the better stability of creams compared with the ethanolic ones.

P10 New rash in a child of skin of colour

Abstract A 7 year old Nigerian girl was referred by Haematology to the Paediatric Dermatology team with “suspected eczema”. She had known sickle cell disease, for which she was on hydroxycarbamide, Mum reported an 8 month history of a new rash with no systemic features. She had marked indurated plaques on face, forehead and forearms which were associated with scarring and hyperpigmentation. She had a number of investigation including negative urine dipstick. ANA was positive with elevated RO and RNP antibodies. Inflammatory markers were normal. Skin biopsy results were consistent with discoid lupus erythematosus. Stringent photo protection and sun blocking creams were advised. She was commenced on potent topical steroids and hydroxychloroquine which is first line systemic treatment. Within 4 weeks of commencing hydroxychloroquine there was significant flattening of the plaques. She was referred to Paediatric Rheumatology for assessment, given her high risk features. Clinical features of DLE in children are similar to adult DLE in presentation and chronic course. However it is rare in children with less than 2% of patients developing DLE before 10 years of age. DLE tends to be more common and severe in skin of colour. There are complications of scarring and pigmentation. It is important to be aware of the psychological impact on both parent and child’s quality of life. There is high risk of transition to SLE in children with DLE and hence screening bloods and early referral to Rheumatology should be considered.

P23 Curing the nail

Abstract Introduction Ultraviolet light is a well known trigger for inducing cutaneous flares in people who are predisposed or have been diagnosed with cutaneous lupus, it may have far reaching implications, triggering organ threatening disease Ultraviolet light could be from various sources including the sun, light bulbs and drying lamps used in nail salons to “cure the nails”. Curing the nails is a term used in the manicure world where UVA type 2 light is used to facilitate complete and quick drying of the nail polish: these type of UV light have been implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus. Case description This is the case of a 41 year old lady of African descent diagnosed with discoid lupus at the age of 33. Symptoms include hair loss, hypopigmented lesions on her ear, urticarial rash, fatigue, joint stiffness. Prior history of pregnancy loss at 14 weeks noted, and her sister also suffers from lupus. On examination she was found to have scarring alopecia with hyperkeratotic erythematous lesions at the periungual area with acrylic nails. Blood work showed lymphopenia, positive ANA, positive dsDNA by ELISA, RO+, positive anti smith antibody, normal complements and no evidence of kidney involvement. She was treated with topical therapy and then escalated in turns to hydroxychloroquine, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, rituximab and methotrexate. She had developed a rash on hydroxychloroquine leading to it's discontinuation. The periungual lesions were resistant to all of the above treatment including intralesional steroid. She had recurrent flares of the lesions which resulted in episodes of infection, pus drainage, and treatment with antibiotics. Nifedipine was introduced but did not ameliorate symptoms A causal link was eventually made between her exposure to UV light at the nail salon and the periungual lesion. She was advised to discontinue using the UV light and possibly resort to traditional nail polish and air drying. The periungual lesions significantly improved on cessation of using the UV lights. Discussion Gel/acrylic manicures are becoming increasingly popular as they are more aesthetically pleasing and long lasting compared to traditional nail polish which uses air drying method, however we should be aware of the risk of ultraviolet (UV) light exposure which is used to dry the nails. UV light stimulates keratinocytes to express more small nuclear ribonucleoproteins thereby secreting IL-1,1L-6, IL-3, GM-CSF which lead to tissue damage and increased autoantibody production, this can result in development of cutaneous lupus, worsening of cutaneous lupus or in some cases can precipitate organ threatening systemic lupus. As clinicians we should be aware of the risks and educate our patients on the implication to their disease, they should be encouraged not to use this method of manicure but rather resort to the traditional nail polish which uses air drying technique rather than UV light. Other options may include applying sun protection cream to the fingers before manicure or the use of UV protective gloves, these measures though may not provide adequate coverage to the periungual area. We should be aware and educate our patients on avoidance of other sources of UV light including avoidance of fluorescent light, tanning beds, surgical lamps and measures to reduce exposure. Key learning points Consider other sources of UV light exposure in patients with hard to treat skin disease. It is critical that we educate our patients on the possible side effects of UV exposure and counsel on strategies to minimise exposure

Probing the effectiveness of barrier creams against human skin penetration of nickel powder.

Barrier creams (BCs) are marketed as locally applied medical devices or cosmetic products to protect the skin from exposure to chemicals and irritants. Generally, the mechanism of action of such products is mainly due to the formation of a superficial thin film between the skin and the irritant or sensitizer, thus reducing or totally blocking the cutaneous penetration of such agents. Specifically, studies focusing on the effectiveness of commercial protective creams to prevent nickel cutaneous penetration are extremely scarce. The aim of the current work, therefore, is to evaluate the protective role of a commercially available barrier cream for nickel and compare the results with a simple moisturizing, following exposure to Ni powder. Marketed BCs were evaluated and tested. Human skin absorption of Ni was studied in vitro using static Franz diffusion cells. Our results demonstrate that the application of both formulations caused a reduction of Ni inside the skin (8.00 ± 3.35 μg cm-2 for the barrier cream and 22.6 ± 12.6 μg cm-2 for the general moisturizing product), with the specialized barrier cream being statistically (p = 0.015) more efficient on forming a protective barrier, thus evidencing the importance of some ingredients in such formulations on the nickel dermal accumulation. The composition of the formulations based on film-forming or chelating agents may play an imperative role in reducing the cutaneous penetration of Ni.

Photoprotection behaviors among patients during retinoid therapy

Aim: The aim of the study was to examine patients on dermatology retinoid treatment attitudes related to skin protection against UV radiation and to check the hypothesis whether patients using retinoids are more aware of the need for photoprotection. Material and methods: Internet-based survey about attitudes associated with sun exposure and photoprotection was carried out between March and May 2023. 176 questionnaires were subject to statistical analysis. Results: The study showed that 73% of the responders used an SPF cream every day. Only 3,8 % didn’t use a UV protection cream. 38% used it on all the exposed body parts. 21% used it only on their face and necks and 10% used it only on their face. As many as 78% of respondents used a cream with protection SPF 50 or more. 40% of patients reapply SPF. Most of the patients use additional tools such as sunglasses, hats and caps. But only 16% use specialized UPF clothing. Conclusion: Patients during their retinoid treatment show increased knowledge and attitude towards photoprotection. They are aware of the risks due to sensitization of their therapy and are trying to mitigate the negative effects of the UV radiation.

Evaluating the role of protective creams on the cutaneous penetration of Ni nanoparticles

There is an increase of application of Nickel in the form of nanoparticles (NiNPs) in several fields including modern metallurgy, bioengineering, and medicine. Such growth of the areas of application is actually accompanied with an increase of exposure to Nickel, thus an intensification of the negative effects, the most frequent being the allergic contact dermatitis. Indeed, due to their smaller size, and therefore their higher surface area, NiNPs can release more Ni ions compared to bulk material, that can penetrate and permeate through the skin. To reduce the Ni cutaneous penetration, barrier creams (BC) are applied on the skin surface. There is little information, however, on the efficiency of such commercial protective creams on decreasing Ni cutaneous penetration. For this reason, the objective of the current study was to investigate the protective role of one commercially available formulation for Ni (Nik-L-Block™ containing a chelating agent) and one moisturizing cream (Ceramol 311 basic cream without chelating agent), following exposure to NiNPs, using in vitro Franz cells, as well as the cytotoxicity of NiNPs in primary human dermal fibroblasts was studied. Our results demonstrated that although both tested formulations can decrease Ni accumulation in the skin (4.13 ± 1.74 μg/cm2 for Nik-L-Block™ and 7.14 ± 1.46 μg/cm2 for Ceramol 311 basic cream); there are significant differences between the two creams (p = 0.004). Based on the experimental evidence, we therefore conclude that the composition of such formulations has an imperative role for dermal uptake of Ni. Finally, NiNPs showed no cytotoxic effect on cultured human dermal fibroblasts after 24 and 72 h.

Performance Evaluation of Radiation-Shielding Materials and Process Technology for Manufacturing Skin Protection Cream.

Personnel using X-ray devices, the main source of radiation in medical institutions, are primarily affected by scattered rays. When interventionists use radiation for examinations/treatments, their hands may enter the radiation-generating area. The shielding gloves used for protection against these rays restrict movement and cause discomfort. Here, a shielding cream that directly adheres to the skin was developed and examined as a personal protective device; further, its shielding performance was verified. Bismuth oxide and barium sulfate were selected as shielding materials and comparatively evaluated in terms of thickness, concentration, and energy. With increasing wt% of the shielding material, the protective cream became thicker, resulting in improved protection. Furthermore, the shielding performance improved with increasing mixing temperature. Because the shielding cream is applied to the skin and has a protective effect, it must be stable on the skin and easy to remove. During manufacturing, the bubbles were removed, and the dispersion improved by 5% with increasing stirring speed. During mixing, the temperature increased as the shielding performance increased by 5% in the low-energy region. In terms of the shielding performance, bismuth oxide was superior to barium sulfate by approximately 10%. This study is expected to facilitate the mass production of cream in the future.

Dermatological conditions associated with dental professionals in Saudi Arabia.

Dental professionals and students are commonly exposed to occupation-related skin lesions, characterized as contact dermatitis (like allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, contact urticaria), that are commonly observed on hands and fingers. The present study evaluated the prevalence of skin lesions, knowledge about risk factors, and prevention of dermatological lesions among dental students and dental professionals. The present observational study was carried out on 100 study subjects, including dental students and staff, using a self-administered and structured questionnaire to assess demographic variables, awareness information, and knowledge about work-related skin lesions. The data was subjected to statistical analysis using IBM's Statical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Sixty percent of the total number of subjects were dental students and 40% were dentists. 56.8% of the subjects were female and 43.2% were male, with a maximum of 0-5 years of practice/experience. The most common symptoms of skin lesions were itching and erythema, especially on the hands and fingers. Only 15.6% had their treatment done by dermatologists, and 7% underwent skin prick tests. Latex allergy was most familiar with feature of facial edema. The use of hand sanitizers, soaps, and protective cream was limited among the subjects. There was a lack of awareness among both the dentists and students regarding work-related skin lesions and getting them treated by dermatologists at the earliest, though the dentists' level of knowledge was better than that of the students. Thus, various educational programs on dermatological lesions should be implemented so that dental professionals and students take necessary precautions and seek treatment for skin disorders.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Related to Sun Exposure among University Students of Rawalpindi and Islamabad

Objective: To assess the knowledge and attitude towards sun exposure related practices among university students of twin cities.
 Study Design: Quantitative analytical cross-sectional study.
 Place and Duration of Study: A Quantitative analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in the university students of Rawalpindi and Islamabad Pakistan, from Jan till Apr 2022.
 Methodology: Total participants were 317. Participants were university students, who were studying during 2021-2022 under registered universities within the twin cities. The data was gathered through online Google Forms. IBM SPSS version 25 was used for analysis.
 Results: 42.5% participants exposed themselves to the sun doing outdoor activities for over 90 days a year, while 49.3% did so for 1-2 hours a day. 29% of the people got painful burns at least once or twice this year. Only 20% participants took shelter in shade or used umbrellas, 14.5% used hats. 20.4% never used sunscreen, while 22.6% did, and among them, 44.3% were unaware of the SPF they used. 48% do not like using sunscreen. 65.4% believed sun protection creams were the best way to protect themselves. 81.1% think at least 30 minutes of sun a day are advisable for adequate Vitamin D levels. (p<0.05)
 Conclusion: It was found that people does have knowledge about the importance of shade and clothing material, such as hats,to avoid the harmful effects of sun exposure but they do not practice it. When it comes to sunscreen, most do not use it and those who do, do not possess significant knowledge about its SPF.

Knowledge of the Effects of UV Radiation and Blue Light on the Skin, the Proper use of Protective Cosmetics and Usage Patterns in Latvia

UV (ultraviolet) radiation is a significant risk factor for the development of skin cancers such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, and can contribute to other skin lesions.
 Objectives: The aim of the study was to find out knowledge on the effects of UV radiation and blue light on the skin, the correct use of protective equipment, and their using habits in the Latvian population. 
 Materials and Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was used, which included 31 questions and 307 participants in the age group from 18 to 60 years, randomly selected were surveyed (243 (79%) - women, 64 (21%) - men).
 Results: Comparing the knowledge about the effects of UV radiation and the blue light on the skin between the age groups, a statistically significant difference was found between the age groups 21-25 and 51-60 (p <0.001), as well as between 26-30 and 51-60 (p <0.001). Analyzing the data, a statistically significant difference was obtained in the gender groups who didn’t sunbathe - men did not sunbathe statistically significantly less than women (p <0.05). Only 21.2% of respondents were using SPF protective creams daily. 8.1% of respondents believe that the effects of tanning on the skin are negative.
 Conclusion: The level of knowledge on UV radiation, blue light and proper use of protectives are influenced by age, gender and occupation in Latvian population.

An Assessment on the Efficiency of Clothing with UV Protection among the Spanish Navy School Students.

Concern about the harmful effects that ultraviolet (UV) rays have on the skin of people who are routinely exposed to solar radiation has driven the industry of skin protection creams, sunglasses and clothing. Spanish Navy personnel are subject to different levels of exposure depending on their rank and function. The objective of this research is to analyze the behavioral variables associated to the effects on the skin caused by UV rays, denoted by the combined effects of perceived susceptibility and perceived severity, on their decision to purchase and wear uniforms with UV protection. A confirmatory analysis using a structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed on a sample of 100 respondents. The model results revealed a strong mediating characteristic of the intention to use, variable associated with the exogenous variables. Attitude towards the use of clothing and social influence, as well as the exogenous variable clothing action planning, on the sun protective clothing use during tactical maneuvers. These relationships were significant with p-values close to zero. However, exogenous variables related to perceived susceptibility and perceived severity in exposure to sunlight did not represent a significant influence when mediated by self-efficacy in use. The results revealed the consequence of awareness about the importance of protecting oneself and the influence that usage habits can have on the military with respect to the decision to purchase uniforms with UV protection.

Saúde Ocupacional aplicada aos Pavimentadores de Estradas

Introduction/framework/objectives It is not uncommon for Occupational Health teams to have a client in the road paving sector; however, literature for this area is sparse. The aim of this article is to summarize the most pertinent and recent articles published on the subject. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in August 2021 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Contents The IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) classified the asphalt used for paving roads as possibly carcinogenic to humans (group 2b), due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. However, epidemiological studies do not show clear evidence of a higher incidence/prevalence of diseases of this type, although the risk may be different, depending on the route of entry (inhaled versus cutaneous) and the specific composition. There are also aliphatic hydrocarbons, cyclic alkanes and heterocyclic compounds. The association with different types of cancers is inconclusive but still stronger for lung versus skin. Some of these substances can cause chromosomal instability which, in turn, some argue that it can lead to cancer pathology. Discussion and Conclusions In the research carried out there was only data related to the chemical agents inserted in the asphalt; no references were found to other Occupational Risk/Risks Factors, such as other chemical agents, dust; noise, cut, vibrations associated with different machines; physical loads/efforts, forced/maintained postures, falling to the same level or at different levels, and eventual burial; ultraviolet radiation and thermal discomfort or trampling. As for the chemical risk, most authors consider that some substances included in the composition of the asphalt, especially under certain technical conditions (equipment, temperature, asphalt subtypes), may be carcinogenic to humans. However, even at this level, collective or individual protection measures are not mentioned, in order to provide concrete guidance for those who have clients in this sector. In the context of the former, it can be assumed that it would be pertinent to promote the rotation of tasks, to choose the types of asphalt considered less toxic (whenever possible) and the equipment that worked at lower temperatures, with less noise and vibrations; promote good maintenance of machines and purchase safer models; as well as organizing training and access to adequate Occupational Health services. In turn, at the level of Personal Protective Equipment, one could use mask/visor, hat/cap, uniform, glasses (for ultraviolet radiation and entry of foreign bodies), sun protection cream, ear protection, gloves (for cutting/abrasion and/or vibration), knee braces and/or abdominal restraint straps. It would be important for some Occupational Health teams working in the area to better study the sector and develop valid knowledge about the gaps mentioned, disseminated through publication in journals of the area. KEYWORDS: road paving, road pavers, occupational health, occupational medicine and occupational risks.

Study on the formulations for Topical Skin Protectant against Liquid-Phase Chemical Warfare Agents

Chemical warfare agents(CWA) such as nerve agents and vesicating agents show lethality by skin contamination. Skin protection, therefore, is one of the top priorities to deal with the growing threat from CWA. In an attempt to develop the most effective topical skin protectant(TSP), candidate substances including PFPE(perfluorinated polyether), PTFE(polytetrafluoroethylene), glycerin, and polysaccharides were evaluated in forms of various formulations against nerve agent simulant DMMP(dimethylmethyl phosphonate) penetration. The protective efficacy of the formulation against DMMP penetration was estimated as the onset time of color change of the KM9 chemical agent detection paper. Based on this study, it was found that several PFPE- and glycerin-based formulations exhibit remarkably superior efficacy as a protective cream. This protective cream is expected to be used as TSP for military application after further research.

From Himba indigenous knowledge to engineered Fe2O3 UV-blocking green nanocosmetics

This contribution reports on the physical properties of the natural Namibian red Ochre used by the Himba Community in a form of a formulation, so called Otjize as a skin protective and beauty cream. The morphological and crystallographic studies of this red ochre validated its nano-scaled dominating phase of rhombohedral α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals with an additional hydrolized oxide component in a form of γ-FeOOH. The optical investigations showed that such a red ochre exhibits an exceptional UV filtration and a significant IR reflectivity substantiating its effectiveness as an effective UV-blocking & solar heat IR reflector in support of the low skin cancer rate within the Namibian Himba community. In addition, such nanocrystals exhibited a non-negligible antibacterial response against E. Coli & S. Aurus. This study seems confirming the effectiveness of the indigenous Otjize as an effective skin UV protection cream with a sound antimicrobial efficacy against e-Coli & S-Aurus.

Development and Evaluation of a Broad spectrum Polyherbal Sunscreen formulation using Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Safranal.

UV absorption properties of bioactive agents has led to their screening and development to provide photoprotection. Safranal is one such secondary plant metabolite obtained from Saffron (Crocus sativus) and reported to possess antioxidant and antisolar properties. The objective of this research was to design a suitable delivery system for the topical delivery of Safranal and to develop broad-spectrum polyherbal sun protection cream with mild photoprotection. Safranal-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were formulated using probe sonication technique. The effect of variables like lipid concentration, surfactant concentration, and stirring time was studied using central composite design using Design Expert 7.0 (Stat-Ease, Inc., USA). These SLN were combined with zinc oxide, pearl powder, Pterocarpus santalinus, a natural colorant with skin whitening effect and dispersed in a dermatological acceptable carrier with excellent skin-nourishing properties. Other natural ingredients namely almond oil, hen egg oil, and aloe vera gel were also incorporated due to their sun protection properties. Particle size analysis of prepared SLN revealed the particles in the range of 460-980nm (F9). Entrapment efficiency was found between 88% and 99%. SLN was further characterized by techniques like DSC, FTIR, and TEM. Evaluation of sunscreen cream by transmittance method showed good texture, excellent rheological properties, optimum pH, and stability. The developed product showed broad spectrum of sunscreen protection with SPF 9.22, UV-A ++, and *** Boot Star Rating. The significant inhibitory activity of Safranal on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) analyzed by biochemical investigation method and a higher SPF established that this bioorganic molecule is a strong photoprotective agent. Designing solid lipid nanoparticles and incorporation of other traditional ingredients in the recipe augmented its antisolar property and provided an all natural sunscreen.

SKIN PIGMENTATION AND ASSOCIATED DISEASES IN KSA

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between different chronic conditions and exposures, specifically saying: Vitamin D deficiency, Diabetes mellitus, Thyroid disorders, chronic stress, using psychotropic drugs, Chronic kidney disease, and using sun protective creams, and the prevalence of skin dyspigmentation among Saudi population. A significant relationship was found between skin pigmentations and DM, Hyperthyroidism, chronic stress and using sun creams. The results are concordant, in most parts of this study, with the previous studies in different times and regions, done for the same purpose.

Thiolated Silicone Oils as New Components of Protective Creams in the Prevention of Skin Diseases.

This work investigates the possibility of using thiolated silicone oils as new components in protective creams and their impact on the efficacy of these products. Thiolated silicone oils were synthesized by amide bond formation between primary amino groups of poly17dimethylsiloxane-co-(3-aminopropyl)-methylsiloxane] and carboxylic groups of thiol ligand (3-mercaptopropionic acid) with carbodiimide as a coupling agent. To evaluate and compare the properties of these kinds of thiomers, three different emulsion o/w types were obtained. Emulsion E1 contained methyl silicone oil, E2 poly[dimethylsiloxane-co-(3-aminopropyl)-methylsiloxane], and E3 thiolated silicone oil (silicone-MPA), respectively. Physicochemical properties, including pH, conductivity, droplet size distribution, viscosity, and stability, were assessed. The efficacy of barrier creams in the prevention of occupational skin diseases depends on their mechanical and rheological properties. Thus, the method which imitates the spreadability conditions on the skin and how structure reconstruction takes places was performed. We also investigated textural profile, bioadhesion, protection against water and detergents, and water vapor permeability. Emulsion E3 was characterized by beneficial occlusion, spreadability, and adhesion properties. These features with prolonged residence time on the skin can make designed barrier creams more preferable for consumers.

THE COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF THE ANTI-SCAR ECTOIN GEL

The development of new means for topical therapy and prevention of scar formation of moisturizing and protective action based on ectoin can be promising. The optimal form is hydrogels, because of their adhesive and plastic properties, easily distribution and remaining for a long time on the skin. The purpose of this study was the development of the composition and technological research of the gel with ectoin for the prevention of skin scars. To select the optimal gel-forming agents’ technological studies (external characteristics, drying characteristics and film quality on the skin and on model surfaces, skin moisture, pH, the active substance release, thermal and colloidal stability, rheological properties) of model samples based on gel-forming agents, used in protective and anti-scar creams carried out. The composition of polymers xanthan and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose selected, which has improved adhesion and moisturizing properties, to reduce the frequency of application and provide a prolonged effect. The optimal concentration of dimethicone to enhance the protective effect and enhance the hydrophobic effect selected. The technological characteristics of model samples of ectoin gel investigated: description, pH, thermal and colloidal stability, viscosity, microbiological purity. The results indicate that the gel has the necessary technological characteristics that determine its quality. Thus, as a result of technological research, the composition of the anti-scar ectoin gel was developed.