Protective Afforestation Research Articles

Изменчивость высоты дуба черешчатого (Quercus robur L.) и клена остролистного (Acer platanoides L.) в полезащитной полосе

The organizing framework of adaptive landscape agriculture is protective afforestation. The study of the shelterbelt state is necessary for detection of their protective height due to the dramatically changing climatic conditions. The research purpose is to carry out the distribution of trees of English oak (Quercus robur L.) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) with height for the stand structure evaluation, as well as to propose the measures for the condition improvement of English oak. The shelterbelt, the spatial structure of which was studied, is located in the vicinity of the village of Zolotarevka (65 km from the city of Lugansk). Archival data on the creation time and age of the studied forest shelterbelt were not revealed. Shelterbelts in the Lugansk region were created in accordance with the “Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature”, which was designed for 1949–1965. Sampling areas were laid out in accordance with the industrial standard OST 56-69–83. The composition of the shelterbelt, the diameter and average height of the trees were determined based on the results of enumerative valuation. The coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of stands of the studied species were calculated by the standard methods of biometrics. The distribution of Norway maple and English oak trees with height was checked with the normal distribution of trees in the plantation according to the Shapiro-Wilk test. The authors revealed that arithmetic and valuation mean heights of the stands of English oak and Norway maple on two permanent sampling areas differ slightly. It was found that the stand of Norway maple on the first and second sampling areas is characterized by positive right-side symmetry and positive kurtosis. Analyzing the stand condition, it is arguable that the coefficient of skewness of the English Oak stand on both areas is not the same in sign and numerical value: on the first sampling area – leftside negative (As = –2.026) and on the second – right-side positive (As = 0.973). The authors pay particular attention to the fact that the value of the coefficient of kurtosis of the English Oak stands is the highest on the first sampling area – 3.044. On the basis of the Shapiro-Wilk test it is shown that the curve of distribution of the Norway maple stands with height on the first and second sampling areas does not correspond to the normal distribution curve for the plantations. While the curve of distribution of the English Oak stands with height on the second sampling area is close to the indicator of the Shapiro-Wilk test for normal stands and is 0.823 (for p = 0.05, W = 0.842, n = 10).

Продуктивность и природоохранная роль полезащитных лесонасаждений Robinia pseudoacacia L. Прикубанской равнины

Works on protective afforestation are carried out in order to protect agricultural land from degradation processes, as well as to improve the microclimate of land. The research purpose is to study the bioproductivity and environmental role of Robinia pseudoacacia L. forest shelterbelts in the conditions of the Kuban lowland. The approved and generally accepted methods of forest valuation, forest land reclamation, botany, and mathematical statistics were applied. Plantings were created according to the standard technology for the steppe zone of the Russian Federation. The area of forest shelterbelts is 62.4 ths ha, including 5 % of the young growth (I state class), 80 % of middle-aged forest plantings (II state class), 10 % of maturing plantings (II state class), 5 % of mature and overmature plantings (III state class). Living ground cover is formed by the following species: Koeleria pyramidata L., Poa pratensis L., Festuca pratensis H., Elytrígia repens L., Dactylis glomerata L., and Phlum pratense L. Aboveground phytomass is 100–300 g/m2; height is 25–32 cm. Plantings are characterized by the quality classes: young growth – I and II; middle-aged and maturing – III; mature and overmature – IV. At the age of natural maturity (70 years), the Robinia trunk reaches the average height of 15.1 m with the average diameter of 22.1 cm. The total stock of wood reaches 18, (ths m3), including (ths m3): young growth – 68 (ths m3); middleaged plantings – 14,871 (ths m3); maturing plantings – 2,187 (ths m3); mature and overmature plantings – 1,314 (ths m3). Aboveground phytomass in young growth is 20.2 t/ha; in mature and overmature plantings it is 391.2 t/ha. In the region it is estimated at 17,070 ths t, including (ths t): young growth – 64; middle-aged plantings – 13,753; maturing plantings – 2,032; mature and overmature plantings – 1,221. The share of stem mass reaches 84.5–80.8 %; woody greenery – 4.2–1.5 %; branches – 11.3–17.7 %. Recalculation coefficients of the stock into aboveground phytomass are the following for: young growth – 0.936; mature and overmature forest shelterbelts – 0.929. Phytosaturation of forest shelterbelts varies within 0.314–2.474 kg/m3. Forest shelterbelts have accumulated 8,534 ths t of carbon, which is estimated at 145.1 mln dollars. The sphere of application of the research results is the Krasnodar Krai forestry, which is recommended to create an additional 60 ths ha of forest shelterbelts, which will provide a normative protective forest cover of arable land of 5 % and annual carbon sequestration up to 3.4 t/ha.

Land management under protective forest plantations at the local level: decentralization models

The state of field protective afforestation in Ukraine has been studied and it has been found that the indifferent attitude of the state to field protective forest belts for many years has led to a ecological crisis (we have about 15 million hectares of degraded soils and estimated losses of 33-35 billion hryvnia annually), which is also the result of the long absence of the owner of these lands. Characterizing the problems associated with the use of forest plantations in terms of the interests of management and economic entities, it was found that currently the most influential entities are the state, the State Forestry Agency, united territorial communities and people whose interests compete with each other. Based on studies of the evolution of land ownership under protective forest belts, taking into account the decentralization processes taking place in the country and taking into account the provisions of the Laws of Ukraine, models of their management at the local level are proposed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that, regardless of the choice of the owner, preference is given to the creation of a municipal agroforestry reclamation enterprise for the arrangement of protective forest belts.

Introduced poplar varieties and new hybrids for protective afforestation

The volume of actual protective forest stands in the Central Chernozem Region is presented, and the need for their additional creation is shown. It is noted that in recent years, side by side with the main forest tree species competitive cultivars of euramerican poplars varieties and some new hybrids obtained by domestic breeding have been introduced in the forest shelter belts and protective stands, which in the reclamation fund of the Voronezh region reached a height of 15 m at 20 years, 25 m at 30 years and 30 m at 42 years. After many years of testing in various soil and climatic environments of the region the selection of promising poplars varieties, hybrids and clones for protective afforestation was carried out. The following euramerican cultivars have been recommended: ‘Vernirubens’, ‘Robusta’, ‘Regenerata’, ‘Sacrau-59’ etc. From domestic hybrids ‘Pioneer’ and ‘E.s.-38’ (Elite seedling No. 38) can be recommended, which grow well in the floodplain conditions in dry steppe zone in Volgograd region. At 30 years, they reached a height of 24-25 m; and diameter – 28-31 cm. For comparison, similar growth indices (height about 20 m, diameter – 28-30 cm) oak shelter forest plantations in Kamennaya Steppe reached only by the age of 75 years.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ РАУНДАПА В БОРЬБЕ С НЕЖЕЛАТЕЛЬНОЙ ПОРОСЛЬЮ ДРЕВЕСНЫХ ПОРОД В ЗАЩИТНЫХ ЛЕСНЫХ НАСАЖДЕНИЯХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО ЧЕРНОЗЕМЬЯ

The article analyzes the nine-year experience of the effectiveness of the use of the herbicide Roundup (based on glyphosate) in the growing edges in protective forest belts and on skid roads. Options for chemical growth control of various species in comparison with mechanical ones have been studied for the first time in the conditions of Stone Steppe, which is considered to be the best created system of protective afforestation in Russia. The characteristics of the herbicide, the principle of action and the method of its application are given. It was found that shoots do not appear in all subsequent years, and the process of stump destruction begins at 3 years after treatment of stumps of freshly cut trees with this preparation. In comparison with other chemical methods, it has minimal labor and money costs for its application. Thus, the efficiency of the method for treating fresh stumps with herbicide is the highest one. After processing, undergrowth is partially formed, depressed and dies off the next year. It has been found that this method reduces labor costs by 17 times, and the labor cost - by 6.7 times in comparison with mechanical treatment.

Tree-shrub species promising for protective afforestation and planting in the Volgograd region

For the successful development of agriculture and increase the productivity of the arid zone of the Volgograd region, preservation of the soil from water erosion and deflation, protective forest and greenery plantations that are resistant to harsh forest conditions are necessary. The objects of study are various species of poplar P. nigra, P. bolleana, P. alba etc., rose hips R. rugosa, R. spinosissima, R. alba Maximus etc., elm U. campestris x U. pumila, which were evaluated according to the following parameters: degree of damage to plants by drought, total amount of water, winter hardiness, as well as their growth and development. The study showed that species P. nigra, R. rugosa, R. cinnamomea, and U. pumila have the highest approximation coefficients. U. laevis and P. deltodies are moderately resistant to high temperatures, and the species U. pumila, P. nigra, P. alba, and P. balsamifera are thermo- and pathogenic resistant. A study of the morphological features of various poplar species revealed the tallest species P. alba and P. nigra (20–22 m). The tallest shrub species are S. sorbiforia, R. alba, and R. canina.

Селекционный потенциал древесных популяций для лесомелиоративных комплексов

Повышение устойчивости и долговечности защитных лесных насаждений возможно воздействием целого комплекса приемов и мероприятий по семеноведению, семеноводству, размножению и выращиванию селекционно улучшенного посадочного материала и оптимизации фитосанитарной обстановки. К каждому составляющему комплекса планируются принципиально новые подходы и пути решения. О ценных свойствах популяций отобранного генофонда деревьев в аридных условиях (юг европейской территории России) можно судить по факту достижения ими предельного (50-70 лет) возраста при неоднократном воздействии жестких засух, сильных морозов, инвазий вредителей и болезней и др. Объектами исследований являлись естественные и искусственные популяции Quercus roburL., Pinus sylvestris L., P. pallasiana D.Don, P. nigraArnold, P. banksiana Lamb., P. ponderosa Dougl. на юге европейской территории России (Волгоградская, Астраханская области, Республика Калмыкия). Исследования базируются на методологии включающей мониторинг, выявление критериев отбора с учетом комплексных исследований (засухо-, морозо-, солеустойчивость, устойчивость к вредителям и болезням). Дана комплексная оценка различных экотипов Quercus robur L. по потомству (25-летние растения в клоновом архиве). В лесорастительных условиях региона исследований перспективными, по лесоводственным и биологическим показателям, показали себя популяции Quercus robur L. из следующих областей: Воронежская, Витебская, Белгородская. Приведены достоверные различия между экотипами, рекомендуемые для селекционного семеноводства. Выявлены различия между фенологическими формами по длительности ростовых процессов, ритмике развития, таксационным показателям. Выявлены представители рода Pinus (Pinus sylvestris L., P. pallasianaD.Don, P. ponderosa Dougl.) представляющие практический интерес для защитного лесоразведения в южных регионах. В России значительная часть (65%) искусственных насаждений представлена культурами P. sylvestris L. Из многообразия почвенных экотипов, для агролесомелиорации представляет интерес экотип, сформировавшийся на меловых обнажениях. В связи с чем он применяется в противоэрозионных насаждениях в Среднем и Нижнем Поволжье. Некоторые характеристики урожая семян отдельных деревьев имели большие вариации и отличались низкими показателями вследствие исключительно засушливого периода наблюдений. В результате инвентаризации естественных и искусственных насаждений изучены морфологические и структурные характеристики и выделены перспективные популяции для селекционных целей при создании агролесомелиоративных комплексов. Получены теоретические и экспериментальные материалы на уровне географической, экологической, локальной популяции и данные по комплексной устойчивости сортообразцов. Increasing the stability and durability of protective forest stands can be influenced by a whole range of techniques and measures for seed science, seed production, propagation and cultivation of selectively improved planting material and optimization of the phytosanitary situation. Fundamentally new approaches and solutions are planned for each component of the complex. The valuable properties of the populations of the selected tree gene pool in arid conditions (South of the European territory of Russia) can be judged by the fact that they reach the maximum age (50-70 years) under repeated exposure to severe droughts, severe frosts, pest infestations and diseases, etc. The objects of research were natural and artificial populations of Quercus roburL., Pinus sylvestris L., P. pallasiana D. Don, P. nigraArnold, P. banksiana Lamb., P. ponderosa Dougl. in the South of the European territory of Russia (Volgograd, Astrakhan regions, Republic of Kalmykia). The research is based on a methodology that includes monitoring, identification of selection criteria taking into account complex studies (drought, frost, salt resistance, pest and disease resistance). A comprehensive assessment of various ecotypes of Quercus robur L. by offspring (25-year-old plants in the clone archive) is given. In the forest-growing conditions of the research region, the populations of Quercus robur l have shown themselves to be promising in terms of forestry and biological indicators. from the following areas: Voronezh, Vitebsk, And Belgorod Regions. There are significant differences between ecotypes recommended for selective seed production. Differences between phenological forms in the duration of growth processes, the rhythm of development, and taxational indicators are revealed. Representatives of the genus Pinus (Pinus sylvestris L., P. pallasianaD. Don, P. ponderosa Dougl.) of practical interest for protective afforestation in the southern regions have been identified. In Russia, a significant part (65%) of artificial plantings is represented by P. sylvestris L. crops. From the variety of soil ecotypes, the ecotype formed on Cretaceous outcrops is of interest for agroforestry. In this connection, it is used in anti-erosion plantings in the Middle and Lower Volga region. Some characteristics of the seed yield of individual trees had large variations and were characterized by low indicators due to an exceptionally dry observation period. As a result of the inventory of natural and artificial plantings, morphological and structural characteristics were studied and promising populations were identified for breeding purposes when creating agroforestry complexes. Theoretical and experimental materials were obtained at the level of geographical, ecological, and local populations, as well as data on the complex stability of cultivars.

Адаптация сезонных ритмов развития на примере дендроколлекций ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН

Assessment of the success of adaptation of woody plants to soil and annual changes in seasonal meteorological conditions of the arid growing region based on the method of phenological observations allows us to identify the synchronicity of the development of vegetative and generative organs of cultivated plants. The years of experimental materials (for a 20-year period: 1979, 1989, 2019) seasonal development of 47 woody plant species growing in areas with brown soils in dendrological collection Nizhnevolzhsky station on selection of tree species, branch of Federal scientific center of agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kamyshin, Volgograd oblast). It is revealed that each species has its own annual cycle with a certain sequence and duration of periods of growth and development, reproduction, etc. The conjugation of prophases with the seasonal rhythm of climatic parameters and important prophases with each other is established, and the frequency characteristic of prophases of seasonal development is given. Plant biorhythms are associated with anatomical, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and properties that affect the degree of adaptation to environmental factors. The phenological patterns of trees and shrubs development necessary for predicting their prospects for protective afforestation and landscaping under the influence of stress factors and climate change are established. Based on the analysis of long-term (60 years) phenological observations, it was found that the variability of onset dates within the phase is significantly lower than between the development phases. This is consistent with the energy needs of phenophases of development in ontogenesis and species affiliation and geographical origin. The revealed regularities between plant biorhythms and seasonal changes in climatic factors in the conditions of the Volgograd region. In most species, leaf budding begins and reaches its maximum when the sun shines for more than 13.5 hours a day and the average daily air temperature is between 5-10-15°C. The maximum prophase of the beginning of flowering in woody plants is the duration of sunshine 14-16 hours a day at an air temperature within 10-18°C. The end of flowering is shifted a decade later at approximately the same parameters of solar radiation and air temperature. The foliage of all plants is laid in three decades of may — this is 15-16 hours of sunshine and the air temperature is 15-21 °C. The end of the growth of runs occurs during the period of the year when solar radiation reaches a maximum of 16 hours per day and the air temperature is approaching the maximum of the average daily air temperature of + 24 °C. In a series of studied prophases, there are certain relationships: each subsequent one begins at the end of the previous one; sometimes it is possible to overlap the prophases of development (vegetative and generative organs).

ДИНАМИКА РАНГОВОГО РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ДЕРЕВЬЕВ ПО ВЫСОТЕ В ПОЛЕЗАЩИТНОЙ ПОЛОСЕ С УЧАСТИЕМ ДУБА ЧЕРЕШЧАТОГО (QUERCUS ROBUR L.) И КЛЁНА ОСТРОЛИСТНОГО (ACER PLATANOIDES L.)

Protective afforestation is organizing basis of adaptive landscape agriculture. The aim of the study is to distribute the trees of English oak (Quercus robur L.) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) in height to establish the complexity of stand structure. The differentiation of trees by height in the shelterbelt, which is located in the vicinity of the village Zolotarevka, Lugansk region, Stanichno-Lugansk district, has been considered. In the plantation under study, we laid two permanent test plots in accordance with 56-69-83 Industrial Standard. Relative height of each class of the ranked row, reduction numbers and ranks of maple and oak stands, forming a field-protecting strip, have been determined based on the results of enumeration taxation. Reduction numbers and ranks have been determined according to the methodology of L. V. Stonozhenko et al. The authors have revealed that the predominance of leader trees with 26-27 grades in the oak-tree stand of Quercus robur L. (first test plot) is explained by a decrease in the growth rate of the main part of the stand due to the sparse standing of trees. Analyzing the state of the stand, during the formation of the second tier (maple stand on the first test plot), growth and development of oak and is worsened. Thinning can be seen as the final result. The authors emphasize in the work that there is an improvement in the growth and development of English oak when simplifying maple stand (second test plot). The consequence of all these is more complicated form of plantation

Improvement of the economic efficiency of protective forest plantations in the agricultural sector of the Russian Federation

The condition and efficiency of land use is a determining factor in ensuring the balanced development of the agro-industrial complex, nature management, as well as environmental and food security of the country. The priority areas for ensuring sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex include the fight against deforestation; rational use of vulnerable ecosystems with desertification and drought; creation of compensating sites with forest vegetation; greening of land use through the new optimal planning of agrolandscapes. The methodological and theoretical basis of the study is the studies and works of leading domestic and foreign scientists, materials of scientific and practical conferences of various levels in the field of protective afforestation and agroforestry. The information base for the study is the regulatory legal acts (the Forest Code, a number of federal laws, orders of the Federal Forestry Agency, etc.) that govern issues on the problem under study. As a result of the research, an assessment of the state of protective forest plantations in the Russian Federation is given, potential advantages of using protective forest plantations in the agricultural sector are identified, the role of the state in solving environmental and social problems on this issue is determined. State measures are proposed to solve the problems of increasing the efficiency of the use of protective forest plantations in the agro-industrial complex, including the transfer of protective forest plantations to the ownership of agricultural enterprises and farms with mandatory responsibility for their proper maintenance and preservation.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ АГРОЛЕСНЫХ ЛАНДШАФТОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The need for rational use of natural resources of the chernozem regions of the Russian Federation is determined both by the requirements for ensuring the country's food security and the logic of the ecological and socio-economic stability of the territory with the predominance of chernozem soils. The article, using the example of the Voronezh Region, shows the role and practical significance of the spatial organization of agroforestry landscapes in the Central Chernozem Region of the Russian Federation using data from the Federal State Statistics Service on land resources, on the number of farms, food and processing enterprises of the agro-industrial complex over the past 20 years. The adaptive-landscape farming system, as the predominant element of rational land use, contributes to the formation of agroforestry landscapes in sparsely wooded regions of Russia. Agroforestry objects are necessary components of the whole complex of rational land use, ensuring the sustainable use of agroforestry potential of the regional economic space. Long-term practice of protective afforestation on agricultural lands has developed a number of basic types of afforestation: shelterbelts on arable land, ravine forest belts, land reclamation plantations on sand and a hydrographic network, windbreaking and snow shelter-belts. The unique experience of formation and sustainable development over many decades of agroforestry in the Stone Steppe of the Voronezh Region indicates a high level of efficiency of the functioning of such landscapes, even in special extreme conditions. The centuries-old experience of afforestation in the interests of transforming an almost lifeless space has shown the organizing role of forest belts in creating an agroforestry landscape, the effectiveness of their anti-erosion functions, and also the tangible social significance of agroforestry

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПОЛЕЙ МЕЛИОРАТИВНОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ЛЕСОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ УРОЧИЩ ПРИРОДНО - АНТРОПОГЕННЫХ ЛАНДШАФТОВ

Purpose: to study the zones of reclamation influence of forest management stow of natural anthropogenic landscapes (NAL). Methods: processing the extensive information of scientific publications on protective afforestation and visual modeling of the zones of reclamation influence of forest management stow on the NAL spheres. Results: the system of agricultural, water industry, urban, road, recreational, industrial and degraded NAL of the biogeographic region was displayed as an organized diagram, in which the figure of an assistant represents forest management stow. These natural boundaries contribute to the sustainability and productivity of NAL, the preservation of biodiversity, biologization and rehabilitation of geotechnical systems and degraded territories, and the provision of a comfortable environment in places where people live and rest. The possibilities of forest management stows to form various zones of reclamation influence were visually displayed in the form of a converging diagram. Such capabilities and abilities are characterized by: indicators of biomesoclimate, snow retention, regulation of local runoff and dust-air flows, soil fertility (water, thermal and air regimes, chemical and water-physical properties, conditions of mineral nutrition), reproduction of natural resources, and increasing agricultural productivity. At the same time, biodiversity is preserved, the sanitary state of water bodies is improved and their fullness increases, sanitary and hygienic, decorative and artistic, recreational and other roles are manifested. Conclusions: the zones of reclamation influence of forest management stow of NAL are determined by the following abilities: to create the intensity of material-energy manifestations and the dynamics of zones of reclamation influence, to promote the incompleteness of the biological cycles. This leads to the activation of certain possibilities of the zones of reclamation influence, depending on the characteristics of the forest plantation, biogeographic region, NAL, seasons and weather conditions.

Научные основы формирования полифункциональных кластерных дендрологических экспозиций коллекций ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН

В последние годы в связи с реализацией нацпроектов «Экология» актуальность приобретают вопросы сохранения, восстановления и непрерывного использования дендроколлекций в озеленении при формировании комфортной городской среды и применения отобранного генофонда растений в лесомелиорации, плодоводстве, парфюмерной промышленности и др. Цель – разработать научные основы и этапы формирования полифункциональных кластерных дендрологических экспозиций коллекций ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН при их реновации в биоресурсные искусственные и озелененные ландшафтные пространства рекреационного типа в малолесных регионах России. Выявлено, что в системе ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН (ранее ВНИАЛМИ) имеются несколько дендрариев (Волгоградский, Камышинский, Кулундинский, Поволжский), в которых собран основной генофонд видов древесных и кустарниковых растений из различных стран мира (Европы, Азии, Северной Америки и др.) для агролесоводства и озеленения аридных территорий РФ. Они ориентированы на подбор деревьев и кустарников, пригодных в первую очередь для защитного лесоразведения и озеленения, а также здесь проводятся фундаментальные научные исследования в области биоэкологии древесных растений и питомниководства. В настоящее время они испытывают ряд негативных воздействий (факторы и угрозы): деградация растительности – диффузное и куртинное усыхание деревьев и кустарников вследствие недостаточного орошения, вытаптывания почвы, пожары 2010, 2015, 2017 гг. (г. Волгоград); загрязнение воздушного бассейна (связано с общей неблагоприятной ситуацией, сложившейся в городе, воздействием выбросов автотранспортом); визуальное загрязнение – замусоренность территории вследствие высокой рекреационной нагрузки. Установлены наиболее острые проблемные ситуации, не связанные с состоянием окружающей природной среды – отсутствие буферной зоны, нерегулируемая рекреация, отсутствие ограждений. Дорожно-тропиночная сеть представлена грунтовыми протопами. Освещение и цветочное оформление отсутствует. Разработана концепция реконструкции, структура и функциональное зонирование на примере дендрологического парка ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН (г. Волгоград). Формирование кластерных дендрологических экспозиций и биоресурсов коллекций полифункционального типа служат не только хорошим полигоном с контролируемой территорией, где можно безопасно испытывать виды растений, но и разрабатывать соответствующие рекомендации по реновации озелененных пространств рекреационных ландшафтов с учетом комплексной оценки искусственных урбофитоценозов в малолесных регионах России.In recent years, in connection with the implementation of the Ecology national projects, the issues of conservation, restoration and continuous use of dendrocollections in landscaping during the formation of a comfortable urban environment and the use of selected plant gene pools in forest reclamation, horticulture, perfumery, etc. have become urgent. The goal is to develop the scientific foundations and stages of the formation of multifunctional cluster dendrological expositions of the collections of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences during their renovation in bioresource artificial and landscaped of a recreational type in sparsely forested regions of Russia. It was revealed that in the system of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly VNIALMI) there are several arboretums (Volgogradsky, Kamyshinsky, Kulundinsky, Volga), in which the main gene pool of species of woody and shrub plants from different countries of the world (Europe, Asia, North America, etc.) is collected for agroforestry and landscaping of arid territories of the Russian Federation. They are focused on the selection of trees and shrubs suitable primarily for protective afforestation and landscaping, and fundamental scientific research is also carried out in the field of bioecology of woody plants and nursery farming. Currently, they are experiencing a number of negative impacts (factors and threats): vegetation degradation - diffuse and curtain drying of trees and shrubs due to insufficient irrigation, trampling of the soil, fires in 2010, 2015, 2017. (Volgograd city); air pollution (due to the general unfavorable situation in the city, the impact of emissions from vehicles); visual pollution - the clutter of the territory due to the high recreational load. The most acute problem situations that are not related to the state of the environment — the absence of a buffer zone, unregulated recreation, and the absence of fences are established. The road-path network is represented by unpaved protopes. Lighting and flower design is missing. The reconstruction concept, structure and functional zoning were developed on the example of the dendrological park of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Volgograd). The formation of cluster dendrological expositions and bioresources of multifunctional type collections not only serves as a good testing ground with a controlled territory where plant species can be safely tested, but also develop appropriate recommendations for the renovation of green spaces of recreational landscapes, taking into account a comprehensive assessment of artificial urbophytocenoses in sparsely forested regions of Russia.

EFFECTIVENESS OF UREA WITH UREASE INHIBITOR – UTEC TO THE POTATO

In the he article are presented the research result on effectiveness of application new form of urea on potato. New urea form is urea with urease inhibitors. This fertilities type allow to reduce losses of nitrogen in ammonium form. Field experiment was carried out in 2017 on solonetc light chestnut soils with heavy granulometric compound in the conditions of the Volgograd region in the experimental polygon of the lower Volga agricultural research Institute – branch of Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Federal scientific center for agro-ecology, integrated land reclamation and protective afforestation wounds". As an object of research used potatoes mid-early table varieties Nevsky. The advantage of a new fertilizer form is the yield increase and improvement of tubers quality. Urea UTEC application leads to formation bigger and uniform tuber size. The use of urea UTEC provide the potato yield of 56.4 t/ha, with marketable tubers fraction up to 54.82 t/ha, the total yield increase to the control – 35.6%, in monetary terms this amounted to 245887.0 RUB/ha additional profit. Under these conditions, was obtained lowest amount of non-marketable yield – 0.16 t/ha, which is 2.65 times less than in the control variant. The advantage of urea UTEC application in comparison with ammonium nitrate was the increase in the yield of marketable potatoes by 5.1 t/ha and an additional profit up to 76.8 thousand rubles/ha. The Assessment of the potato quality showed that the best treatment was also the treatment with UTEC urea, the starch content in tubers was 9.22%. Note that almost the same value of the indicator in the variant with the use of urea (option 2), and the lowest starch content was noted when using ammonium nitrate – 9.05%.

Environmental Evaluation of the System of Protective Forest Plantations in Urban Landscapes Volgograd Agglomeration Using Gis-Technologies

The article discusses issues related to the study of sanitary protection zones as the main natural barriers to reduce the impact of functioning urban enterprises, also studied the system of protective forest plantations located along linear objects (rail and road transport). At the present stage, a comprehensive ecological-forest-reclamation analysis of protective plantations is impossible without the use of GIS-technologies, which makes it possible to assess the degree of their preservation and assess their environmental protection function. Studies have shown that the territory allotted for the sanitary protection zones of selected enterprises as large polygons does not meet the requirements imposed on them, since they have a high degree of degradation. The state of the system of protective plantings along linear objects can also be assessed as satisfactor, and significant degradation of woody vegetation can be observed as a result of an increase in traffic load. According to the results of the research, we concluded that allow management decisions to be taken to restore the system of protective afforestation in urban landscapes of the Volgograd agglomeration.

Regulation of increase of biodiversity of woody plants in protective forest plantings of the Volga region

Защитное лесоразведение в засушливых условиях Поволжья связано с использованием интродуцированных древесных растений. Несмотря на большой опыт защитного лесоразведения, состояние всех видов насаждений в регионе нельзя считать удовлетворительным. Причины: ошибки в подборе деревьев и кустарников, в оценке генофонда, в разработке ассортимента. Отсутствие научно обоснованного регламента повышения биоразнообразия древесных растений в защитных лесных насаждениях Поволжья приводит к инвазиям. На примере коллекционных дендрологических участков (Волгоградская, Самарская области) приведены материалы по выявлению потенциальных рисков последствий интродукции для повышения биоразнообразия защитных лесных насаждений. Цель – научное обоснование регламента подбора интродуцированных деревьев и кустарников для повышения биоразнообразия защитных лесных насаждений в засушливых условиях. Разработанный регламент обогащения дендрофлоры включает алгоритм количественного и качественного улучшения ассортимента и выбор лучшего варианта из возможных с использованием кластерного подхода, системы методов и критериев. Для выполнения поставленных задач научно-исследовательские работы были сконцентрированы на биоресурсах деревьев и кустарников объектов Федерального научного центра агроэкологии, комплексных мелиораций и защитного лесоразведения Российской академии наук (ранее ВНИАЛМИ) и его филиалов. Генофонд деревьев и кустарников представлен 700 таксонами. В статье обосновано использование в защитных лесных насаждениях Поволжья интродуцентов многоцелевого назначения (родовые комплексы семейств Rosaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Oleaceae, Fabaceae). Представлен реестр родов экономически важных семейств коллекционного фонда. Они обладают адаптивностью, включают экономически важные группы. Расширение биоразнообразия древесной растительности защитных лесных насаждений посредством введения кустарников различных форм роста (высоких, средних, низких) способствуют улучшению экологических условий и сохранению биологического разнообразия ландшафтов. Представлены материалы мониторинга дендрологических коллекций и экспериментальных популяций, образующих самосев. Установлено, что при конструировании защитных лесных насаждений различного целевого назначения необходимо использовать разнообразие перспективных и экономически важных деревьев и кустарников (лесомелиоративных, декоративных, плодово-ягодных, медоносных, лекарственных). Для лесомелиоративного обустройства деградированных экосистем рекомендовано 168 видов деревьев и кустарников. Для создания насаждений на малопродуктивных землях внедряется 90 видов интродуцированных кустарников многоцелевого назначения. Прогноз перспективности генофонда древесных растений для защитного лесоразведения базируется на многолетнем агроэкологическом мониторинге родовых комплексов дендрологических коллекций Федерального научного центра агроэкологии, комплексных мелиораций и защитного лесоразведения Российской академии наук и включает создание фонда посадочного материала древесных видов с учетом экологичности, хозяйственной пригодности и инновационной привлекательности. Protective afforestation in the arid conditions of the Volga region is associated with the use of introduced woody plants. Despite the great experience of protective afforestation, the condition of all types of plantings in the region cannot be considered satisfactory. Reasons: errors in the selection of trees and shrubs, in the evaluation of the gene pool, in the development of the assortment. The lack of scientifically sound regulations for increasing the biodiversity of woody plants in the protective forest plantations of the Volga region leads to invasions. On the example of collections dendrology plots (Volgograd and Samara regions), materials are provided to identify potential risks of the consequences of introductions to enhance the biodiversity of protective forest plantings. The goal is the scientific substantiation of the regulations for the selection of introduced trees and shrubs to enhance the biodiversity of protective forest plantations in arid conditions. The developed procedure for enriching dendroflora includes an algorithm for quantitative and qualitative improvement of the assortment and the choice of the best option possible with the use of a cluster approach, a system of methods and criteria. To carry out the tasks set, the research work was concentrated on the bioresources of trees and shrubs of the facilities of the Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly VNIALMI) and its branches. The genefond of trees and shrubs is represented by 700 taxa. The article substantiates the use of multi-purpose plants in protective forest plantations (Rosaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Oleaceae, Fabaceae) of the Volga region. The register of genera of economically important families of the collections fund is presented. They have adaptability, they include economically important groups. Expanding the biodiversity of tree vegetation of protective forest plantations through the introduction of shrubs of various forms of growth (high, medium, low) contribute to improving environmental conditions and preserving the biodiversity of landscapes. Materials of monitoring dendrological collections and experimental populations that form sowing of young plants are present. It is established that when designing protective forest plantings for various special purposes, it is necessary to use a variety of perspective and economically important trees and shrubs (forest meliorative, ornamental, fruit and berry, honey, medicinal). For forest reclamation of degraded ecosystems, 168 species of trees and shrubs are recommended. For the creation of plantings on unproductive land, 90 species of introduced shrubs of multi-purpose use are being introduced. The forecast of the perspective of the gene pool of woody plants for protective afforestation is based on long-term agroecological monitoring of the generic complexes of dendrological collections of the Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of Russian Academy of Sciences, and includes the creation of a stock of planting material for tree species, taking into account environmental friendliness, economic suitability and innovative attractiveness.

Combined tillage machine for protective afforestation

The main preparation of the soil for protective forest plantations on agricultural fields and tractor pass of gully slopes with the steepness up to 12° in the regions of insufficient and unstable moistening is characterized by a low degree of crumbling of the soil layer, when using plows , high energy and material intensity, multi-operation (plowing, deep loosening, destruction of soil blocks). Plowing across slopes with a steepness of more than 4-6° is made only under a slope, i.e. each working stroke is idle, and this reduces the productivity. The design of a combined tillage machine is offered, it is the hinged ripper plow PRN-40, replacing plows of general purpose PLN-4-35 and the plant PPN-40, the hinged ripper RN-80, the cultivator KRT-3 or the heavy disc harrow BDNT-3, which produces a deep layered cultivation of the soil (plowing to a depth of 25...27 cm and loosening the subsoil layer by 25...40 cm) and active circulation of the soil layer both downward and upward along the slope to 12...15 °; excluding additional treatment for the purpose of destroying soil blocks. In the plow-ripper PRN-40, the working parts of the passive (the body with the shortened blade and the deep cutter) and the active (rotary ripper) operation are used. They use power of the tractor engine through its propulsors and PTO separating the plowing process into separate operations performed at different rates of impact and subject to a layer of various non-energy-intensive types of deformation.

REGULATIONS OF SAFE AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY OF WOODY PLANTS IN PROTECTIVE AFFORESTATION

Due to the lack of natural woody vegetation on flat or elevated relief elements, protective afforestation is associated with the introduction of tree species of foreign origin. Uncontrolled process of enrichment of protective forest plantations woody plants in forest-poor regions leads to invasion. The goal is the development of regulations for the selection of woody plants to safely enhance the biodiversity of protective forest plantations in the steppe and semi-desert. It was revealed that the cluster dendrological sites of the Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of Russian Academy of Sciences (FSC of Agroecology RAS) serve as a testing ground with a controlled territory for safe testing of plants. The object of research was 600 taxa, of different geographical origin and age. For defensive forest plantations of degraded ecosystems (Volgograd, Samara Oblast) 168 species of trees and shrubs are recommended. The results of studies of generic complexes are the basis for the scheme for analyzing the prospects of woody plants and for selecting an economically important range. In dry steppe conditions, economically important groups from families Rosaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Oleaceae, Fabaceae are recommended for increasing biodiversity. The regulation includes the creation of a stock of planting stock. It is based on ecological compatibility, economic suitability, innovative assortment. Monitoring of experimental populations forming a self-seeding was carried out. In arid conditions, safe methods of reproduction of woody plants have been identified. An algorithm for quantitative and qualitative improvement of the assortment of woody plants has been developed to select the best possible option and the criteria for regulating the sustainable use of the biodiversity of woody plants. They include introduction, selection, seed production and tested at the sites of the study area.

Мониторинг интродукционных ресурсов Кулундинского дендрария и выделение ценного генофонда для защитного лесоразведения

On the example of the Kulunda arboretum the materials of monitoring of introduction resources of trees and bushes are given. The success of their introduction into the culture of protective afforestation is based on a detailed study of ecological and biological features, the experience of introduction in new conditions. Due to the increased anthropogenic load in recent years, the range of woody plants used in the protective forest plantations of arid areas requires updating. The problem statement includes the allocation of a valuable gene pool for the creation of seed bases and the cultivation of adapted planting material. It is shown that in the conditions of the Kulunda steppe the introduced species in the protective afforestation are not widely used yet, the range of tree species is poor (Betula pendula Roth., Populus balsamifera L., Pinus sylvestris L., Larix sibirica Ledeb., Salix fragilis L.). Accompanying woody plants are presented by Acer negundo L., Malus pallasiana Juz., Ulmus pumila L. Other tree species are used in protective afforestation on a limited scale. The purpose of the evaluation introduction the sustainability of the gene pool of Salted arboretum on the basis of a comprehensive monitoring and study their biological features under conditions of Kulundinskaya steppe for protective afforestation. Kulundinsky arboretum was established in 1977, it is located on the territory of the West Siberian agroforestry experimental station (plot 49098 m2, cadastral number 22:23:010003:0014). Type of soil – chestnut, light-loamy. The main reserves of humus are concentrated in the upper horizon and with a depth decrease from 2.7 to 0.6%, the depth of groundwater 5-6 m. It was revealed that the species composition of trees and shrubs of the Kulundinsky arboretum includes 143 taxa from 52 genera and 25 families. Among the economically valuable generic complexes are representatives of the family Rosaceae. It is established that the representatives of the family Rosaceae, as an introduction resource for the enrichment of forest reclamation complexes and the formation of comfortable living conditions of the population, is one of the largest in taxonomic composition of wood species and important for multifunctional use. Methodical approaches to carrying out monitoring of introduction of resources, the proposed method of calculation introduction the resistance of plants to new conditions including the characteristics group (winter hardiness, drought tolerance, pobegoobrazovatelnost ability, growth in height, generative development, possible method of propagation in culture) and the ratio of collection Fund on indicators and the dimensions of the scales. Materials on monitoring of introduction resources of the Kulundinsky arboretum of the Federal CENTER of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences on assessment of the adapted gene pool for protective afforestation will be used to develop measures for biodiversity conservation and rational use of economically valuable plants; based on the data obtained, promising species for the enrichment of protective forest plantations of the kulundin steppe were selected.

Законодавчо-правове забезпечення імплементації концепції агролісомеліорації в Україні

Для ефективної реалізації основних положень Концепції розвитку агролісомеліорації в Україні запропоновано внесення змін у Закони України і підзаконні акти, які регламентують ведення полезахисного лісорозведення. Обґрунтовано необхідність надання полезахисним лісовим смугам природоохоронного статусу, закріплення їх за суб’єктами господарювання, забезпечення економічного стимулювання з наданням податкових та кредитних пільг особам, які здійснюють догляд за існуючими агролісомеліоративними насадженнями та створюють нові. Внесено також пропозиції щодо Державного контролю за використанням та охороною земель, звільнення від відшкодування втрат сільськогосподарського та лісогосподарського виробництва, складання проектів землеустрою з аналізом агролісомеліоративного забезпечення щодо охорони земель і обсягів необхідних площ захисних насаджень за категоріями на найближчу перспективу.