Protectionism In International Trade Research Articles

Current State and Prospects for Developing Carbon Integration in the Eurasian Space

The processes of decarbonisation of the world economy, expressed among other things in the increasing use by states of carbon pricing mechanisms and the strengthening of the role of green protectionism in international trade, create certain challenges for the competitiveness of the economies of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries, setting them the task of harmonizing national approaches within the framework of the climate agenda and subsequent carbon integration. This article, based on a comprehensive analysis of the economic and legal aspects of national and supranational climate regulation, examines factors that can contribute to the development of such integration in the Eurasian space, and identifies existing and potential challenges that could have an impact on it. We propose a definition of carbon integration as one of the areas of climate integration, analyzed the current conditions for its development, and identified potential measures for its further improvement and regulation in the EAEU. The authors come to the conclusion that, despite such factors as the initial stage of climate integration in the Eurasian space, the existing differences in the climate regulation regimes of the countries of the association (manifested among other things in the heterogeneity of the development of institutional and legal frameworks for the application of carbon pricing mechanisms), the scale of the consequences of introducing the European CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism) for the national economies of the countries under consideration, opportunities and conditions for investing in green projects and greening of production, carbon integration remains one of the necessary conditions for the successful development of trade and economic relations of the EAEU member states at both regional and global levels.

Analysis of the Impact of Large Container Ships on Port Capacity

Facing the fierce competition in the shipping market, major container liner companies are constantly increasing the scale of container ship construction in pursuit of scale effect, and the trend of large-scale development of container ships is increasingly obvious. The enlargement of container ships not only intensifies the competition of shipping companies, but also brings profound changes to the port's facilities and equipment. This paper analyzes the development process, background and reasons of the large-scale container ships, as well as the future development trend of large-scale ships. The qualitative and quantitative method was used to analyze the current status of ship enlargement on the development status. Through the corresponding data and cases, combined with the current rise of international trade protectionism and the global spread of new pneumonia, the impact of ship enlargement on port development was analyzed with a view to the port Development provides corresponding theoretical references and suggestions.

An Exploration of the Driving Factors Behind Trade Protectionism

Given the thought experiment of David Friedman questioning the legitimacy of protectionism of international trade, this paper provides several determining factors contributing to protectionism in different dimensions: the profusion of infant industries lack the capability of achieving economics of scale, failing to compete directly with foreign mature sectors; indirect tax revenue like tariff could provide an extra fund for local government, and salvage of declining industries guarantees employment rate; and imposing protection policies could also be deems as unavoidable strategy when there is a politic competition. Overall, this paper outlines different logic reasonings behind the imposition of international trade protectionism policy. It is concluded that even though imposing international trade protectionist policy has detrimental impacts on both sides, there are still a bunch of ones exist served for political purposes other than economic considerations in the forms of trade war, high tariffs and certain quota , science and technology sanctions, etc.

De-globalization, International Trade Protectionism, and the Reconfigurations of Global Value Chains

By presenting an investigation of the impact of international trade protectionism on the reconfigurations of the global value chains (GVCs), this paper challenges the perceived assumption of ongoing globalization and the free flow of goods and services. Building on the de-globalization and GVCs’ literature, we performed a historical content analysis on 174 articles from 2016 to 2020 published in leading and major national and international newspapers. Our findings suggest that international trade protectionism has altered the landscape of GVCs by causing widespread disruption to their functioning, thus making them prone to future external policy risks. Such disruption is having a varying impact on various industries, whereby it is causing greater harm to those industries that are more global in nature and thus rely on global suppliers. We draw implications of our findings for research and practice.

Pengaruh Implementasi Kebijakan Proteksionisme Melalui Tingkat Komponen Dalam Negeri Terhadap Tender/Seleksi Internasional

The policy of protectionism has been adopted by a number of countries including Indonesia with the aim of protecting and improving the quality of domestic products. One form of the protectionism policy is through the Local Content Requirement which is realized by the Domestic Component Level (TKDN) policy. This policy affects the implementation of international selection process process (popularly known as ‘tenders’) which are a special form of government procurement of goods/services. This procurement is guaranteed by regulations due to the involvement of foreign parties in the selection process which can determine the outcome of the procurement. This research departs from the problem of international trade protectionism policies and the influence of TKDN policies in the regulations of the government procurement of goods/services which governs the international selection process. The research method used is normative juridical along with non-interactive qualitative. The results of the research conclude that the protectionism policy adopted by Indonesia encourages TKDN obligations in the procurement of government goods/services as one of the considerations to become one of the determining factors in the passage of international selection. This policy creates space for the use of domestic products to be applied in the process of government procurement of goods/services. Nonetheless, the TKDN policy on the one hand impedes the smooth running of the international selection process by limiting potential foreign participants in the international procurement mechanism. In addition, this research also concludes that in practice through cases there are conflicts with obligations regarding TKDN which are not fully considered in government goods/services procurement activities.

Impact of COVID-19 on Korea-China Import and Export Trade and Countermeasures

Purpose - This paper empirically investigates the changes and trends in export and import trade between Korea and China since 2000, especially after the establishment of Korea-China FTA and since the outbreak of COVID-19. This paper uses empirical analysis to determine the f uture t rade t ypes and t rends of import/ export trade between Korea and China and estimates the impact on import/export trade between Korea and China in the post-epidemic era.
 Design/Methodology/Approach - This paper first reviews the theories related to regional economic integration, sorts out the process of Korea-China FTA, and summarizes the changes and trends in import and export trade since COVID-19; second, it analyzes the current situation of bilateral trade between Korea and China using quantitative analysis, and investigates the specific impact of COVID-19 on Korea-China import and export trade using empirical analysis; finally, it summarizes the above studies, a conclusion is drawn, and policy recommendations are made to better utilize the challenges brought by COVID-19 to effectively address the problems that may be encountered in Korea-China trade and to promote the development of bilateral trade between the two countries.
 Findings - The global spread of the epidemic in Korea and China has led to the shutdown of both domestic and foreign operations, resulting in a foreign trade cliff effect in the short to medium term; the trade creation effect inspired by the international system dividend is no longer available in China in 2020, and the trade in goods is diminishing at the margin; the trade suppression effect is generated by the rise of international trade protectionism. The epidemic has led to a large upstream supply shortage pressure on the electronic information industry and the automobile manufacturing industry, and a large downstream demand shortage pressure on the energy industry and the electronic information industry.
 Research Implications - The establishment of Korea-China FTA will significantly promote bilateral trade between the two countries, change the trade and industrial structure of the two countries, and help to promote the development of the FTA strategy of the two countries; the outbreak of COVID-19 has changed the trade pattern and type, and the import and export of related epidemic prevention products as a new trade growth point and strengthened the trade market relationship between Korea and China.

IMPACT OF GLOBAL MOVEMENTS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH AND FISCAL STABILITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

<p>The world economy has been exposed to intense cyclical movements since the beginning of the 21st century. After the global economic crisis of 2008, several years of stabilization and recovery followed. Тhe last few years have seen global disruptions caused by various factors, such as: the migrant crisis, the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the current crisis in Ukraine. This resulted in a disruption in the energy market, global inflation, disrupted supply chains and the growth of protectionism in international trade, with a strong impact on economic developments in the Republic of Srpska. Republika Srpska, as a small and open economy at a lower level of development, is highly exposed to movements on the global market, and especially to oscillations of economic activity in countries with which it has intensive economic relations. Exports in Republika Srpska are highly correlated with its economic growth and efficient use of available resources. But Republika Srpska is import dependent in many sectors. Monetary policy is based on the principle of the monetary board, and the economic development of Republika Srpska is directly conditioned by foreign direct investments. These facts are conditioned by the economic trends in the Republic of Srpska. The question is to what extent global disturbances affect economic developments in the Republic of Srpska and how these developments affect its fiscal stability? This paper provides a quantification of the impact of the economic trends of the most important foreign trade partners of Republika Srpska and the countries of the European Union on its economic growth. This analysis quantifies the impact of the economic development of Republika Srpska on fiscal stability. Based on the results of this analysis, the information is obtained as to show how dependent the economy of Republika Srpska is on external influences, and how fiscal stability is conditioned by its economic development.</p>

Risk management in sustainable supply chain: a knowledge map towards intellectual structure, logic diagram, and conceptual model.

The global spread of COVID-19, international trade protectionism, geopolitical conflicts, and climate change presents challenges and risks to sustainable supply chains (SSCs). In recent years, scholarly interest in sustainable supply chain risk management (SSCRM) has continued to rise. A helpful literature review is necessary to enable supply chain practitioners to apply empirical findings from academic research or conceptual frameworks to their operations to maintain the stability and competitiveness of sustainable supply chains. The knowledge map of SSCRM is explored in this study using both quantitative and qualitative analysis. A total of 793 articles were retrieved to reveal the knowledge map of SSCRM. Scientometric and context analysis are combined in quantitative analysis to identify the intellectual structure of risk management research related to SSC. Then, a critical review is conducted in qualitative analysis to summarize and analyze the motivations, strategies, approaches, and tools of SSCRM. Combining the quantitative and qualitative analysis results, a conceptual model is constructed for SSCRM from three aspects: (1) risk identification, (2) risk assessment, and (3) risk mitigating and responding. Finally, future research directions are suggested based on the conceptual model for guiding the theories and practice of SSCRM. This study can work as a roadmap for providing appropriate risk management policies and toolkits to SSC, which could advance theoretical thinking on how to mitigate SSC risks.

Can raising trade barriers curb industrial pollution emissions?

The development of foreign trade and industrial pollution control is an important theme of government governance today. Based on the institutional background of rising international trade protectionism, this study examines the impact of trade barriers on industrial pollution emissions by using different measurement methods and data from 16 industrial sectors in 10 major countries. The results show that lowering trade barriers can significantly reduce industrial pollution emissions, considering the impact of potential endogenous problems. Heterogeneity analysis shows that reducing trade barriers in developed countries can reduce industrial SO2-emission intensity, while the opposite is true in developing countries. Trade barriers have the greatest effect on the pollution-emission intensity of technology-intensive industries, followed by labor-intensive and capital-intensive industries. Mechanism analysis shows that trade barriers affect industrial pollution-emission intensity through both pollution emission and industrial output and that energy-use intensity and biased technological progress are important mechanisms. This study provides a useful reference for governments to promote foreign trade development and ecological and environmental protection.

Посткризисная регионализация глобальных цепочек создания стоимости в стратегиях транснациональных компаний

The current global crisis led to the transformation of global value chains (GVC) in strategies of transnational companies (TNCs). The present study aims to establish a causal relationship between the volatility of the world economy and regionalisation of global value chains. Based on historical analysis and a systemic-functional approach, scattered information about the impact of global value chains on the development of TNC strategies was integrated. Thus, various aspects of TNC activities (their participation in international trade, international capital flows, etc.) were analysed together in order to identify the consequences of regionalisation for the strategic development of such companies. The study revealed that the established international production system carries many risks, which are exacerbated by continuing protectionism in international trade. Under the influence of digitalisation, regionalisation of value chains and partial reshoring of production facilities are the key directions for further development of GVCs. Given the rapid cross-border transmission of exogenous shocks, the stability and sustainability of global value chains will determine their development; however, there is no evidence whether GVCs will lengthen or shorten. The high cost of the complex reconfiguration of GVCs towards regionalisation will lead to only minor changes in their architecture. The redesign will affect only some aspects of activities, in particular, the organisation of work with global suppliers. While the weak integration of developing countries into GVCs will remain, the barriers to internationalisation will be reduced under the influence of digitalisation, creating new opportunities for the incorporation of small business into the international production system. In general, global value chains will still be considered a reliable source to reduce the risks of global operating activities of TNCs. The research results can be used for further theoretical and methodological development of internationalisation strategies.

South Korea’s trade policy imperatives: the impact of COVID-19 pandemic

The article analyses the goals and imperatives of the Republic of Korea’s trade policy before the COVID-19 pandemic and taking into account its consequences. The RoK's trade policy aims to synchronize the interests of the state, conglomerates and small and medium-sized enterprises. For this purpose, a system of division of powers in the field of trade policy and diplomacy has been designed, which has proven to be very effective. The COVID-19 situation, which has exacerbated the growing trend of protectionism in international trade, highlighted the chronic structural problems of trade in the Republic of Korea of trade in the area of geographical and commodity structure – despite the positive dynamics of the country's exports. The challenge of countering protectionism, coupled with the need to diversify the commodity and geographic structure of exports, implies two areas of work: strengthening an industrial structure capable of producing competitive goods and expanding the network of free trade agreements. The need to address logistical problems, digitalization, and the trend towards decarbonization forces Korea to rely more heavily on the idea of promoting free trade. The country's leadership continues to criticize protectionism, guided by the idea of a balanced use of bilateral and multilateral instruments of liberalization.

Global Foreign Direct Investment: Structural Changes in the Current Crisis

The current crisis, as well as complicated economic relations between countries, sustainable development risks of global value chains (GVCs), and international trade protectionism cause changes in the modern system of global foreign direct investment (FDI). Due to the complexity of these risks and the vulnerability of the world economy to future global recessions, it is necessary to develop a new concept of cross-border capital flows in the form of FDI. The research aims to identify structural changes in global FDI in the context of international trade and capital market challenges. Structural and dynamic analysis and a descriptive assessment were conducted to examine global foreign direct investment in the system of international capital movement, taking into account the unstable economic environment. A test of the impact of the current coronavirus crisis revealed that the retrospective transformation of global FDI occurred due to changes in the internationalisation of companies, cross-border mergers and acquisitions, and regional structure of FDI. Corporate disinvestment and the growing importance of intangible assets also played an important role. As a result, the slowdown in global FDI led to a decline in reinvested earnings in many economic sectors. As the long-term recovery of the world economy will be largely determined by the dynamics of global FDI, transnational companies (TNCs) should consider local crises and strive to geographically distribute capital investment. The research revealed that the differentiation of national GVC strategies and new approaches to foreign outsourcing of TNCs are the main risks of regionalisation or nationalisation of global value chains and a corresponding decrease in FDI. The findings can be used to modify well-known FDI concepts, taking into account their impact on modern international economic relations.

RETRACTED: Chinese labor-intensive industries under trade protectionism – Characteristics, comprehensive strategies and educational revelations based on economic comparative advantage

In the era of economic globalization, the US and China are the two largest economies in the world and play leading roles in the allocation of global resources. However, under the guidance of the “America First” principle, its economic policies have involved the domestic manufacturing backflow and international trade protectionism, which has led to the rise of “unilateralism” and “local protectionism”. These have caused Chinese labor-intensive industries, which leverage the comparative advantages of Chinese economy, to have fallen into development dilemma. From economic comparative advantage perspective, this paper analyzes the importance of labor-intensive industries in Chinese economic transformations, weighs the “dilemmas” and “opportunities” of these industries under the influential trade protection policies, and considers adjusting their factor endowments like personnels and capitals. To matain vitality and promote industrial upgradings, the financial and talents-educational policies of the market and government should seek sustainable strategies to guide this type of industry. The financial support emphasizes on survivals, while talents education focuses on long-term international competence.

Создание системы раннего предупреждения о международных торговых трениях в провинции Хэйлунцзян КНР

In 2020, the global economic and trading environment has undergone major changes due to the impact of the global epidemic of the COVID-19. It is not only the world economy that has seriously suffered, protectionism in international trade is growing, and economic and trade frictions between countries with many factors have sharply worsened. Faced with a new situation and new challenges, accelerating the construction of an early warning system for international trade conflicts in Heilongjiang Province has become an important strategic issue of general importance.

Spatial effect of port service coordination of Yangtze River Delta in China based on fuzzy clustering and gravitational model

With the prevalence of international trade protectionism and transformation and upgrading of domestic market structure, the contradiction between demand and competitive development port market of the Yangtze River Delta in China has become increasingly prominent. Nineteen major ports of Yangtze River Delta in China were selected, using the methods of factor analysis, fuzzy clustering, gravitational model, the spatial effects in the hinterland were calculated from three dimensions: central potential, spatial gravity and distribution convenience, and the regional coordination of port services was analyzed. The results show that the potential of Shanghai Port and Ningbo-Zhoushan Port in China is stronger, and the distribution difference is quite obvious. The spatial gravity of each port city superimposes to form an obvious dense semi-circular zone, and the participation ability of the marginal ports is weak. The distribution convenience in hinterland changes from location-dependent to traffic-dependent. The service gap in the hinterland of the port system is more significant, but the expansions of spatial effects make regional coordination gradually improve.

Protectionism in International Trade: The Case of the European Union Member States

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to present an original concept of measuring the degree of protectionism (DP) by constructing a synthetic measure of DP on the basis of the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) Owing to application of TOPSIS method, another goal was achieved in ranking and classifying EU member states in terms of degree of protectionism Design/Methodology/Approach: In the study of TOPSIS method, which is a multi-criteria decision-making method that allowed to measure the degree of protectionism, EU member states were investigated Findings: The results reveal that EU countries were not strongly diversified as regards to DP level (with some exception of Germany and The Netherlands) Furthermore, no EU member states can be qualified as purely liberal nor fully protectionist The results of the study referring to top protectionist countries reveal some similarities to the results of other classifications based on different methodology Practical implications: The outcomes of the study might be used by decision-makers in terms of commercial policy, both at the EU institutional level as well as outside this framework - by EU trade partners Ranking might also serve as an instrument for boosting commercial policy and practices promoting further trade liberalization Originality/Value: Although there are plenty of papers on protectionism, so far there is no universally accepted method of measuring the phenomenon Furthermore, the majority of studies focus on tariffs only or selected trade instruments, what brings the risk of underestimation of degree of protectionism, as countries use plenty of different measures in this respect Thus, in our paper a new approach was proposed The application of TOPSIS method with data extracted from Global Trade Alert that provides comprehensive list of all diverse trade policy interventions The paper contains an original authors' concept of measuring DP, which might be also applied to comparisons of EU member states with other countries, thus the paper will contribute to the development of literature

EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF FACTORS OF THE REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ON THE GROSS REGIONAL PRODUCT

The problem of economic growth has always been central to the discussions not only of professional economists, but also of politicians and public figures. This issue is of particular urgency for Russia in the period of geopolitical turbulence, which is strengthened by the tendencies of protectionism in international trade. In addition, there is a different dynamics of economic growth, its quality, both in the sectoral and regional sections. In this regard, the analysis of the influence of the main factors contributing to economic growth, qualitative change in the structure of gross domestic product (GDP), gross regional product (GRP), has a significant applied value. Priorities of innovative quality of growth that require large-scale investments are stated in Strategy-2020 and in “Strategy of Social and Economic Development of the Republic of Tatarstan until 2030”.Without assessing the role of the investment resource, it is impossible to determine the strategies for the country's social and economic development, to develop and implement general state, sectoral and regional programs. One approach that makes it possible to quantify the degree of influence of such key factors of economic growth as investments and incomes of the population, including the average monthly wage, is based on the use of econometric models and economic interpretation of the coefficients of the models obtained

Study on the Influence of Foreign Direct Investment on the Optimization of Trade Structure

At present, China is the second largest economy in the world, which plays an important role in both foreign direct investment (OFDI) and import and export trade. Both of them are also very important to the economic development of our country. With the spread of international trade protectionism, China’s trade structure needs to be optimized to improve its competitiveness. Based on the present situation of China’s OFDI and trade structure, this paper analyzes the influence of OFDI on the optimization of foreign direct investment.

The Economic Structure of International Investment Agreements with Implications for Treaty Interpretation and Design

This paper develops an economic theory of international investment agreements, applies it to explain central features of modern investment treaties, and uses it to address a number of prominent issues in international investment litigation. The paper argues that investment agreements have a dual function – to overcome international externalities akin to the “terms of trade” externality associated with protectionism in international trade, and to enable capital importing countries to commit more effectively to eliminate inefficient risks to foreign investors that uneconomically raise the cost of imported capital. Core features of typical investment agreements perform both functions to some degree, and an understanding of their relative importance helps to explain why the predominant approach to investment agreements is bilateral or minilateral rather than multilateral. The economic analysis also sheds light on a number of controversies in investor-state dispute settlement, including jurisdictional issues relating to the definition of “investor” and “investment,” the scope and interpretation of the national treatment and most-favored nation obligations, the evolution of the “fair and equitable treatment” obligation, the meaning of “expropriation,” and the current controversy over the interface between international investment law and domestic regulation. It also offers an explanation for recent trends in treaty provisions in response to some controversial arbitral decisions.

The Subjects of Transnational Business and the Processes of Global Economic Governance

In recent decades, transnational business actors have substantially strengthened their role in global economic governance. Although this trend became less pronounced after the global crisis of 2008–2009, it was by no means reversed. With multinational companies (including those from developing markets) increasing scale and scope of their operation and national governments competing for foreign direct investment (FDI) as a development resource, both official and public-private economic governance mechanisms shape their agenda with a reference to transnational business interests. As a result, FDI promotion policies prevailed in post-crisis years, in contrast with a remarkable growth of protectionism in international trade. At the same time, as the case of economic sanctions shows, with increased tensions in international relations business interests are readily sacrificed, and thus far transnational business actors have no reliable tools to change the situation.