Protective Services Research Articles

Spatial Evaluation and Modelling of Fire Stations Layout to Access Forest Fires by Roads (Case Study: Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia)

Regional forest fire protection services on the ground usually have a fire station infrastructure with firefighting vehicles capable of moving by public and forest roads. The location of fire stations is a subject of evaluation on the regional scale and a matter of constant research interest. Infrastructure and transport accessibility, as well as the spatial location of fire stations worldwide and in Russia, were discussed. Location-Allocation ArcGIS tool and the access routes database for Krasnoyarsk region (archived data of 2002-2022 forest fires detected by MODIS containing 60637 records) were the base of methodology to evaluate fire station layout. The settlement dataset from Open Street Map (OSM) was used to analyze new locations as candidates for a fire station. Standard Deviational Ellipse ArcGIS tool was applied to define an optimal area for the current fire station from which routes to the nearest fires are built. OSM settlements inside of 1-sd area of the ellipse were used to generate the candidate list of settlements to find new locations instead of the current fire station. Results have been evaluated for 3 groups of access routes: 3 hours and less, more than 3 hours, and access routes of any duration according to the Russian forestry rules. The proposed fire station layout has improved forest fire accessibility with OSM candidates for 39 stations; 20 of 59 remain spatially unchanged. Total regional forest fire accessibility changed from the current to the proposed layout in absolute values from 47331 to 48905 fires. Analysis of 39 relocated stations showed that the new fire station layout is more optimal than the current one because it provides access to an additional 20 % of forest fires with a decrease in average weighted time to reach them by 30 %. The described methodology could make an emergency response during a fire-hazardous period more effective.

Estimated prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea by occupation and industry in England: a descriptive study.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can induce excessive sleepiness, causing work-related injuries and low productivity. Most individuals with OSA in the United Kingdom are undiagnosed, and thus, theoretically, workplace screening, might by identifying these individuals improve both their individual health and overall productivity. However, the prevalence of OSA in different workplaces is unclear. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of OSA by industries and occupations in England. The Health Survey for England 2019 dataset was combined with Sleep Heart Health Study dataset. We applied multiple imputation for the combined dataset to estimate OSA in the English population aged 40-64. We estimated the pooled prevalence of OSA by both industry and occupation by separating samples by Standard Industry Classification and Standard Occupation Classification. The overall OSA prevalence estimated by imputation for ages 40-64 was 17.8% (95% CI=15.9% to 19.9%). Separating those samples into industrial/occupational groups, the estimated prevalence of OSA varied widely by industry/occupation. Descriptive analysis revealed that the estimated prevalence of OSA was relatively higher in the Accommodation and food, Public administration and defence; compulsory social security, Construction industries, and Protective service occupations, health and social care associate professionals, and skilled construction and building trades occupations. In England in 2019, Accommodation and food, Public administration and defence; compulsory social security, Construction industries, and Protective service occupations, health and social care associate professionals, and skilled construction and building trades occupations showed a relatively higher prevalence of OSA indicating that they may be target populations for workplace screening.

Multilevel factors associated with HIV-related stigma among women living with HIV in Guangdong Province, China: a social-ecological model-informed study

BackgroundHIV-related stigma continues to hinder optimal HIV care, and its determinants should be understood at multiple levels. Based on the social-ecological model, this study aimed to explore factors associated with HIV-related stigma among women living with HIV in Guangdong Province, China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August 2022 to recruit newly reported women living with HIV with a history of pregnancy or current pregnancy in 2021 in 21 cities in Guangdong Province. HIV-related stigma was assessed using an abbreviated Chinese version of Berger's HIV Stigma Scale. Univariate and multivariable hierarchical regression analyses based on the social-ecological model were conducted to explore factors associated with HIV-related stigma and its four dimensions (personalized stigma, disclosure concerns, negative self-image and concerns about public attitudes) at the community/hospital, interpersonal, and individual levels.ResultsA moderate level of HIV-related stigma was found among the 360 participants included, with a mean score of 45.26. Multivariable hierarchical regression analysis showed that at the community/hospital-level, individuals were more likely to experience high levels of HIV-related stigma if they had experienced the discriminatory behaviors from health care workers (aOR = 2.34, 95%CI: 1.48–3.70) and if they rated serostatus disclosure services as less helpful (aOR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.48–0.98). At the interpersonal-level, individuals with an HIV-positive partner (aOR = 1.71, 95%CI: 1.01–2.90) were more likely to experience high levels of HIV-related stigma than those with an HIV-negative or unknown partner. Individuals with high resilience (aOR = 0.22, 95%CI: 0.13–0.35) had lower levels of HIV-related stigma at the individual-level. In addition, ever experiencing discriminatory behaviors from health care workers, thinking serostatus disclosure services helpful, having ever seen publicity about personal interest protection services and complaint channels for people living with HIV(PLHIV), knowing about care and support services for PLHIV from social organizations at the community/hospital-level, partner notification and support at the interpersonal-level, and violations of personal interests, resilience at the individual-level were also associated with different dimensions of HIV-related stigma.ConclusionsHIV-related stigma was moderate among women living with HIV. The social-ecological model can facilitate a better understanding of factors associated with HIV-related stigma. Multilevel intervention strategies need to be tailored to reduce HIV-related stigma.

How the COVID-19 Pandemic Influenced Veteran Parents’ Harsh Parenting: Do Parental PTSD and Parental Role Matter?

Prior studies show a heightened risk of child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic because of financial difficulties and parenting stress, but little is known about what happened to the veteran families. This study aimed to examine the influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on veteran parents’ harsh parenting – creating a potential for child maltreatment. Further, we explored the potential moderating effects of parental PTSD and parental role on the association between COVID-19 impacts and veteran harsh parenting. We recruited 509 veteran parents from Qualtrics online research panel and assessed the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., perceived threat, financial and psychological impacts) on the participants, parental PTSD, and parents’ past year prevalence of corporal punishment and psychological aggression. We used Mplus 8.8 to build main models, two-way moderation models, and three-way moderation models. There was a significant association between COVID-19 pandemic impacts and harsh parenting (Corporal punishment: β = 0.09, p < 0.05; Psychological aggression: β = 0.10, p < 0.05), while parental PTSD was a significant moderator (Corporal punishment: β = 0.10, p < 0.05; Psychological aggression: β = 0.08, p < 0.05). Parents with higher levels of PTSD were more vulnerable to the negative influences of COVID-19 on their harsh parenting. However, the association between COVID-19 pandemic impacts and harsh parenting did not differ by parental role. Our study findings contribute to the current knowledge of veteran families during the COVID-19 pandemic and provide implications for both Veteran Affairs services and child protective services.

The Impact of Child Protection Service Experience and Secondary School Completion on Employment Outcomes

This study utilizes registry data and logistic regression to investigate the relationship between Child Protection Service (CPS) experience, completion of upper secondary school, and subsequent gainful employment. The findings show that completion of upper secondary school is associated with later gainful employment. However, when control variables are included to adjust for substantial differences between the two groups, the results reveal that completion of upper secondary school has a more substantial impact on future gainful employment for former CPS clients compared to non-CPS clients.

“My heart is in the right place, but I don’t feel the court’s heart is beating”: perspectives on feeling valued from multiple nonprofessional stakeholders in child welfare court

ABSTRACT Though the experiences of individual non-professional stakeholders involved with dependency courts overseeing child protective services cases have been documented, this article provides a unique comparison across four non-professional stakeholder groups. Through analysis of focus groups and individual interviews, we compare the perspectives of birth parents (n=6), kinship caregivers (n=14), young adults removed from their homes as children (n=15), and foster parents (n=57) involved with the dependency courts in Maryland. Despite their different roles, the experiences of all groups are characterized by common themes including time, consistency, role, voice, and what is best under the broader context of feeling valued.

Impact of being taken into out-of-home care: a longitudinal cohort study of First Nations and other child welfare agencies in Manitoba, Canada

Across Canada, Child Protection Services (CPS) disrupt Indigenous families by apprehending their children at alarmingly high rates. The harms borne by children in out-of-home care (OoHC) have been extensively documented. We examined the impact of OoHC on Manitoba children's health and legal system outcomes to provide rigorous evidence on how discretionary decision-making by CPS agencies can affect these outcomes. In partnership with First Nations researchers, we used linked administrative data to identify Manitoba children (born 2007-2018) served by First Nations and other Manitoba CPS agencies. We compared those taken into OoHC (n=19,324) with those never in care but with an open CPS file due to child protection concerns (n=27,290). We used instrumental variable analysis (CPS agency rates of OoHC as the instrument) to obtain odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for child, maternal, and family factors. Mean age (yrs±standard deviation) at first CPS contact for children taken into OoHC was 2.8±3.7 (First Nations) and 3.0±3.8 (other), and for children never in care was 4.5±4.5 (First Nations) and 5.1±4.7 (other). Among children served by a First Nations agency, males made up 50.6% (n=5496) in OoHC and 51.0% (n=6579) never in care. Among children served by other agencies, males made up 51.0% (n=4324) in OoHC and 51.0% (n=7428) never in care. Odds of teen pregnancy (First Nations aOR 3.69, 1.40-9.77; other aOR 5.10, 1.83-14.25), teen birth (First Nations aOR 3.23, 1.10-9.49; other aOR 5.06, 1.70-15.03), and sexually transmitted infections (other aOR 7.21, 3.63-14.32) were higher for children in care than children never in care, as were odds of being accused (other aOR 2.71, 1.27-5.75), a victim (other aOR 1.68, 1.10-2.56), charged with a crime (other aOR 2.68, 1.21-5.96), or incarcerated (First Nations aOR 3.64, 1.95-6.80; other aOR 1.19, 1.19-8.04). Being in OoHC worsened children's health and legal system outcomes. The importance of reducing the number of children taken into care was emphasized in briefings to provincial and First Nations governments. The government response will be monitored. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (no. 890-2018-0029).

Impact of out-of-home care on children’s outcomes: A longitudinal cohort study using linked administrative data from Manitoba, Canada

ObjectiveTo provide rigorous quantitative evidence about the impact of out-of-home care on children’s outcomes. ApproachGuided by an Advisory Circle of First Nations (FN) Knowledge Keepers and conducted in partnership with FN researchers, we used linked administrative data to identify all Manitoba children served by Child Protection Services (CPS) at FN agencies (FNA) and other agencies (OA) (2007-2018). We compared health, education, and legal system outcomes of those in care (FNA n=10,856; OA n=8,468) to those with protection concerns but not in care (FNA n=12,896; OA n=14,394). Using instrumental variable analysis with CPS agency rate of out-of-home care as the instrument, outcomes between groups were compared using 2-stage multivariate probit regressions adjusted for child and family factors. ResultsOdds of teen pregnancy (FNA OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.40-9.77; OA 5.10 (1.83-14.25)), teen birth (FNA 3.23 (1.10-9.49); OA 5.06 (1.70-15.03)), and positive STI tests (FNA ns; OA 7.21 (3.63-14.32)) were higher and odds of vaccination at age 2 (FNA ns; OA 0.49 (0.29-0.80)) were lower for children in care than children not in care. Odds of being accused (FNA ns; OA 2.71 (1.27-5.75)), victim (FNA ns; OA 1.68 (1.10-2.56)), or charged with a crime (FNA ns; OA 2.68 (1.21-5.96)), and odds of being incarcerated (FNA 3.64 (1.95-6.80); OA 1.19 (1.19-8.04)) were higher for children in care. ConclusionsOut-of-home care negatively affects children’s health, social and legal system outcomes. ImplicationsCPS agencies should work with FN leaders to develop and implement strategies to reduce the number of children taken into care.

Multiple risks for children of incarcerated mothers: A descriptive study

Objectives and ApproachSurvey data suggests that children of incarcerated mothers are exposed to a range of risk factors that can have negative impacts on life-course outcomes. This retrospective cohort study uses a population sample to describe the extent and mix of risk factors to which children of incarcerated mothers are exposed. Administrative data from health, justice, child protective services, births, and deaths were merged for 9,380 children exposed to maternal incarceration and an unexposed comparison group of 22,716 children. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for birth complications and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) for children exposed to maternal incarceration compared to those not exposed, adjusted for sociodemographic risk factors. A multiple risk score summed the number of recorded risk factors (0-17) for children with and without maternal incarceration exposure. ResultsCompared to unexposed children, children of incarcerated mothers had a higher risk of preterm birth, low birthweight, and all ACEs, including a 15-times (95%CI 14.2, 16.3) higher risk of exposure to maternal substance use disorders and 18-times (95%CI 16.8, 20.7) higher risk of placement in out-of-home care. Only 1% of children of incarcerated mothers did not experience any of the included risk factors, compared to 26% of unexposed children (p&lt;0.001). ConclusionsChildren of incarcerated mothers disproportionately experience multiple risks, especially maltreatment, placement in out-of-home care, and maternal substance use. ImplicationsThere is a significant public health opportunity to identify and address the needs of children of incarcerated mothers at the points of maternal arrest, sentencing, and incarceration.

Evaluation of Social Protection Programs to Improve the Welfare of Indonesian Migrant Workers Deported from Malaysia at the Rumah Perlindungan Trauma Center (RPTC) Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands Province

This study aims to evaluate social protection programs to improve the welfare of Indonesian Migrant Workers who are deported from Malaysia who are then provided with social protection services starting from pick-up, shelter at RPTC to repatriation to the area of origin. From the CIPP evaluation model used in this study, it was found: Context evaluation, social protection for migrant workers at RPTC is a crucial step in efforts to improve their welfare. Input evaluation, evaluation of the inputs that have been provided for the social protection of PMI at RPTC aims to measure the extent to which existing resources have been optimally utilized in improving the welfare of PMI which includes human resources, budget, facilities, policies, partnerships and information and data. In the Process Evaluation, researchers focus on activities or agendas that will or have been carried out by RPTC officers/employees. in this case the author found several processes of implementing the agenda, assisting personnel and the supervision process, namely by interviewing, validating the process and filling out questionnaires. Evaluation of results (product) is used to determine what decisions will be made next, the researcher concluded several interviews that said that this social protection service could improve the welfare of Indonesian Migrant Worker.

Management of Suspicions of Child Maltreatment at Child and Family Clinics: A Mixed-Methods Study

This study investigated Norwegian public health nurses working in child and family health clinics’ decision-making practices concerning child maltreatment. A one-phase convergent mixed-method design was utilized, with quantitative and qualitative data concurrently collected and separately analyzed from a questionnaire that included patient vignettes. These vignettes described three potential child maltreatment scenarios to assess public health nurses’ competence and clinical decision-making processes. A total of 554 public health nurses participated in the study conducted from October 24 to December 31, 2022. Findings reveal a high level of recognition of child maltreatment among public health nurses. However, despite their self-perceived confidence, the qualitative data underscore the complexity and uncertainty inherent in their assessment process. The most supported management approaches involved further exploration of the situation. Few public health nurses would file a report of concerns to Child Protective Services or report the police despite their level of concerns. The findings underscore the necessity for additional training and support to enhance public health nurses’ confidence and competence in reporting suspected child maltreatment cases, as well as the need for increased information exchange regarding the procedures and services provided by the child if Child Protective Service is involved.

SARS-CoV-2 infection among Colorado adults working outside the home: Occupation, race and ethnicity and mask use.

The workplace is an important setting for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure and transmission. Using data from a large case-control study in Colorado during 2021 and 2022, we aimed to evaluate working outside the home and SARS-CoV-2 infection, the racial and ethnic distribution of workers in occupations associated with infection, and workplace face mask use. Cases were Colorado adults with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) reported to Colorado's COVID-19 surveillance system selected from surveillance data ≤12 days after their specimen collection date. Control participants were randomly selected adult Coloradans with a RT-PCR-confirmed negative SARS-CoV-2 test result reported to the same surveillance system. Working outside the home was associated with infection (odds ratio [OR] = 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39-1.54). Among participants working outside the home, "Food Preparation and Serving Related" (aOR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.80-3.06), "Transportation and Material Moving" (aOR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.62-2.69), "Construction and Extraction" (aOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.36-2.59), "Protective Service" (aOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.15-2.24), and "Sales and Related" (aOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.22-1.69) were occupational categories most strongly associated with infection. American Indian/Alaskan Native, Black, and Hispanic/Latino participants were more likely than others to work in occupational categories with the highest odds of infection (p < 0.05). Cases were less likely than controls to report always wearing a mask (31.9% vs. 41.5%) and wearing a KN95/N95/KF94 mask (16.8% vs. 27.2%) at work. These findings emphasize the importance of occupation and workplace mask use in the COVID-19 pandemic and its disproportionate racial/ethnic impact on workers.

Implementation of the Integrated Justice System as an Effort to Prevent Sexual Violence against Children: A Case Study in Indonesia

Sexual violence against children is a serious problem that threatens the safety and well-being of the younger generation. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the integrated justice system as an effort to prevent sexual violence against children in Indonesia. The integrated justice system integrates various institutions, including the police, prosecutor's office, courts, and child protection services, to ensure comprehensive protection for children as potential victims. This study uses a case study approach with a focus on policy implementation at the national and regional levels, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of collaboration between institutions in preventing sexual violence against children. The results show that although the integrated justice system has been well designed, there are still challenges in coordination between institutions, policy understanding at the local level, and limited resources that affect the effectiveness of prevention. The recommendations of this study include strengthening the capacity of related institutions, increasing coordination between institutions, and wider socialization about the importance of protecting children from sexual violence. Thus, it is hoped that the implementation of an integrated justice system can be an effective solution in preventing sexual violence against children in Indonesia.

Transcultural Psychiatry in Medical Ethics: Assessing Decision-Making Capacity within the Lens of an East African Refugee.

AbstractA 29-year-old female East African refugee with no formal psychiatric history and a medical history significant for HIV was admitted for failure to thrive and concern for bizarre behavior in the context of abandonment by her husband and separation from her child. After psychiatric evaluation, it was determined that she did not have the capacity to care for herself independently; adult protective services then pursued and was awarded guardianship. While admitted, the patient repeatedly refused medical treatment, had a feeding tube placed for forced nutrition and medications (though she did at one point remove this tube herself), and received two electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatments. Soon thereafter, the patient's court-appointed guardian met with the primary medical, psychiatric, and ethics teams to discuss goals of care in the setting of complex social and cultural needs. It was collectively determined that the patient's choices to refuse care (including nutrition, lab work, medications, and ECT) and some repeated behaviors (e.g., denial of divorce, denial of HIV, denial of need for care) could be considered culturally appropriate in the context of the acute stressors leading up to hospitalizations. All teams concluded, therefore, that the patient had the capacity to refuse these interventions and that further forced intervention would pose a greater chance of exacerbating her already-significant trauma history than improving her outcomes. Ultimately, the patient was able to be discharged into the care of her guardian, who would assist her in receiving support from members of her community who share her language and culture.

Addressing the Impacts of Racism on American Indian and Alaska Native Child Health

The legacy of racism toward Native Americans is far-reaching. We will review the topic using the conceptual model of racism as a form of violence as it is inherent in racism, as are prejudice and power. Using the basic frameworks of racism as internalized, interpersonal, institutional, and structural, we will discuss the many types of racism affecting Native Americans today. Racism is the bedrock of generations of trauma experienced in Native communities. The generational/historical trauma of racism has led to epigenetic-level changes affecting Native American people today. We will cover the health impacts of racism and the many institutions built in racist frameworks that continue to perpetuate racism, such as family separation and child removal by child protective services, adverse policing, and disparate incarceration. These allow reflection on policies and the intentionality of racist structures. We will conclude with what can and should be done, particularly as clinicians who work within and adjacent to existing systems of oppression.

Understanding the roles and challenges of child protection employees in out-of-home care arrangements for children of minority and immigrant backgrounds in Rogaland, Norway

ABSTRACT The study was designed to understand the roles and challenges of child protection services (CPS) employees in arranging out-of-home care for children with minority and immigrant backgrounds in Rogaland, Norway. Findings from the six in-depth interviews with CPS employees showed that, guided by existing laws and policies, they follow three phases from investigation to the care order decision. The premium they place on “best-interests-of-children” can be contested in relation to the rights of the family. CPS employees day-to-day challenges include understanding minority families cultural backgrounds, finding foster families, and communication. Based on the findings, policy and practice recommendations are made.

The Impact of Anti-Human Trafficking Laws on Local Communities in Cambodia: A Case Study of the Phnom Penh Region

This study examines the impact of Cambodia’s anti-human trafficking laws on local communities in the Phnom Penh region, focusing on both social and economic dimensions. The research highlights how these laws, while essential in combating human trafficking and providing legal protection to victims, have complex consequences for local livelihoods, employment, and community cohesion. It also explores the specific challenges faced by vulnerable populations, particularly women and children, in accessing protection services. Despite the intention to prevent trafficking and support victims, the enforcement of these laws often leads to unintended outcomes, such as economic disruption, social stigmatization, and gaps in service provision. The findings underscore the need for a more balanced approach that integrates robust law enforcement with sustainable support systems, community engagement, and tailored services to address the needs of affected populations effectively.

Trajectories and Predictors of Client Violence Among Child Protection Services Workers.

This study used social dominance theory and the Jobs Demands-Resources (JD-R) model to: (1) examine child protective services (CPS) workers' trajectories of client violence, including yelling, threats, and physical violence over job tenure; and (2) assess how demographic characteristics and job attributes contributed to the trajectories. Using data from a longitudinal study of newly-hired CPS workers (n = 837-859 depending on outcome), we examined trajectories of client violence from 6 months to 3.5 years. Multi-level mixed effect logistic regression was used to examine how demographic variables and time-lagged job attribute predictors (e.g., caseload characteristics, time pressure, role demands) contributed to the occurrence of client violence over time. Over the study period, the experience of being yelled at declined from 80% to 64%. Being threatened declined from nearly 48% to nearly 39%, while physical violence did not change. Younger and White workers as well as women generally experienced higher rates of non-physical violence. Caseload difficulty, role demands, and time pressure related to higher rates of non-physical violence, while organizational supports were not significant. Physical violence occurred sporadically; time pressure was the only significant variable. The influence of job attributes on each form of violence did not change over time. The high rates of non-physical violence, particularly during early tenure, suggest the need for providing vulnerable workers the skills to assess for and manage client violence. When violence occurs, developing responsive protocols for CPS workers at all levels can nourish a culture of safety thereby reducing future incidents.

Pediatric Hospital Admissions with Concern for Neglect: Correlations Between Neglect Types and Other Clinical and Environmental Risk Factors.

Child neglect is a public health concern with negative consequences that impact children, families, and society. While neglect is involved with many pediatric hospitalizations, few studies explore characteristics associated with neglect types, social needs, and post-discharge care. Data on neglect type, sociodemographics, social needs, inpatient consultations, and post-discharge care were collected from the electronic medical record for children aged 0-5years who were hospitalized with concern for neglect during 2016-2020. Frequencies and percentages were calculated to determine sample characteristics. The Chi-square Test for Independence was used to evaluate associations between neglect type and other variables. The most common neglect types were inadequate nutrition (40%), inability to provide basic care (37%), intrauterine substance exposure (25%), combined types (23%), and inadequate medical care (10%). Common characteristics among neglect types included age less than 1year, male sex, Hispanic ethnicity, public insurance, past involvement with Child Protective Services, and inpatient consultation services (social work, physical therapy, and occupational therapy), and post-discharge recommendations (primary care, physical therapy, and regional center). Neglect type groups varied by child medical history, social needs, and discharge recommendations. Statistically significant associations supported differences per neglect type. Our findings highlight five specific types of neglect seen in an impoverished and ethnically diverse geographic region. Post-discharge care needs should focus on removing social barriers and optimizing resources, in particular mental health, to mitigate the risk of continued neglect. Future studies should focus on prevention strategies, tailored interventions, and improved resource allocations per neglect type and discharge location.

Identifikasi Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Efektivitas Kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara dalam Pelayanan Publik

The purpose of this study is to find out and test the variables of supervision (X1), motivation (X2), and work discipline (X3) on the effectiveness of the performance (Y) of the State Civil Apparatus at the Social Service, Women's Empowerment, and Child Protection of Batu Bara Regency. This study uses an associative type of research. The population of this study is all state civil servants who have the status of State Civil Apparatus in the Social Service, Women's Empowerment, and Child Protection in Batu Bara Regency, which totals 48 people. The variables of this study include the variables of supervision, motivation, work discipline, and performance. The data collection technique used to measure all the variables studied is a questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively using descriptive statistics and t-test, F-test, and determination coefficient test. The results of the study showed that the factors of supervision, motivation, and work discipline partially and simultaneously had a positive and significant effect on the performance of civil servants in the Social Service of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection of Batu Bara Regency. Most of the performance is influenced and achieved through work motivation, supervision, and work discipline, while the rest is influenced by other factors. The work motivation variable has the greatest influence on employee performance with a calculated value of 3. 382