Protection Of Water Resources Research Articles

A dataset of surface water area with 12-day resolution in Lijiang River Basin from 2015 to 2022

Widely distributed in Guangxi, Karst landforms are characterized by heavy rainfall during the flood season, rapid hydrological dynamics, and notable spatiotemporal variations. A water is an important ecological foundation and natural resource, the timely and accurate acquisition of spatiotemporal changes in surface water bodies holds practical significance for the protection and management of water resources, rapid assessment of drought and flood disasters, and the realization of sustainable development across various economic industries. This dataset takes the Lijiang River Basin in Guilin, Guangxi as the research area. Addressing prevalent challenges such as infrequenct surface water monitoring, limited water body extraction methods due to sparse sample information, and low extraction accuracy in complex terrain areas, we combined the data from Sentinel-1 radar and Sentinel-2 in the study. Considering the different imaging principles of radar and optical sensors, we developed a vector classification method based on empirical thresholds for optical and other multi-source remote sensing data. The method can effectively eliminate interference of most ground object shadows, allowing for the construction of dataset of surface water area with 12-day resolution in Lijiang River Basin from 2015 to 2022. The dataset comprises a total of 196 periods of surface water body vector data. According to the results after verifying the spatial distribution and quantitative accuracy of the dataset, the dataset demonstrates its capability to accurately extract inlets and outlets of rivers, lakes and reservoirs, as well as small water bodies in complex terrain areas. The overall accuracy reaches 92.73%,with a Kappa coefficient of 0.85. This dataset can be used to support water resources protection and sustainable management of the ecological environment in the Lijiang River Basin. Additionally, it can provide reliable data for decision-making in areas such as emergency management, disaster prevention, water conservancy development, and economic development.

Exploration of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Tibet from the Perspective of Ecological Civilization

Tibet, known as the “roof of the world” in China's southwest border region, is not only rich in water resources, but also regarded as an important national energy reserve base. However, on a global scale, Tibet is also one of the few places in the world that faces the challenge of water scarcity. In order to cope with this challenge, it is necessary to deeply understand and grasp the connotation, essential characteristics and basic requirements of the concept of ecological civilization, and on this basis, combined with the current situation of water resources in Tibet, analyze the existing problems and put forward improvement measures in the light of the concept of ecological civilization, to promote the sustainable development and management of water resources in Tibet. As one of the core elements of ecological civilization construction, the protection and rational utilization of water resources are directly related to the stability of the ecological environment and the sustainable development of human society. Therefore, it is necessary to curb water pollution from the source and strengthen the protection of water environment. In view of the shortage of water resources in Tibet, it is necessary to scientifically plan and manage water resources, rationally allocate water resources, and improve the efficiency of water resources utilization. At the same time, it is also necessary to use modern scientific and technological means, such as remote sensing technology and big data analysis, to carry out real-time monitoring and management of water resources in Tibet to better cope with the challenge of water shortage. Finally, it is necessary to adhere to the concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, respect nature, adapt to nature, and protect nature, in order to achieve the goal of harmonious coexistence between man and water, man and nature. In general, through the in-depth study of water resources in Tibet, we can better understand the connotation, essential characteristics and basic requirements of the concept of ecological civilization, so as to propose more scientific and reasonable improvement measures to promote the sustainable development and management of water resources in Tibet and to realize the harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature.

ЗЕЛЕНОЕ ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЕ ДЛЯ УСТОЙЧИВОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ВОДНЫМИ РЕСУРСАМИ

Water resources management based on green economy is becoming more and more relevant in the context of changing climate and growing environmental problems. The President of Kazakhstan K.-J. K. Tokayev assigned tasks at the national level to improve the efficiency of use and protection of the country's water resources. Effective strategies for sustainable water management as well as technological innovations are crucial to mitigate the effects of water scarcity worldwide. In addition, financing of green technologies is an important factor. In this study, we analysed the correlation between green finance and sustainable water management outcomes on the example of wastewater treatment in Kazakhstan. The results can be applied in developing strategies to minimise the impact of risks on water, health and environmental infrastructure, as well as in studying the impact of environmental invest-ments. The costs of water supply, precisely the collection, treatment and disposal of waste, pollution elimination activities provide various economic, environmental and social benefits, which makes them a crucial aspect of sustainable development.

Assessing the Groundwater Quality in Urban Areas Using the DEMATEL Method

The Dhanbad area in Jharkhand, India, is a significant coal mining region located in the middle of the Damodar River basin. The geological composition of the area ranges in age from to Recent, encompassing, granites, pegmatite, and gneisses. These rocks are accompanied by bands of s and amphibolites. In this particular region, groundwater occurrence and movement are primarily restricted to semi weathered/weathered and fractured rocks. The movement of groundwater depends on various factors, including the thickness, size, extent, and openness of the weathered zone, as well as the interconnections of fractures within the rocks. Due to the dynamic nature of groundwater resources, it is susceptible to various factors that can impact its availability and quality. The expansion of irrigation activities, industrialization, and urbanization in the area can have significant implications for the groundwater resources. These activities can lead to increased water demand, contamination risks, and changes in the hydrological balance. Given the importance of groundwater as a vital resource, it becomes crucial to monitor and conserve it effectively. Monitoring techniques, such as hydrological studies, geophysical surveys, and groundwater level measurements, can provide valuable information about the status and behavior of groundwater resources. Conservation efforts may involve implementing sustainable water management practices, promoting water-use efficiency, and controlling pollution sources. By utilizing GIS and available physic-chemical data, the study seeks to generate a comprehensive water quality index map that can assist in making informed decisions regarding water resource management and protection in the Dhanbad area. This understanding can help in developing sustainable strategies to ensure the availability and quality of groundwater in areas like, where natural resources are intricately linked to human activities and industrial development. The variations in the resistivity of water-bearing weathered/fractured rocks in the Dhanbad area depend on the specific geological characteristics of the rocks and their water content. The resistivity refers to the rock's ability to resist the flow of electric current and can provide insights into the rock's porosity and permeability, which are crucial factors for groundwater movement. The depth to groundwater in the area can vary and is typically measured from below ground level. This depth is influenced by factors such as local topography, rainfall patterns, and geological conditions. The presence of active and abandoned coal mines, waste dumps, coal washeries, coking coal plants, and thermal power plants can introduce pollutants into the environment. These pollutants have the potential to contaminate groundwater, affecting its quality and usability. It is important to address these environmental concerns and prioritize the implementation of effective measures to mitigate the impact of coal mining and related activities on groundwater resources. Alternative parameters taken as Total dissolved solid, total hardness, Nitrate, ammonia nitrogen, Fluoride, Fluoride. the first ranking training is obtained with the lowest quality of compensation.

Interaction between intermittent river and groundwater in arid and semiarid basin considering the influence of evaporation on isotopic compositions

Study region: Tabu Basin is located on a typical-deserted steppe in Inner Mongolia, China and plays a significant role in maintaining ecological stability of northern China.Study focus: Among rivers worldwide, 51–60 % cease to flow for at least one day annually, especially in arid and semiarid areas. Understanding interactions between intermittent rivers (IRs) and groundwater (GW) is crucial for protecting water resources and sustaining ecological balance. A comprehensive framework was developed to analyze these interactions.New hydrological insights for the region: Unlike previous studies, this study considered seasonal differences in hydrochemical and isotopic compositions of IR and GW, as well as the intensive influence of evaporation. Multitemporal datasets were employed to analyze the IR–GW interaction across spatial, temporal, and profiling scales. Hydrochemical evidence and isotopic analysis indicated the input of meltwater with depleted isotopic signatures to GW and GW recharge to IR. The isotopic compositions followed the order of rainfall < GW <IR; the higher isotopic compositions of the IR were mainly attributed to evaporation. A formula for minimizing the influence of evaporation was derived based on Rayleigh fractionation. Using the MixSIAR model, the GW and rainfall contributions to the IR were 63.8 % and 36.2 %, respectively. The GW was consisted of 55.3 % meltwater and 44.7 % summer rainfall. The integration of multiple methods offers an effective approach for studying IR–GW interactions in arid and semiarid areas.

Analysis of Contracts and Legislation for Forest Mining Permits in Türkiye: Toward a Sustainable Approach

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the effectiveness of environmental and forest legislation in promoting sustainability in Türkiye, with a particular focus on participatory aspects of access to forestland agreements. Utilizing sustainability performance metrics and indicators defined by the World Bank, we identified relevant variables. We then assessed the legislation’s effectiveness using statistical methods, based on a sample of 114 participants from the forestry and mining sectors. The study found the legislation ineffective in improving the economic conditions of local communities not relocating during mining activities (62.75% failure rate). Additionally, 52.2% of participants deemed the legislation inadequate in providing access to information, and 58.35% found stakeholder participation insufficient. Legislation regarding the financial profitability of the administration (59.2%), protection of water resources (54.4%), and soil protection (58.3%) was also considered inadequate. While 6 of the 16 analyzed sustainability criteria were scrutinized, suggesting a trend toward sustainable legislation, it cannot be definitively concluded that this trend is sufficient to ensure forest sustainability. Further research and legislative adjustments may be needed to address the identified shortcomings and fully promote sustainable forest management in Türkiye.

Estimating thresholds of natural vegetation for the protection of water quality in South African catchments

Many of South Africa's current water quality problems have been attributed to diffuse pollution derived from poorly regulated land use/land cover (LULC) transformations. To mitigate these impacts, the preservation of an adequate amount of natural vegetation within catchment areas is an important management strategy. However, it is not clear how much natural vegetation cover is required to provide adequate levels of protection, nor at which scale(s) this strategy would be most effective. To investigate the possibility of estimating minimum thresholds of natural vegetation required to protect water resources, regression analysis was used to model relationships between water quality (measured using Nemerow's Pollution Index) and metrics of natural vegetation at multiple scales across a sample of sub-catchments located along the western, southern, and south-eastern coast of South Africa. With conspicuous outliers removed, the models were able to explain up to 82 % of the variability in the relationship between land use and water quality. Moreover, a statistically significant, nonlinear, and inverse relationship was found between proportions of natural vegetation cover and pollution levels. This relationship was strongest when measured (1) across the whole catchment and (2) within a 200 m riparian buffer zone. The models further indicated that approximately 80 to 90 % natural vegetation cover was necessary at these scales to maintain water quality at ecologically acceptable levels. Additional nonlinear thresholds estimated using breakpoint analysis suggested that if proportions of natural vegetation fall below 45 % (across the whole catchment) and 60 % (within a 200 m riparian buffer zone) a dramatic increase in pollution levels can be expected. The estimated thresholds are recommended as guidelines that can be used to inform integrated land and water resources management strategies aimed at protecting water quality in the study area. Likewise, the methods described are recommended for the estimation of similar thresholds in other regions.

Rainwater runoff regulation effect in sponge reconstruction area based on rainstorm flood management model

The study adopts the rainwater regulation strategy based on the rainstorm water management model, and designs a set of rainwater runoff regulation system by monitoring the amount of water, collecting rainfall data, and evaluating the quality of rainwater and natural rainwater, aiming at conserving groundwater, restoring hydrological cycle, reducing urban waterlogging, and optimizing rainwater resources. In the implementation method, the effectiveness of this strategy is evaluated by simulating various scenarios such as without LID facilities, with LID facilities, and secondary rainwater pipe network regulation. The results showed that the Nash efficiency coefficient of the overall model was 0.89, and the changes in chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus water quality indicators were very close to the actual monitoring results. The comparative data before and after the renovation showed that the three water quality indicators were much higher before the renovation. The peak flow rate and outflow time significantly decreased, for example, the peak flow rate decreased from 0.41 m³ /s to 0.39 m³ /s. The outflow time was reduced from 9 min to 6 min. It can be seen that the strategies proposed in the study have effectively improved the quality of urban environment and residents' lives, providing important reference basis for urban rainwater management and water resource protection.

Impact of coal energy development on the surrounding environmental water resources carrying capacity

In coal mining, water resources are consumed and destroyed. This study focuses on the water bodies in a coal base and analyzes the pollution caused by coal energy development in the area. By examining the current situation of coal energy development and coal industry, combined with the actual conditions in Northern Shaanxi, the detrimental effects of energy development pollution on water resource carrying capacity and the importance of protecting water resource carrying capacity are investigated. The findings indicate that river pollution is significant based on water quality evaluations of the 10 rivers in the coal base. The reservoir in northern Shaanxi has also been contaminated, with serious groundwater pollution observed. Recommendations are made to enhance laws for water resource protection, aiming to support the rational use and optimal allocation of water resources.

Hydrochemical Characteristics, Controlling Factors and Water Quality Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Kono, Sierra Leone

Groundwater is a major source of drinking water and is considered an imperative component of the accessible water assets across Sierra Leone and many parts of the world. The degradation of groundwater can jeopardize drinking water availability and human health. 29 groundwater monitoring samples with 16 water quality parameters were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, Piper plots, Arc GIS spatial interpolation, Gibbs plots, ion ratio analysis, Wilcox diagram, water quality index (WQI), and entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) were used to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics, controlling factors and evaluate the groundwater quality in the study area. The results revealed that the groundwater mean concentration of NO3− in the mining concession was 34.00 mg/L which was above the permissible limit, Ca2+ and HCO3− are higher in the Koidu community compared to the mining concession water, indicating weakly alkaline with dominant anions and cations of HCO3− and Na+ + K+ respectively, and the hydrochemical types were mainly HCO3−·Ca2+ and HCO3− ·Na+. The order of anion concentration in groundwater was HCO3− &gt; NO3− &gt; SO42− &gt; Cl− and HCO3− &gt; SO42− &gt; NO3− &gt; Cl− in the mining concession and the Koidu community respectively. Cations were Ca2+ &gt; Na+, K+ &gt; Mg2+ &gt; Fe²⁺, and Ca2+ &gt; Na+ &gt; Mg2+ &gt; K+ &gt; Fe²⁺ in the mining concession and the Koidu community respectively. The interpretation of WQI and EWQI analysis exhibits 55.17% excellent, 17.24% good, 20.69% medium, 6.90% very poor, and 27.59% excellent, 24.14% good, 34.48% medium, 3.45% poor, and 10.34% very poor water respectively. Most of the sampling sites display similar trends to the WQI and EWQI. The solute source of groundwater was mainly controlled by water-rock interaction, cation exchange and the weathering of silicate and carbonate rocks were jointly the main contributors to the formation of the chemical components of groundwater in the study area, among which the main controlling factors of the groundwater were leaching, precipitate concentration and anthropogenic activities, and sulfate rock and carbonate rock dissolution. The overall water quality in the study area was suitable for human consumption but was polluted to an insignificant extent by mining activities. This study provides theoretical support and a decision-making basis for developing, utilizing, and protecting water resources in the study area.

Characteristics of waterproof failure and optimal width of narrow coal pillars under the coupled effects of mining, excavation and seepage

The failure of waterproof coal pillars under the coupled effects of mining, excavation and water seepage is a significant factor contributing to sudden water inflow accidents in underground roadways. Investigating the instability characteristics and optimal width of waterproof coal pillars holds vital significance for water control and resource protection in mines. This study focus on the rational width of waterproof coal pillar at Dongzhuang Coal Mine in Shanxi Province. Using FLAC3D, a fluid–structure interaction numerical model of waterproof coal pillar was established, revealing the coupling characteristics of stress fields, plastic zones, and seepage zones within coal pillars under the influence of mining, excavation and water infiltration weakening. Furthermore, the stability characteristics of waterproof coal pillars with different widths were compared. The results are as follows: (1) Under the combined action of overlying strata pressure and water pressure from the gob, the coal mass on the water-inflow side of coal pillar is the first to fail. Additionally, with the infiltration of water, the elastic modulus, cohesion, and friction angle of the coal mass in the seepage zone decrease. (2) The lifecycle of waterproof coal pillar can be divided into three stages: working face mining, water infiltration from the gob, and roadway excavation. Based on this, the connectivity between plastic zones and seepage zones serves as the critical condition for the stability of waterproof coal pillar was proposed. (3) When the width of waterproof coal pillar is 3 m and 5 m, plastic zones become connected, forming a water-conducting channel. When the width of waterproof coal pillar is 7 m, 9 m, and 11 m, seepage zones and plastic zones are not connected, and the coal pillar exhibits load-bearing and water-barrier properties.

Research on the Advocacy for Water Conservation in the Promotion of Water Resource Protection

The question to pose is how to use an assumption to encourage water conservation in a situation where water is scarce. First, the washing time and water consumption are recorded in this article using a stopwatch and measuring cup. Second, we utilized a formula to record the duration of each person's hand washing session. We multiplied the number of seconds by the water flow rate per second to determine the total volume of water each person used. This paper then examined the change in people's hand-washing time following the poster by contrasting the change in people's hand-washing time with the control variable technique. It is possible to draw the conclusion that posters in women's restrooms use the least amount of water, followed by posters in men's restrooms and none at all in women's restrooms. These statistics demonstrate that posters have an effect on how long people spend washing their hands. As a result, after seeing the signs, people will wash their hands less frequently, fulfilling the goal of conserving water.

Compliance of Legal Restrictions in Potable Water Abstraction in Rajshahi WASA Area: An Overview

The ground water level in Barind area Rajshahi rise and falls continuously with the advance of wet and dry season. A growing population, urbanization, increasing pressure on land and water resources by different competing usage and degradation of scarce resources challenge the extraction, management and protection of the water resources of Rajshahi as well as all over the Bangladesh. Agriculture is the major water using sector for ground water irrigation with rice cultivation, the single most important activity in the economy. Industry is also liable for large scale water withdrawal. Due to water level depletion ‘deep tube well’ especially submersible pump is randomly used in many of the houses in Rajsahi WASA area. Apart from agriculture, presently uncontrolled water abstraction for domestic or household purposes causes serious threats to sustainable ground water management. Due to this excessive stress upon the ground water resource, the yield capacity is being reduced and the need to conserve them is now generally recognized. Some of the legislations have clear guidelines and restrictions on personal source of ground water abstractions. National water policy, 1999 stressed the need for the protection of surface water and groundwater resources. WASA Act, 1996; Water Act, 2013; Local Govt. Act 2009 are the major instruments in this respect. This study has been an attempt to review the relevant laws regarding restrictions on domestic water abstraction and to examine through field survey the real scenario how far these are being complied with.

Analysis of Lake Area Dynamics and Driving Forces in the Jianghan Plain Based on GEE and SEM for the Period 1990 to 2020

The lakes of Jianghan Plain, as an important component of the water bodies in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River plain, have made significant contributions to maintaining the ecological health and promoting the sustainable development of the Jianghan Plain. However, there is a relatively limited understanding regarding the trends of lake area change for different types of lakes and their dominant factors over the past three decades in the Jianghan Plain. Based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, combined with the water body index method, the changes in area of three different types of lakes (area &gt; 1 km2) in the Jianghan Lake Group from 1990 to 2020 were extracted and analyzed. Additionally, the Partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was utilized to analyze the driving factors affecting the changes in water body area of these lakes. The results show that from 1990 to 2020, the area of the lakes of the wet season and level season exhibited a decreasing trend, decreasing by 893.1 km2 and 77.9 km2, respectively. However, the area of dry season lakes increased by 59.27 km2. The areas of all three types of lakes reached their minimum values in 2006. According to the PLS-SEM results, the continuous changes in the lakes’ area are mainly controlled by environmental factors overall. Furthermore, human factors mainly influence the mutation of the lakes’ area. This study achieved precise extraction of water body areas and accurate analysis of driving factors, providing a basis for a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic changes in the lakes of Jianghan Plain, which is beneficial for the rational utilization and protection of water resources.

Water function zone: A method to improve the accuracy of remote sensing retrieval of water bodies

In water monitoring, it is always a hot issue to exploring a method to improve the accuracy of remote sensing inversion. To this end, based on the actual investigation of the surrounding environment and water quality characteristics of the Fuyang river, this study has established five distinct water functional zones: reservoir (RS), village river (VR), industrial river (IR), artificial lake (AL), and urban river (UR), which are considered as subdivided datasets. Meanwhile, considering that lakes and reservoirs typically contain relatively stationary or slow-moving water bodies, while river channels are characterized by moving water bodies, three multi-type datasets have been constructed for comparison. These are based on the morphological and flow characteristics of different regions within the Fuyang river and include river channel (R), lake (L), and whole basin (W). Based on multi-spectral images of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and measured water quality data, ten types of inversion models were to invert six kinds of water quality parameters, and compare and analyze the performance of the optimal inversion model of the corresponding data sets. The results show that the multivariate regression model is superior to the univariate regression model, and the mean coefficient of determination (R2) of the subdivided data set is 0.936, and the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) appear decrease in different degrees compared with the W with 3.573 and 2.662, respectively. The mean ratio performance to interquartile (RPIQ) of the corresponding model in UR and VR are 3.963 and 2.748, respectively. Extremely Randomized Trees (ERT) model is more suitable for the inversion of multi-type data sets lacking obvious water quality characteristics and with complex components, while Categorical Boosting (CatBoost) model is more suitable for the inversion of subdivided data sets with obvious water quality characteristics. The current method has practical guiding significance for improving the application level of water monitoring technology in ecological environment protection and urban water resources protection.

The DPSIR Model-Based Sustainability Assessment of Urban Water Resources: A Comparative Study of Zhuhai and Macao

Based on the driving force-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) model, 19 indicators were selected to construct a comparison between Zhuhai and Macao, two adjacent cities at the estuary of the Pearl River in China, which have different development models and water resource sustainable development strategies. Factors that may affect the sustainability of water resources were screened and placed according to the relationships of the five subsystems in the DPSIR model, establishing a sustainable evaluation model for water resources in the two cities. The results analyzed by Principal Component Analysis and Entropy methods showed that (1) Zhuhai City was greatly affected by the driving force, while Macao was greatly affected by the state system from 2012 to 2021. (2) From the trend changes, it can be seen that, in recent years, the water resources of the two cities have been moving towards sustainable development, and the management and protection of water resources have achieved remarkable results. From the evaluation results, it can be seen that implementing urban water-saving activities, strengthening the proportion of environmental water conservancy, public measures in public investment, upgrading sewage treatment machinery to improve sewage treatment rates, and other measures can effectively improve the current situation of water resources in both regions. In the future, the Zhuhai and Macao cities may continue to face a series of water resource pressures brought on by socio-economic developments. Therefore, an active adjustment of the development of the measurement of controlling wastewater discharge and saving water resources was proposed, adhering to the direction of sustainable development, and ensuring the benign development of socio-economic conditions and the ecological environment. This study can provide data to support regional water resource security and policy formulation with different political systems.

Organic Agriculture in Turkey and the World

Organic agriculture is an alternative production system that supports soil structure, fertility and conservation by protecting the ecological balance, using biological control methods against diseases and pests; based on the sustainability of living life, aiming for the highest yield with the maximum use of natural energy resources. In this context, it covers a different production process from conventional agriculture. While intensive input applications in conventional agriculture aim for the highest yield, organic agriculture prioritizes sustainability. Sustainable agriculture is defined as an agricultural practice that protects soil, water and biodiversity while meeting food, energy and natural resource needs. To ensure that organic agriculture contributes to sustainability goals, organic regulations need to focus more on environmental and best practices. Increasing demands day by day have positively affected the sustainability of organic agriculture. The common feature of most of the definitions of organic agriculture is that the products should be produced in accordance with the basic standards and that every stage from the land to the table is regularly controlled. The fact that every stage of organic agriculture is audited and documented, and that the practices operate in accordance with legal procedures are other noteworthy elements. These legal procedures provide protection at many points. Organic agriculture is not only limited to safe food production to protect human health; it is also an agricultural and ecosystem management that is environmentally friendly, effective in reducing ecological pollution, protection of water resources, prevention of erosion, protection of biodiversity, agricultural sustainability and agricultural development.

Research on the Accounting and Spatial Effects of Emergy Ecological Footprint and Industrial Green GDP--The Case of Yangtze River Economic Belt

The booming development of industrial enterprises at the cost of ecological resource consumption has inevitably harmed the ecological environment, especially since the phenomenon of water resource pollution is more serious. Exploring the relationship between the ecological environment and the industrial economy is crucial to the green and sustainable development of the region. This study uses the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to investigate the impact of emergy ecological footprint on the industrial green of gross domestic product (GDP) under the perspective of water resources, based on the panel data of 11 provinces in Chinas Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) from 2012 to 2021. The results show that first, the overall industrial green GDP of the YREB has increased year by year, and the effect of water resource protection is outstanding. Second, the emergy ecological footprint has a significant positive effect on industrial green GDP, and the spillover effect is also significant. Third, heterogeneity analysis shows that the spatial relationship between emergy ecological footprint and industrial green GDP is different in different regions, and the local effect and neighborhood effect of the high industrial green economic development areas are consistent with those of the YREB, while the relationship between the low industrial green economic development areas is not obvious. This paper is of great significance for the green development of industrial enterprises in the YREB and guides the formulation of sustainable development policies.

Prioritization of soil erosion-prone sub-watersheds using geomorphometric and statistical-based weighted sum priority approach in the middle Omo-Gibe River basin, Southern Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Soil erosion, a major factor contributing to land degradation, poses significant environmental challenges across sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. This study identifies erosion-prone sub-watersheds in southern Ethiopia's middle Omo-Gibe River basin using digital elevation model data, analyzed using a geomorphometric and statistically weighted sum priority approach in a Geographic Information System environment. Additionally, hypsometric analysis, lithology, land use/cover analysis, and field observations were integrated to enhance methodological reliability in assessing soil erosion patterns and subsequent land degradation in the basin. Results highlight sub-watersheds with varying degrees of erosion sensitivity, emphasizing morphometric parameters and landscape characteristics. Furthermore, hypsometric analysis confirms a moderate to high susceptibility of sub-watersheds to soil erosion. Moreover, half of the river basin consists of shrubland, encompassing scrubs, range lands, and small wooded areas. These are less efficient in mitigating erosion compared to forests, especially in the face of significant summer rainfall and ensuing runoff. Statistical prioritization identified 19 sub-watersheds, covering 43% of the basin's total area, as highly prone to soil erosion and land degradation. The study's findings are valuable for Ethiopian watershed management decision-makers, enabling informed resource allocation and targeted interventions to control soil erosion and protect water resources by utilizing the outputs of this study.

Legal terminology in environmental and land law: theoretical-legal analysis

The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of legal terminology in the field of environmental and land law and proves the feasibility of its improvement in connection with the adaptation of the norms of national law to the law of the European Union. The article states that today in Ukraine there is significant environmental pollution, climate change, land deterioration, which significantly worsened in connection with the military aggression of the Russian Federation and caused a particularly dangerous ecological situation in the country. The article proves that the implementation of the principles of the right of citizens to a safe environment, ensuring human safety, protection and rational use of land, forest, water and subsoil resources is not possible without a clear definition of legal prescriptions enshrined in the law. The article states that one of the important aspects of the language of law is legal terminology, which makes it possible to formulate the content of a legal document. The article defines the concepts of “terminology”, “terminology”, “legal terminology”. It is noted that it is not appropriate to equate the concepts of “terminology” and “terminological system”. It has been investigated that despite the presence of established terminology in environmental law, the presence of terms in need of improvement is observed in this field, namely: “ecological law” and “environmental law”. It has been proved that for the purpose of further codification of environmental law, it seems appropriate to use the term “environmental law” as an established term of EU legislation. It has been analyzed that today the language of the law in the field of land relations is gaining importance, which is due to the formation of the land market in Ukraine and the need to adapt the norms of land law to EU law. It is noted that in land law there is a problem of identifying the terms: “land”, “land plot”. It was noted that the legal terms related to the formation of the land market in Ukraine need improvement and detailing. It was concluded that legal terminology in the field of environmental and land law is one of the important aspects of the development of the language of law. The issue of improving legal terminology in the field of environmental and land law is one of the necessary steps that will contribute to the unification and harmonization of the legal norms of the specified fields in the context of adapting the norms of national law to EU law.