Protection Of Reproductive Health Research Articles

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IS THE WAY TO PRESERVE YOUTH’S REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Aim. To realize the educational programs on reproductive health protection among students and pupils. Materials and methods. Medicodemographic situation in a large industrial city (Perm) was analyzed. There was formed a group of lecturers for introduction of educational programs. More than 800 lectures were read, the quantity of listeners exceeded 20 000. Results. The number of abortions in the group of 15 to17-year-olds decreased by 75,6% (2006 - 546 cases, 2012 - 133) and the absolute number of abortions in the group of 18 to19-year-olds - by 71,2% (2006 - 962, 2012 - 277). Conclusion. Realization of national projects led to stabilization of birth rate indices, however, the preserved high level of abortions and ageing of women of reproductive age indicate a low reproductive potential. Informational and educational programs for youth are to be considered high-efficient for preserving reproductive health.

THE MEDICO-ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL OF PROTECTION OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF WOMEN WITH INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF GENERATIVE ORGANS

The work purpose: To develop, scientifically to prove and introduce medical-organizational model of protection of reproductive health of patients with inflammatory diseases of genitals. Materials and methods. The female population of fertile age with inflammatory diseases of the genitals, living in the Grodno area per 1954–2008 is studied. The system approach is used, following methods were applied: sanitary-statistical, economic-mathematical, expert estimations, sociological, historical, organizational experiment, modelling and forecasting. Results. On the basis of the carried out complex socially-hygienic research including studying of volumes and quality of medical aid, security of obstetric-gynecologic service material, financial and personnel resources, introductions of new organizational, medical and information technologies, studying of the reproductive equipments of women of fertile age and prospects of realisation by them of reproductive function, and also an expert estimation of the importance of the problems bound to disturbances in reproductive system, develop medical-organizational model of protection of reproductive health of women with inflammatory diseases of the genitals, based on state policy realisation in public health services. Model actions are realised in three stages: pregravidal improvement; medical maintenance in pregnancy; The organisation of medical aid to women in childbirth and newborns, and also aftertreatment after a failure of pregnancy and sorts.

Cervical mucus from biochemical structure to clinical implications

Structure of human cervical mucus plays a pivotal role in female fertility and protection of reproductive health. Investigation of biochemical and biophysical structure of cervical mucus remains a challenge due to complex structural proteins, high content of oligosaccharides and cyclic variability of its structure. We present the current knowledge on chemical and biophysical features of cervical mucus and regulation of its secretion, relevant clinical observations and underexplored elements. The latter relates to biochemical background of physical properties and antimicrobial activity of cervical mucus, and regulation of its production.

THE ISSUES OF WORKERS REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROTECTION FROM HARMFUL OCCUPATIONAL END ENVIROMENRAL EXPOSURES

The problem of workers reproductive health protection from harmful occupational and environmental exposures is amongst the national priorities due to demographic situation in Russia and decrease of the manpower. Some issues of women's reproductive health disorders are considered from occupational health standpoint. The demographic and epidemiological data on pregnancy course and outcome, birth defects, children's morbidity etc. are presented and discussed. Some proposal as to risk management and medical surveillance of reproductive health, including legal instruments are put forward.

Differences in the implementation of preventive services for reproductive health protection of women of different ages

Objective. The preservation and improvement of reproductive health of women is a significant segment of public health policy in each country. Factors affecting the reproductive health of women are numerous: the sociodemographic, sexual behavior and lifestyle, and health care factors. The aim of this study was to examine differences in socodemographic characteristics, application of methods of contraception and prevention practices are important to protect reproductive health of women of different age. Methods. This study represents a secondary data analysis of the 2006 National Health Survey of the population of Serbia (without data about Kosovo-Metohija), which was performed as a cross-sectional study on a randomly selected representative population sample of 14,522 people aged 20 and more. In this study, we focused on the characteristics of 3,575 women aged 20 to 49. Results. With our study we have shown that there are significant differences both in the application of methods of contraception, as well as preventive gynecological practice in order to protect the reproductive health of women young and middle age. The subjects mean age, as a method of contraception more frequently applied IUU (OR=3,56, 95% CI 2,02 - 6,28) and the method of the fertile days (OR=1,48, 95% CI 1,17 - 1,87); less likely to use condoms (OR=0,36, 95% CI 0,30- 0,45). In terms of preventive gynecological practice, middle-aged respondents, compared to younger, less likely to leave the control gynecological examinations (OR=2,13, 95% CI 1,78-2,54) more likely to do breast selfexamination (OR=1,23, 95% CI 1,05-1,45), Pap test usually work for a period of over three years (OR=7,27, 95% CI 3,34 to 15,84). Conclusion. Our study showed that women of different ages not sufficiently concerned about protecting their reproductive health, resulting in the low fertility rate.

REALIZATION OF PROGRAM-TARGET APPROACH TO OPTIMIZING OB GYN AND PEDIATRIC CARE IN THE PENZA REGION

In article the characteristic realized since 1998 in territory of the Penza region of target programs on health protection of the female and children's population is presented. The subroutine purpose was social support of motherhood and the childhood, creation of conditions for health protection of mother and a birth of healthy children, protection of reproductive health, the prevention and decrease in parent and infantile disease and death rate, improvement of a food of mothers and children, preservation and strengthening of health of children and teenagers.

Characteristics of reproductive health of women in their generative age

Any research of reproductive health has to encompass the relevant connotations of this complex term. In order to establish relevant multidimensional characteristics, it is necessary to assess intercorrelations of the characteristics most commonly used to describe it. Our aim was to describe the characteristics of reproductive health and to establish their significance in describing this term. Within the study of health of adult inhabitants of Serbia, on the sample of 2,817 women aged 20-49 years, the data on different reproductive health characteristics were collected by way of a structured questionnaire. By way of factorial analysis (principal components method, Kaisser Varimax criterion), representative characteristics (factors) were selected out of a large number of characteristics, describing reproductive health of women in a multidimensional way, interrelationships of the factors were explained, and carriers--the most important individual characteristics--were selected for further analysis. The characteristics of female reproductive health in Serbia are poor, both from the health policy standpoint and in comparison with other countries. Reproductive health describes 7 relevant factors and their carriers (characteristics which best reflect the variability of characteristics involved in a factor). These involve sexual behaviour (self-assessed HIV infection risk), contraception (use of contraceptive devices on one's own initiative), adequate protection of reproductive health (usage of gynaecological services even when healthy), abortions (pregnancy outcome), HIV control (HIV testing usage), postpartal protection (visits of field nurses after being discharged from maternity ward) and reproductive period (doctor visits after being discharged from maternity ward). All the characteristics of reproductive health used in various studies are not equally important in the description of this complex phenomenon. Factorial analysis can explain intercorrelations of the studied characteristics and make possible the selection of those most representative.

Determinants of the most significant characteristics of reproductive health

Reproductive health of women is determined by females' demographic and socio-economic characteristics, their behaviour, and the complex of environmental factors. The paper examines the predictive impact of personal and environmental characteristics, health and healthcare characteristics regarding the most important aspects of reproductive health. From a sample of 2,718 women, aged 20-49 years, we collected information on various characteristics using a structured questionnaire. Based on factorial analysis (principal components method, Kaisser Varimax criterion) we selected representative variables (factors), describing personal (demographic and socio-economic) characteristics of women, their environment (family, household, community), health (attitudes towards health, life-style, health status), healthcare (independent) and the characteristics of reproductive health (dependent variables). The predictors were analyzed by multiple regression and correlation. Sexual behaviour was determined by socio-economic status, personal tidiness, rest, presence of risk factor(s), health evaluation and attitude toward personal responsibility, trust in physicians etc. The predictors of contraception involved satisfaction with one's own health, serious health problems, health evaluation. The presence and number of abortions were determined by personal psychological maturity, rest, risk factors, life-style, health evaluation and its manifestations, and the continuity and timely healthcare.The predictors of adequate protection of reproductive health involved the cultural level of the community, financial standing of the household, satisfaction with one's own life, tidiness and rest, presence of risk factors, health evaluation, attitude towards personal responsibility, and trust in physicians. HIV control was determined by satisfaction with one's own life, physical activity of women, presence of serious health problems, and the content of primary healthcare. Postpartal protection was determined by the cultural level of the community, reasons for dissatisfaction with one's own life, presence of risk factors and deficiencies, and timely contraception. The predictors of reproductive period duration are availability of health care in a community and personal tidiness of women. The study confirmed predictive impact of most of the studied characteristics.

Do the rights of poor women really matter? Globalization and the protection of reproductive health rights in Uganda

In Uganda, there has been some progress in the advancement of women's status through various policy strategies. The policy framework identifies the protection of reproductive health rights as one of government's priorities. Employing library and desk research, the article critically examines the policy framework within which poor women's reproductive health rights are protected. This article argues that the policy framework is geared more towards protection of the interests of globalization than reproductive health rights of poor women. Privatization of health care services ignores the fact that because of their poverty, poor women cannot afford such services. Private sector led growth, whether in health or agriculture has a deleterious impact on poor women's reproductive health rights. Reproductive health policies that exalt contraception over critical areas such as emergency obstetric care, nutritional and occupational health are bound to fail. Any policies designed to protect the reproductive health rights of poor women must take into account their interests, realities and experiences. This can be achieved by involving women in the design, implementation and evaluation of policies intended for their benefit. Short of this, poor women will continue to be mere spectators of the so-called benefits of the globalization process. East African Journal of Peace and Human rights Vol. 13 (1) 2007: pp. 81-103

Effects of occupational exposure on the reproductive system: core evidence and practical implications

With the increasing labour force participation among women in Western countries, many women will work during their reproductive years. This will increase the likelihood that women during pregnancy will be exposed to a variety of chemical, physical and psychosocial factors at work. The presence of hazardous conditions in workplaces has raised concerns about their potential effects on pregnancy outcomes and birth defects in offspring. Occupational exposure may directly affect the outcome of pregnancy, such as spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, pre-term birth, small-for-gestational age and birth weight. Occupational exposure may also interact with foetal development, resulting in health effects in the offspring that range from congenital birth defects, neurobehavioral disorders at young age and even cancer in older age. To complicate matters further, occupational exposure among men may result in direct effects on the male reproductive system as well as contribute to negative pregnancy outcomes and birth defects. Thus, the reproductive system of both women and men can be affected by occupational exposure and for most health effects both maternal and paternal exposure may be a relevant route. A timely recognition of the impact of hazardous agents on this broad array of reproductive effects will provide insight into the necessary precautions to be taken for the protection of reproductive health of both women and men. In the scientific literature, there are many publications on adverse reproductive outcomes. Since the reproductive system is a complex, interconnected set of organs, tissues and hormones, there is a large variety of reported adverse effects of environmental agents on the reproductive system. However, the interpretation of an association between an occupational exposure and a reproductive health effect is almost always hampered by the fact that many adverse outcomes may be caused by multiple (work-related) factors, making it extremely difficult to attribute a particular outcome to a specific occupational exposure. In addition, negative outcomes may be due to adverse effects of occupational exposure on both the female and male reproductive system. A third critical issue is that occupational exposure may only be relevant during specific time windows, for example shortly before conception or during early pregnancy. This issue of Occupational Medicine contains three extensive reviews on the epidemiological evidence of occupational hazards to human reproduction. The first comprehensive review focuses on the female reproductive system by addressing the influence of maternal exposure on fertility and pregnancy outcomes [1]. In the second review, the focus is the impact of maternal exposure on the adverse effects in the offspring, as characterized by a variety of birth defects [2]. The third review shifts emphasis towards the contribution of occupational exposure among men to male reproductive dysfunction, primarily measured by semen quality and fecundity [3]. Together these reviews present a comprehensive picture of the role of occupational risk factors in reproductive health. The main aims of this accompanying article are to present a summary of the core findings in the three reviews, to discuss important constraints in the interpretation of these results and then derive practical implications for research and practice in occupational health.

Use of family planning methods by women in the municipality of Nis (Serbia)

The use of family planning methods reduces maternal mortality, prevents unwanted and high-risk pregnancies, the need for (un)safe abortion and protects from sexually transmitted diseases. The objective of the study was to assess the use of family planning methods by women in the municipality of Nis. We applied an observational cohort study that included 1,584 women age 15–49 who lived in the municipality of Nis. Data was collected through the opinion poll examination, which took place in the municipality of Nis from February to September 2002. We found 81.9% of interviewees having sexual relations protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy permanently or occasionally; 18.1% do not. Of interviewees who do not use protection and have sexual relations, 28.1% think it harms health and 27.7% think it is unsafe. Among women who use contraceptive protection, 57.9% use traditional (unsafe) methods while 42.1% use modern methods. Interviewees who use contraception mostly choose a particular method of their own accord without consultation (52.9%); 58.2% estimate their method of contraception as partly safe, 6.8% as unsafe and 35% as completely safe. As to the reason for contraception use, 40.4% state they already have their preferred number of children, 22.4% use contraception for health reasons, 17% because they are not married, 7.6% because of poor economic condition, and other reasons are present in significantly lesser percentages. Of the interviewees, 29.3% had intentionally interrupted pregnancies. The use of family planning methods is unsatisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to promptly begin promoting protection of reproductive health and the use of modern family planning methods as a part of the nurturing of healthy lifestyles.

Education for the protection of young people’s reproductive health

Education for the protection of reproductive health is of special importance for young people in Serbia for several reasons. The first reason is an extremely low birth rate. The second is the fact that a large part of the population suffers from serious and long-standing problems in reproductive health. The third, common to all countries passing through transition, is an increase in risk behavior among young people which threatens their reproductive health either directly or indirectly. Education for reproductive health is a long-lasting process which should be initiated at an early age and should involve all social institutions, primarily health institutions, media and schools. The school is the most important link in the chain of knowledge acquisition. Therefore during elementary education, time must be found for topics such as puberty, emotional life of young people, physiology of reproduction, adolescent pregnancy, communication skills, risk behavior, contraception, sexually transmitted diseases and the importance of family and children. Over the last few years more than thirty counseling centers for young people?s reproductive health have been set up in Serbia within health clinics. Unlike health institutions, media and schools have not yet been mobilized. Therefore it is necessary to promote the role of media and schools in the process of the protection of young people?s reproductive health. .

Ecological genetics, reproductive health and predictive medicine

Ecological genetics plays a major role in protecting reproductive health and prevention of inherited and inborn disorders. Protection of reproductive health in women poses special problems as because of long period of oogenesis damaging of female gametes is feasible during several successive generations. Recent achievements in predictive (preventive) medicine render opportunities for presymptomatic diagnostics and efficient prevention of inherited and inborn disorders as well as severe and common diseases in postnatal life. Testing of genetic polymorphisms creates solid genetic background in predictive medicine. Thorough studies are needed to evaluate predictive value of already existing genetic tests. Necessities for solid legislative background and comprehensible medical evaluation of genetic tests results are also quite urgent tasks of current medicine. Widespread population genetic testing with subsequent relevant interpretation of the results might pave the way for more objective evaluation of unfavorable action of ecological factors in humans. These studies in conjunction with already elaborated Genetic Chart of Reproductive Health might help a lot in protecting of reproductive health as well as in prevention of inherited and inborn disorders.

Norming the reproductive health disturbances in the workers-women working at the sulphate cellulose production

The work conditions and reproductive health states have been studied in the women working at the sulphate cellulose production and systematically exposed to harmful chemical substances polluting the workplace air. Among them methyl sulfide compounds (MSC) in the concentrations which than a hygienical normative were found to be of a principal importance. In the structure of extragenital pathology the diseases of the respiratory system and the functional disturbances of the central nervous system were found to prevail in the women working at the shops with the chemical factor. Their biochemical states were characterized with protein metabolism disorders, process hyperactivity of lipid peroxidation and the activity reduction in glutathionic link of antioxidant protection. A significant disturbance prevalence of ovarian-menstrual functions, complications and birth courses as well as the newborns health states have been revealed in the women at the childbearing ages. A high degree of productive stipulation of these disturbances has been revealed. Concept of forming the reproductive function disturbances in the workers women has been grounded. A system of hygienic and medical-preventive measures for work conditions optimizations of the workers-women as well as their reproductive health protection has been developed.

Vaginal douching and reproductive health protection practices of university students

Vaginal douching and reproductive health protection practices of university students

Vaginal douching and reproductive health protection practices of university students

Vaginal douching and reproductive health protection practices of university students

Sexual behaviour of adolescents

Numerous studies have shown that sexual behaviour increases among adolescents. Disharmony between biological and psychosocial maturity among young people may cause risky behavior, and endanger psychophysical and reproductive health of young persons. A questionnaire on sexual behaviour was completed by 169 adolescents, 1st and 4th year high school students. Every 6th first grade and every 2nd fourth grade adolescent is sexually active. Male adolescents begin sexual activities significantly earlier (at the age of 15.6) than female adolescents (16.5). Also, young men have significantly more partners (3.6) than girls (1.3), and more parallel sexual relations than girls. Only 1/3 of sexually active adolescents always use some kind of contraception, more frequently boys (41.9%) than girls (26.7%). Early commencement of sexual activity results with longer active period before realization of the reproductive function, which increases risk for reproductive health disorders. Unprotected sexual intercourse and large number of partners also present significant risk factors. Sexual life of adolescents begins at the age of 16, on average, and only every third always uses contraceptive protection, which points to a need for better education on reproductive health by using contemporary methods. It is also necessary to increase availability of contraceptives (condoms) at all places where adolescents spend time (in schools, bars, cinemas, disco clubs etc.) in order to achieve responsible sexual behavior and protection of reproductive health among youth.

Tendencies of “rejuvenation” of reproductive and demographic processes in current conditions

The indices of fertility of. women of fertile age living in urban and rural regions of Tatarstan Republic for the last 15 years are analyzed. The obvious rejuvenation of reproductive and demographic processes is revealed. The necessity to take extreme measures on protection of reproductive health of teenagers is noted.