Landscape Protection Research Articles

Enhancing Urban Landscapes through Underground Space Utilization: Public Perceptions

Landscape occupation and green space reduction have decreased livability and hindered the sustainable development of cities. The urban landscape affects the quality of life and physical and mental state of the public, and urban underground space utilization is important for improving the urban landscape. Therefore, underground space utilization must be explored from a public perspective. Referring to typical underground municipal, transportation, and public space projects, an online questionnaire survey of 377 Nanjing residents was performed to construct a structural equation model investigating their perceptions and preferences regarding underground space usage to improve the landscape, focusing on the links between their preferences and opinions. Underground works that provide diverse open spaces were considered to have the most positive impact on the landscape (82.8%). The aesthetic value of the surface landscape (83.5%) and the vitality of historical sites (82.1%) were the most significantly affected, whereas stock underground space had no significant effect on landscape protection. In terms of age, profession, and place of work, the respondents demonstrated heterogeneous preferences. These findings indicate that targeted publicity and public participation are important to strengthen the cooperative utilization of space and realize the potential of the underground space, helping address actual requirements and develop sustainable cities.

Tracing the green footprints: a bibliometric analysis of biodiversity conservation in the Himalayas

ABSTRACT Mountains cover 24% of the land surface area and are home to 12% of the population of the world. The mountains within the Indian Himalayan region account for 16.2% (500, 000 km2) of India’s total land area and while there is an age-old tradition of biodiversity conservation in this region, the area is under stress due to human population growth and climate change. Therefore, this region requires conservation management activities, however, our study has shown a substantial decrease in publications in this area between 2004 and 2019. In this study, we completed a bibliometric analysis to explore biodiversity protection in the Himalayas. The analysis revealed valuable information regarding current research trends as well as research gaps. This study uses bibliometric analysis to examine the changing landscape of biodiversity protection in the Himalayas. The study analysed 425 journal papers published from 2004 to 2023. This article contributes to understanding studies on Himalayan management challenges, including endangered species conservation, environmental protection, ecosystem dynamics, and conservation management. We hope this paper inspires scientists to complete research in the areas lacking data such that a baseline can be established and policies can be developed to support biodiversity conservation in the Indian Himalayas.

Analysis on patents of health care products with substances of medicine food homology in China

ObjectiveThe concept of substances of medicine food homology (SMFH) has garnered significant attention in recent years. This study conducts a systematic analysis of patent literature related to SMFH, and elucidates the development trends, technical hotspots, and the overall patent protection landscape of SMFH in China over the past two decades. MethodsThe patent search focused on the SMFH varieties as the objects of inquiry, with retrieval conducted in patent databases. Subsequently, the acquired data underwent processing, analysis, and visualization. ResultsWhile the technical threshold for pharmaceutical applications surpasses that of the food service sector, the former may assume a prominent role in the future. Research and development (R&D) activities in the southeast of China demonstrate robust activity than other regions. Colleges and scientific research institutions exhibit substantial advantages in patent applications compared with individuals and hold greater potential for future development. ConclusionThe findings of this patent analysis indicate that China’s SMFH industry are presently undergoing a transition from an extensive model to a high-quality model. The quality and technical standards of SMFH products are consistently improving. Consequently, there is a need for more stringent patent application requirements to align with the evolving development needs.

Analysis of the relationship between forest patch degradation, land uses, and terrain variables in a protected landscape in Ghana

Due to the implications of deforestation on global climate and environmental changes, concerns for forest patch degradation have grown in recent times. Recent studies have concentrated on assessing general land use and land cover changes, but in this study, we are interested in modeling the association between degraded patches of forest cover, land uses, and landscape's terrain characteristics. We use methods from landscape ecology, remote sensing, geo-information systems, and statistics to predict the association between degraded forest patches and related factors. Our findings show that forest patches within 1 km from agricultural land use are more likely to be degraded (AOR = 1.42, C.I. = 1.141–1.760, p = 0.002). Similarly, our results further reveal that forest patches within 1 km from human settlement footprints have a higher likelihood of being degraded (AOR = 1.38, C.I. = 1.083–1.768, p = 0.009). Our results demonstrate a need for the creation and enforcement of sound land use planning and management strategies that would adequately protect forest patches from the influence of agricultural land use and human settlement development.

Offensive Heritage in an Era of Globalization and Mass Migration

Offensive Heritage in an Era of Globalization and Mass Migration

Top-down and bottom-up initiatives for the Walloon landscapes and their inhabitants

Landscape protection implies selecting values for preservation and legitimising specific interests while potentially excluding others. Literature on landscape protection recognises the need to move beyond the expert-dominated conservationist paradigm. Based on an analysis of laws, decrees, charters, web documents and semi-structured interviews, this research examines the processes and results of public involvement in landscape protection in Wallonia. While ‘democratisation’ of the landscape gains ground in institutional protection tools, citizen initiatives are mostly carried by only a few inhabitants or isolated groups and wield limited influence in the decision making process. Nonetheless, citizens’ groups increasingly invoke landscape interest in local initiatives, expressing a desire to share their values and develop local projects. This observation underlines a gap in participation processes. Rights and responsibilities of the population depend not only on their place in the decision-making process but also on their interests and attitudes towards their landscapes.

ANOMALY DETECTION SYSTEM

In an era marked by dynamic security challenges, real-time CCTV anomaly detection systems have emerged as a cornerstone in contemporary security frameworks. These systems, leveraging advanced algorithms rooted in machine learning, continuously scrutinize live video streams to establish a baseline of normal activities. The fundamental aim is to promptly identify deviations and anomalies, ushering in a new era of proactive and responsive security monitoring. This technology's real-time capabilities represent a transformative leap forward, enabling immediate responses to potential threats or irregular events within monitored environments. The effectiveness of real-time anomaly detection lies not only in its ability to distinguish between normal and abnormal patterns but also in its contribution to the broader landscape of safety and protection. This abstract delves into the multifaceted significance of real-time CCTV anomaly detection, exploring its role in elevating overall security measures. Beyond the immediate identification of anomalies, these systems promise to shape the future of security by offering a proactive approach to surveillance. As technological advancements persist, the integration of such systems underscores a commitment to anticipatory security strategies, ensuring adaptability in the face of evolving security challenges. Keywords: Anomaly Detection, Intrusion Detection, Machine Learning, Statistical Methods, Network Security, Cybersecurity, Pattern Recognition, Alarm Systems, Real-time Detection.

Large carnivores and the EU LIFE programme

Most large carnivore populations have increased in recent decades in Europe. Along with the adoption of the EU Habitats Directive in 1992, the EU launched a funding program entirely dedicated to environment, nature protection and climate action, the European LIFE programme. Here, we explore the investment of this programme in large carnivore conservation across Europe, from its implementation in 1992 to 2020 (28 years), with respect to budgets, species considered, economic factors and the geographical distribution of the projects. A total of 153 projects have directly or indirectly targeted large carnivores, with a total budget of ca. 338.2 M€ (EU contribution >194.1 M€). Despite the transboundary character of most large carnivore populations, only 5.8 % of projects worked across national borders. Large carnivores did not receive equal attention within the programme, and EU Member States from Southern Europe accumulated 77.7 % of the projects. The region of Abruzzo (Italy) has been granted with the highest number of projects (n= 28), followed by Castilla y León (Spain, 16 projects). At national level, the per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) did not correlate with the number of LIFE projects granted, but the proportion of the GDP invested in the protection of biodiversity and landscapes (positively). However, at the level of European regions (NUTS 2), those regions with lower average per capita GDP were more frequently granted with LIFE projects. We discuss several factors affecting the distribution of projects across Europe, and we make recommendations for future investments in maximizing large carnivore conservation under this program.

Exploiting high-quality reconstruction image encryption strategy by optimized orthogonal compressive sensing

Compressive sensing is favored because it breaks through the constraints of Nyquist sampling law in signal reconstruction. However, the security defects of joint compression encryption and the problem of low quality of reconstructed image restoration need to be solved urgently. In view of this, this paper proposes a compressive sensing image encryption scheme based on optimized orthogonal measurement matrix. Utilizing a combination of DWT and OMP, along with chaos, the proposed scheme achieves high-security image encryption and superior quality in decryption reconstruction. Firstly, the orthogonal optimization method is used to improve the chaotic measurement matrix. Combined with Part Hadamard matrix, the measurement matrix with strong orthogonal characteristics is constructed by Kronecker product. Secondly, the original image is sparsely represented by DWT. Meanwhile, Arnold scrambling is used to disturb the correlation between its adjacent pixels. Following this, the image is compressed and measured in accordance with the principles of compressive sensing and obtain the intermediate image to be encrypted. Finally, the chaotic sequence generated based on 2D-LSCM is used to perform on odd-even interleaved diffusion and row-column permutation at bit-level to obtain the final ciphertext. The experimental results show that this scheme meets the cryptographic requirements of obfuscation, diffusion and avalanche effects, and also has a large key space, which is sufficient to resist brute-force cracking attacks. Based on the sparse and reconstruction algorithm of compressive sensing proposed in this paper, it has better image restoration quality than similar algorithms. Consequently, the compressive sensing image encryption scheme enhances both security and reconstruction quality, presenting promising applications in the evolving landscape of privacy protection for network big data.

Navigating Cruelty: Examining ECHR Practice in Defining a Minimum Threshold for Torture facilitated by State agents

This article critically examines the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) practice in defining a minimum threshold for torture. It goes in-depth with torture facilitated by State agents, as stipulated in Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. While the identification of torture typically involves severe cases, the majority of instances under Article 3 pertain to degrading or inhuman treatment. Focusing on threshold cases related to freedom from degrading treatment or punishment, this article seeks to delineate the effective guarantee provided by this fundamental right within the Strasbourg organs’ judicial policy. The analysis underscores the dynamic and adaptive nature of the ECHR in interpreting and expanding the provisions of the Convention. By capitalizing on the graduated scale of degrading treatment, the Strasbourg organs have extended the protective scope of Article 3, contributing to the development of a progressive European public order. Ultimately, this exploration provides valuable insights into the judicial approach of the Strasbourg organs in defining the minimum threshold for torture perpetrated by State agents, shedding light on the evolving landscape of human rights protection in Europe.

DATA PROTECTION LAWS IN INDONESIA ANALYZING LEGAL IMPLICATIONS AND CASE STUDIES IN THE DIGITAL AGE

<p>Navigating the data deluge of the digital age demands a nuanced approach to personal data protection. This research delves into this critical issue through a multifaceted lens, utilizing case studies and analysis of Indonesian data protection regulations. By examining real-life scenarios, we reveal the tangible challenges individuals and organizations face in managing personal data effectively. Our in-depth exploration of existing regulations provides a critical assessment of their strengths and limitations, paving the way for informed recommendations for future improvements. This contribution transcends mere theoretical analysis, offering a practical understanding of the complexities and intricacies of data protection law in Indonesia's dynamic digital landscape. By bridging the gap between theory and practice, this research empowers individuals, organizations, and policymakers to navigate the evolving landscape of personal data protection with greater clarity and confidence.</p><p>Keywords: Personal Data Protection, Digital age, Legal Aspects.</p>

APPLICATION OF EDU-AGROTOURISM AND AGROFORESTRY: PATTERNS OF LAND USE ON CONSERVATION IN THE BUFFER AREA

Sustainable development encompasses three fundamental dimensions, including the socio-cultural, economic, and ecological. Agroforestry seeks to achieve multifunctional, efficient, and environmentally sustainable production by replicating forest-like circumstances and employing management strategies that align with the cultural values of local people. The successful execution of this strategy is facilitated by the improvement of soil and microclimate conditions, which positively impact agricultural results. The Lore Lindu National Park (TNLL) is an officially declared national park in the Central Sulawesi province of Indonesia. The location plays a crucial role in conserving Sulawesi Island's rich array of biological diversity. The research findings indicate that the flora variety within the TNLL region encompasses a wide range of botanical species, including diverse trees, resin-producing plants, rattan, orchids, and medicinal plants. The agroforestry patterns seen in the buffer region of the TNLL can be categorized as the agrisilviculture model. This model represents an agroforestry system that integrates plant and agricultural components, specifically non-wood species. The pattern under consideration encompasses several components, including tree plants such as cocoa, durian, cloves, and candlenuts, alongside agricultural components like corn, vegetables, and tubers. The historical trajectory of land utilization commenced with the indigenous communities who exercised stewardship over the vicinity surrounding TNLL, employing their indigenous knowledge and practices as a consequence of their successful adaptation to the prevailing natural circumstances. The utilization of natural resources by indigenous groups within national park regions for their daily necessities is frequently perceived as exerting strain on the protected landscape's ecological integrity and long-term viability.

Comparison of spatial dispersion of epigeic fauna between alluvial forests in an agrarian and Dunajské luhy protected landscape area, southern Slovakia

Abstract The spatial distribution of the epigeic fauna of floodplain ecosystems (willow-poplar floodplain forest, regenerated poplar forest), in the conditions of the natural environment of the Dunajské luhy Protected Landscape Area (PLA, hereinafter) and agrarian landscape was studied. The Dunajské luhy PLA, hereinafter (Slovak Republic) is the part of the system of protected areas of the European Union. During the three years 2020–2022, 24,169 individuals belonging to 19 taxa at 6 locations using the pitfall traps method were recorded. Through spatial modeling, the preference of most taxa for floodplain forests located in the Dunajské luhy PLA was found. We also observed a significant difference in number of individuals of epigeic fauna in floodplain forests betvween Dunajské luhy PLA area and agrarian landscape during all three years 2020 (p = 0.0070), 2021 (p = 0.0077) and 2022 (p = 0.04624). Thus, agroecosystems in the neighborhood of alluvial forests had a negative impact on the taxonomic diversity and abundance of epigeic fauna. In order to maintain a balance between the production of food, wood and the preservation of natural forest stands, it is important to optimally allocate areas and set up their management. For example, by creating forest islands in agricultural crops, to increase the epigeic fauna.

Legal Strategies for Protecting Intellectual Property Rights in Business A Case Study Creative Industry in Indonesia

This research delves into the multifaceted landscape of intellectual property protection within the Indonesian creative industries. Through qualitative analysis, interviews with 10 key informants elucidated the challenges faced by businesses, including rampant piracy, inadequacies in legal frameworks, and enforcement issues. Businesses responded with diverse legal strategies, encompassing copyright protection, trademark registration, industry collaboration, and technological solutions. Case studies provided tangible examples, showcasing the effectiveness and challenges of these strategies. Recommendations for legislative reforms, strengthened enforcement mechanisms, industry collaboration, and technological innovation are proposed. This research contributes valuable insights into the dynamic interplay between legal challenges and strategic responses in safeguarding intellectual property within the vibrant Indonesian creative industries.

Legal impacts of digitization on intellectual property

The digital age has revolutionized the way intellectual property is created, shared, and protected. This article explores the legal aspects of IP protection in the digital age, focusing on the challenges and opportunities posed by digital technologies. The objective of this study is to analyze the evolving landscape of IP protection in the digital age, examining the impact of digitalization on traditional IP laws and regulations. This study employs a qualitative research methodology, conducting a comprehensive review of existing literature, laws, and regulations related to IP protection in the digital age. Content analysis and synthesis are used to illustrate key concepts and trends. The results of the study highlight the need for updated and harmonized IP laws to address the challenges posed by digital technologies. The study also identifies the importance of technological solutions, such as blockchain and digital rights management, in enhancing IP protection in the digital age. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of adapting IP laws and regulations to the digital age to ensure effective protection of IP rights. It also underscores the need for collaboration between governments, industries, and technology companies to develop innovative solutions for IP protection in the digital era.

Legal Regulations Pertaining to Product Safety and Quality Standards in MSMEs Business in Indonesia

This research delves into the multifaceted landscape of intellectual property protection within the Indonesian creative industries. Through qualitative analysis, interviews with 10 key informants elucidated the challenges faced by businesses, including rampant piracy, inadequacies in legal frameworks, and enforcement issues. Businesses responded with diverse legal strategies, encompassing copyright protection, trademark registration, industry collaboration, and technological solutions. Case studies provided tangible examples, showcasing the effectiveness and challenges of these strategies. Recommendations for legislative reforms, strengthened enforcement mechanisms, industry collaboration, and technological innovation are proposed. This research contributes valuable insights into the dynamic interplay between legal challenges and strategic responses in safeguarding intellectual property within the vibrant Indonesian creative industries.

Behavioral economics and consumer protection in the U.S.: A review: Understanding how psychological factors shape consumer policies and regulations

This study explores the integration of behavioral economics into consumer protection policies, focusing on the influence of psychological factors on consumer behavior and the implications for market efficiency and consumer welfare. Employing a systematic literature review and content analysis, the research scrutinizes peer-reviewed articles, policy reports, and case studies from 2008 onwards to identify the impact of cognitive biases and heuristics on consumer decisions and the effectiveness of behavioral interventions in enhancing consumer protection. The methodology hinges on a comprehensive search strategy, with inclusion and exclusion criteria meticulously applied to ensure the relevance and quality of the literature reviewed. Key findings reveal that psychological factors significantly affect consumer choices, often leading to outcomes that deviate from optimal welfare and efficiency. Behavioral economics, through its insights into consumer behavior, offers innovative approaches to policy-making that can mitigate these effects, enhancing consumer protection and market functionality. The study identifies challenges and opportunities in the evolving landscape of consumer protection, emphasizing the need for adaptive regulatory frameworks and the potential of digital technologies to understand and influence consumer behavior. Final recommendations advocate for dynamic policies, consumer education, and collaboration among stakeholders to address emerging consumer risks effectively. The study concludes that behavioral economics holds transformative potential for consumer protection, urging continued exploration and innovation in policy development to safeguard consumer interests in a rapidly changing market environment.

Global data privacy laws: A critical review of technology's impact on user rights

In the rapidly evolving landscape of technology, the intersection with data privacy laws has become a focal point for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners alike. This paper provides a comprehensive and critical examination of the global data privacy laws in light of the profound impact of technology on user rights. As the digital era progresses, the balance between technological innovation and the protection of individual privacy rights has become increasingly complex. The analysis encompasses a wide range of global data privacy frameworks, including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and other relevant regional legislations. The paper explores the challenges and opportunities presented by emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics, in shaping the landscape of data protection. Furthermore, the study evaluates the effectiveness and enforcement mechanisms of existing data privacy laws in addressing the ethical implications of technology, particularly in the context of user consent, data breaches, and algorithmic decision-making. Special attention is given to the evolving nature of digital surveillance, biometric data processing, and the implications of cross-border data transfers. In order to foster a comprehensive understanding, the paper also reviews the evolving nature of user rights and consent in the digital age. It critically examines the adequacy of current legal frameworks in addressing the challenges posed by technology-driven intrusions into individual privacy, considering issues of transparency, accountability, and user empowerment. By providing a nuanced analysis of the interplay between global data privacy laws and technological advancements, this paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the need for adaptive and robust legal frameworks. It calls for a proactive approach to address the evolving landscape, advocating for a harmonized and globally inclusive regulatory environment that safeguards user rights without stifling technological innovation.

The application of ecosystem accounting principles at the local scale for a protected landscape: A case study of the Sleza Landscape Park in Poland

This paper presents the application of the ecosystem service assessment and valuation of three ecosystem services to the local municipalities, which host the protected area. The protected area in this study is a peri-urban Sleza mountain providing perfect opportunities for one-day hiking for families. The case study area represents five municipalities that are part of the Sleza Landscape Park in Poland. Three ecosystem services (crop provision, pollination, and nature-based tourism) were mapped and attributed to the benefiting sectors. The assessment follows the guidelines of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting—Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA) for recognising the contribution of ecosystem services (ES) to the economy and human well-being. The analysis relates to the years 2014 and 2021 and includes ecosystem extent and flow accounts. Thanks to the local character of our case study, ecosystems and beneficiaries could be precisely located, and the contribution of selected ES to the local economy could be presented in a spatially explicit way. The applicability of ecosystem accounting to spatial planning and local governance is discussed.

A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF DATA ENCRYPTION METHODS IN THE USA AND EUROPE

Data encryption is a critical aspect of modern information security, and understanding the approaches taken by different regions is vital for a comprehensive analysis. In the United States and Europe, data encryption methods vary in implementation, legal frameworks, and overall priorities. In the United States, encryption methods are primarily governed by a combination of federal laws and industry standards. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) plays a central role in recommending cryptographic standards, while the Department of Commerce oversees export controls on encryption technology. The focus in the U.S. is on balancing national security needs with individual privacy rights. The tension between law enforcement's desire for access to encrypted data for criminal investigations and the right to privacy has sparked debates and legal battles. On the other hand, Europe has taken a more privacy-centric approach to data protection. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a cornerstone in the European Union's efforts to safeguard individual privacy rights. GDPR mandates the use of encryption to protect personal data, and failure to implement adequate measures can result in hefty fines. European countries also emphasize the importance of end-to-end encryption in communication services to ensure confidentiality. Both regions prioritize encryption, but their approaches reflect different values and legal philosophies. The U.S. tends to navigate a delicate balance between national security and individual rights, while Europe places a stronger emphasis on the protection of personal data as a fundamental right. In terms of technological implementation, the encryption algorithms adopted in both regions are often aligned with global standards. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is widely accepted and implemented in various sectors. However, the choice of key management and the level of regulatory oversight differ, contributing to the nuanced landscape of data protection. In conclusion, a comparative review of data encryption methods in the USA and Europe reveals the complex interplay between security, privacy, and legal frameworks. Understanding these differences is crucial for multinational organizations and individuals navigating the intricate landscape of global data protection.
 Keywords: Data, Encryption, USA, Europe, Review.