Protection Of Historical Heritage Research Articles

USE OF GEOINFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR OPTIMISATION OF CITY MANAGEMENT

The study aims to answer how city halls and municipal departments of territorial communities can cope with numerous tasks related to providing city services. This issue is quite relevant in our time. As a solution, there has been a proposal to use geographic information systems (GIS) and a unified geodatabase to provide local governments, municipal organisations, and citizens access to reliable information about the urban area. This information has to be systematised, structured, and stored for efficient use. Experts suggest utilising a geodatabase as a primary tool for managing massive amounts of spatial information to solve these issues. The analysis shows that this is the direction that most European and American cities have chosen. As a result of the study, the authors propose the geodatabase structure for local-level urban planning documentation. It defines a set of objects, attributes, relations, and topology rules used to represent urban planning documentation in electronic form (in the form of a city GIS). Such an approach will allow for reliably storing all the diverse information necessary for the city’s life, analysing this information, and making the right management decisions. In this study, the authors analysed existing geographic information systems of some large cities. We defined weaknesses and strengths and found out based on which software products these city GIS were developed. Then, we proposed the main structural elements (layers) of the unified geospatial database of the city GIS that would ensure the solution of all issues related to the existence of a modern city. The authors prove that the combination of a clear structure of the geodatabase, convenience, and data relevance can determine the success of city GIS, making it a core tool for ensuring harmonious development and improving the quality of life in the city. Only such an approach will facilitate the creation of a technologically advanced urban environment that will meet the modern requirements and needs of citizens. Keywords: geoinformation technologies, geoinformation system, database, protection of historical heritage, urban planning.

Tourism Competitiveness Evaluation Model of Urban Historical and Cultural Districts Based on Multi-Source Data and the AHP Method: A Case Study in Suzhou Ancient City

Urban historical and cultural districts, serving as multi-functional compounds integrating cultural preservation, consumer experience, and economic growth, are increasingly becoming the preferred choice for in-depth tourism under the trend of historical heritage protection and consumption upgrading. Due to the complexity of the construction purpose, inherent functions, and operational management of historical districts, scientifically and rationally evaluating them poses a challenge. This paper attempts to construct an evaluation method for the tourism competitiveness of urban historical and cultural districts based on multi-source data and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. First, based on the model of destination competitiveness and combined with literature research and open-ended expert interviews, an evaluation framework for the tourism competitiveness of urban historical and cultural districts is established, using the AHP method to calculate the specific weights of each evaluation indicator. Then, the corresponding data sources for each indicator and the data processing and calculation methods are further clarified. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed evaluation model, this paper selects three key historical and cultural districts in Suzhou City, calculates the tourism competitiveness of each district based on the proposed model, and collects tourist satisfaction surveys from the three districts for cross-validation with the evaluation results. The experimental results show that the evaluation model is reliably effective in assessing the cultural, commercial, and tourism service aspects of historical districts, thereby providing a theoretical basis for future tourism decision-making information systems and practical applications of historical districts.

Spatial evolution investigation and analysis of traditional dwellings in Dongzhu Island village of Jiaodong region

ABSTRACT The seaweed cottage is a traditional residence in the Jiaodong (胶东) region that has existed for hundreds of years. During its development, its architectural form was evidently reconstructed and redeveloped. Based on historical documents, interviews, field investigations, and mapping, the author summarizes the village environment, overall layout, and architectural attributes of Dongchu Island Village (东褚岛村, DIV) to address the common needs of historical heritage protection. In order to examine in depth, the spatial evolution of the five stages in the past one hundred years, the Wangs’ grocery seaweed courtyard located on the southwest corner of Middle Street was selected as a typical research object. Analyzed as two clues, the village and dwelling, three key factors are identified as influencing spatial change: Characteristics of the time, economic industry, and personnel structure.

Research on the Application of CGAN in the Design of Historic Building Facades in Urban Renewal—Taking Fujian Putian Historic Districts as an Example

In recent years, artificial intelligence technology has widely influenced the design field, introducing new ideas to efficiently and systematically solve urban renewal design problems. The purpose of this study is to create a stylized generation technology for building facade decoration in historic districts, which will aid in the design and control of district style and form. The goal is to use the technical advantages of the conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) in image generation and style transfer to create a method for independently designing a specific facade decoration style by interpreting image data of historical district facades. The research in this paper is based on the historical district of Putian in Fujian Province and facilitates an experiment of image data acquisition, image processing and screening, model training, image generation, and style matching of the target area. The research found the following: (1) CGAN technology can better identify and generate the decorative style of historical districts. It can realize the overall or partial scheme design of the facade. (2) In terms of adaptability, this method can provide a better scheme reference for historical district reconstruction, facade renovation, and renovation design projects. Especially for districts with obvious decorative styles, the visualization effect is better. In addition, it also has certain reference significance for the determination and design of the facade decoration style of a specific historical building. (3) Lastly, this method can better learn the internal laws of the complex district style and form to generate a new design with a clear decoration style attribute. It can be extended to other fields of historical heritage protection to enhance practitioners’ stylized control of the heritage environment and improve the efficiency and capability of professional design.

Improving low-resource Tibetan end-to-end ASR by multilingual and multilevel unit modeling

Conventional automatic speech recognition (ASR) and emerging end-to-end (E2E) speech recognition have achieved promising results after being provided with sufficient resources. However, for low-resource language, the current ASR is still challenging. The Lhasa dialect is the most widespread Tibetan dialect and has a wealth of speakers and transcriptions. Hence, it is meaningful to apply the ASR technique to the Lhasa dialect for historical heritage protection and cultural exchange. Previous work on Tibetan speech recognition focused on selecting phone-level acoustic modeling units and incorporating tonal information but underestimated the influence of limited data. The purpose of this paper is to improve the speech recognition performance of the low-resource Lhasa dialect by adopting multilingual speech recognition technology on the E2E structure based on the transfer learning framework. Using transfer learning, we first establish a monolingual E2E ASR system for the Lhasa dialect with different source languages to initialize the ASR model to compare the positive effects of source languages on the Tibetan ASR model. We further propose a multilingual E2E ASR system by utilizing initialization strategies with different source languages and multilevel units, which is proposed for the first time. Our experiments show that the performance of the proposed method-based ASR system exceeds that of the E2E baseline ASR system. Our proposed method effectively models the low-resource Lhasa dialect and achieves a relative 14.2% performance improvement in character error rate (CER) compared to DNN-HMM systems. Moreover, from the best monolingual E2E model to the best multilingual E2E model of the Lhasa dialect, the system’s performance increased by 8.4% in CER.

Охорона пам’яток мистецтва та старовини: досвід німецьких земель у ХVІІІ – початку ХХ століть

The first prescriptions aimed at protecting the historical heritage on the territory of the German states began to appear only at the end of the eighteenth century and were rather timid attempts to preserve the country’s heritage, and sometimes an instrument for achieving personal political goals. The impetus for their emergence was the increased interest in medieval architecture, which came primarily from creative architects and writers. The first orders were aimed at the fragmentary preservation of historic buildings, coins, texts and other relics. They set the task of preserving primarily moving objects, quenching the thirst for collecting a ruler. The idea of creating a specialized body for the preservation of architectural heritage first appeared in 1815 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Schinkel’s innovative and far-sighted ideas were far ahead of his time, influencing the emergence of legal acts and systems for monitoring their implementation, very similar to modern models. It was thanks to his efforts that since 1830, innovative laws have appeared in Prussia aimed at protecting the historical heritage of the kingdom. Developed in 1853 by order of King Frederick William IV of Prussia, the Bill on the Protection of Monuments first highlighted one of the key problems of modern legislation on the protection of historical heritage – the issue of private ownership and financing of monument protection. The beginning of the XX century in Germany was marked by the emergence of increased interest in historical heritage. The protection of historical heritage for the first time gained an important role in the life of the state during the First Reich, without losing it after the First World War or the revolution of 1918, that is, retaining this role in the Weimar Republic.

Operating status of public toilets in the Hutong neighborhoods of Beijing: An empirical study

The provision of sanitation services for fast-growing urban populations is one of the world's urgent challenges. Hutong neighborhoods in Beijing, capital of China, cannot be rebuilt due to the protection of historical heritage, while residents still need to keep the habit of defecating in public toilets. One hundred public toilets with non-sewered sanitation in the Hutong neighborhoods of Beijing were visited to investigate the actual operating status in response to the “toilet revolution” campaign. The fault tree approach was used to identify the barriers toward a decent and environment-friendly public toilet and evaluate potential risks from the malfunction of various components. Four subsystems are defined and elaborated to calculate the fault possibility. These subsystems are environment- and user-friendly, regarded as ancillary facilities, and used for fecal sludge (FS) management. Statistical analysis of targeted cases indicated that fault probabilities of environmental considerations, user-friendly considerations, ancillary facilities, FS management are calculated as 0.79, 0.96, 0.96, and 0, respectively. The subsystems were weighted using a Delphi method concept. Results showed that the well operation ratio of Beijing Hutong public toilets is only 32%, and the sanitation service value chain can be further optimized. This study also provides references for other countries, which are dedicated to promoting urban sanitation and public health.

Theodoric the Great’s Legislation on Protection of Monuments and the Significance of the Ostrogothic Renaissance in the Context of Heritage Law History

Introduction. The Ostrogothic conquest of Italy is one of the turning points in the historical transition from the ancient Greco-Roman to the new European civilization to which we now tend to think that we belong. Since then, the protection of historical heritage has become one of the defining features of the European culture, particularly of the legal one. The transition from a cyclical to a linear model of time comprehension has occurred. The awareness of its transience and irreversibility as well as the fragility of the usual order of things is raised. In view of this, the best representatives of mankind become conscious of the need to preserve the best heritage of previous ages. Thus, the very spirit and principles of the future cultural heritage law are born. The aim of the article is an analysis of the array of legal documents on the protection of monuments from the period under consideration and an assessment of the place of the Ostrogothic renaissance in the history of cultural heritage law. Results. Theodoric's legislation on monument protection is represented mainly by documents contained in The «Variae» of Cassiodorus. These are royal orders addressed to a certain category of subjects or certain officials of the state. The ruler in his acts touches on many issues, both purely practical and conceptual. Objects to be protected are identified, responsible persons are appointed, professional requirements are emphasized, specific methodological advice on restoration works is provided, and liability for damage to monuments is defined. It is interesting to emphasize the priority of maintaining a holistic context over the protection of individual objects. It reached the conclusion about a progressive character and an outstanding significance of the Ostrogothic Renaissance for the safeguarding of classical culture and the formation of modern European civilization. The reflections of the Early Middle Ages, encrypted in the «Variae», are part of the intangible message of classical culture. Communication with this culture is the main resource for the progress of our civilization.

Role of Forensic Historical and Archaeological Examination in Preserving Archaeological Heritage

The article covers the topic of the possibility of conducting forensic historical and archaeological examination. The problems that arise when protecting archaeological monuments are relevant not only for Ukraine but also for many countries of the world. Preserving history is an important task for every civilized country. To ensure effective protection of historical heritage of Ukraine, it is necessary to have effective mechanisms to prevent and protect archaeological monuments against destruction and theft. Formation and development of forensic historical and archaeological examination is essential to improve Ukrainian legislation, including the field of forensic science. To effectively apply state policy on the issues of archaeological monuments preservation while pre-trial investigation of criminal offenses, it is necessary to make an active use of special knowledge in the field of historical and archaeological research. One of the peculiarities of forensic research is that it should be performed in compliance with appropriately approved expert methods, characterised by combining in itself the ne­cessary requirements for research and being the basis for quality and speed for solving forensic examination tasks. In this regard, their study and development are significant in research and practice. The aim of the article is to study the role of forensic historical and archaeological examination in preservation of archaeological heritage. It analyses the respective literature and legislation of Ukraine dedicated to forensic examination, forensic historical and archaeological examination and international experience in the field of archaeology. Keywords: archaeological heritage, archaeological monuments, forensic historical and archaeological examination, protection of archaeological heritage in Ukraine.

МИФ О РАЗРУШЕНИИ ХЕРСОНЕСА: ЭПИЗОД ЛИТЕРАТУРНОГО ОСВОЕНИЯ КРЫМА

In travel literature of the 19th century (P.I. Sumarokov, V.B. Bronevsky, I.M. Muraviev-Apostol, E.D. Clark, F. Dubois de Montpere, K. Omer de Gell and others), there was a legend that ancient Chersonesus was destroyed to extract building materials for the construction of Sevastopol. The objective data analysis shows that it is a literary myth that originates from the work of P.S. Pallas “Observations Made During Traveling Over Southern Provinces of the Russian State in 1793–1794” (1799–1801). The scholar argued that the “destruction” of Chersonesus was a consequence of the active construction of Sevastopol in the 1780s–1790s. In 1818, P.S. Pallas’s viepoint was supported by N.M. Karamzin, whose History of the Russian State tells (with reference to P.S. Pallas) that Chersonesus was destroyed “to take stones to construct houses in Sevastopol”. Since then, this version of the events has become a commonplace in almost any text about Chersonesus. At the same time, some European authors (E.D. Clark, K. Omer de Gell) used this “common place” as an instrument of political propaganda. It has been documented that only four objects of modest scale were built out of Chersonesus stone in 1783: a chapel, a smithy, a pier and an admiral’s house. Then, they started to produce building materials in F.F. Mekenzi’s estate and in the Inkerman quarries, which made the industrial extraction of stone in Chersonesus impractical. Why did the experience of the first city constructions entail such generalizing conclusions in P.S. Pallas’s book? The reconstruction of the historical situation allows to single out two main reasons. That time Crimea was considered a fragment of classical antiquity acquired by Russia. The remains of ancient constructions became the primary object of literary and research interests. However, the first travelers were deceived in their expectations, since in Crimea they mostly found medieval monuments erected on the site of ancient ones. Modern archaeologists know that in the 6th – 7th centuries ancient Chersonesus was completely rebuilt, which explains the scantiness of ancient traces. However, in the era of P.S. Pallas, it was easier to explain the absence of antique artifacts by the destruction caused by those who built Sevastopol. Yet there was another reason. Sevastopol quickly became the most populous city on the peninsula. This led to spontaneous development and unauthorized extraction of building materials, including the territory of Chersonesus. It was impossible to tackle the problem of protecting ancient monument at the level of local initiatives and funds. The exaggerations found in P.S. Pallas’s writing can be explained by the awareness of the spontaneous threat to the ruins of the ancient polis. A small fragment of the text written by P.S. Pallas about the destruction of Chersonesus was rather a signal of alarm calling for measures to preserve the settlement, than a strictly historical statement. This signal, relayed by many literary texts, eventually caused the required reaction – Chersonesus became an object of historical heritage protection. However, at the same time, P.S. Pallas’s text turned into a mythologeme, firmly entrenched in literary ideas about the history of Chersonesus and Sevastopol.

Gradačac Old Town Complex - Current State Evaluation

In the protection of historical heritage evaluating the current state of a facility is a very important phase since it provides for the project framework and the decision-making guidelines, which is all crucial for the final goal – protection of Gradačac Old Town complex. There are several historical layers encompassed by Gradačac Old Town - starting from the medieval fortification system, expanding to the Ottomans’ period where main buildings (a residential tower, a clock tower, and a mosque) were added by the Ottomans, extending and continuing the works on adding a library and a gymnasium in the Austro-Hungarian period. The overall Complex flows with the natural morphology of the terrain; nowadays these green areas are used as the main city park. Complex of Gradačac has two separate fortification zones, the main area of around 33 000 m2, and the accentuated part with the tower, of around 3 000 m2. The fortification (The Old Town) ground plan is approximately a square one, with sides from 180 to 200 m, consisting of the two main parts: The Lower and the Upper City. In the north-west area, there’s the Upper City (fortification inside the fortification, namely Husein-Captain Gradaščević’s Tower). The Old Town is accessed through three gates: The North (the main gate), the South, and the West gate. Upper City with Husein-Captain Gradaščević’s tower is positioned on the topmost point in the north side of the fortification complex. It rests on a terrace which encloses it from the south and the east side. On the north side of the Upper City, there are outer perimeter walls constituent to the whole of the Complex. Architectural heritage preservation and valorisation are increasingly important social and economic issue in many countries. The issues encountered in these undertakings range from defining and choosing required level of safety, via the question of electing methodologies relevant for contracting reliable structural analyses and safety check-ups, up to choosing the design and installation of suitable materials, and the intervention.

Analysis of the impact of ancient city walls on urban landscape patterns by remote sensing

As the most important construction features of ancient Chinese cities, the city walls nowadays have lost their function of enemy defense and turned to affect the urban structure and development. To clarify the impact of ancient city walls on modern urban development, this work was conducted to measure the differences of landscape types and levels between the inner and outer walls of three typical ancient Chinese cities with the help of geoinformatics materials and landscape ecology indices. The results of this research proved that city walls have great impact on landscape pattern. Specifically, the aggregation, fragmentation, diversity and evenness of landscape were strongly affected by well-preserved ancient city walls. By sorting out and consulting historical documents and China's “City Walls Protection Regulations”, we also found that city walls help the old city to retain its original style and design characteristics. The findings of this quantitative-analysis-based historical study can provide a theoretical basis for the protection of historical heritage and landscape design.

The attitudes of the local population toward the importance of cultural and historical heritage

The cultural and historical heritage of an area represents a significant part of the lives and work of the population living in that area. In addition to being an integral part of the local identity, it also has tourist significance. The Municipality of Pale (Bosnia and Herzegovina) has significant cultural resources and as such has higher prerequisites for developing various types of tourist activities. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to determine the attitudes of the residents of Pale toward cultural and historical heritage. The authors examined the attitudes of the people of Pale toward the importance of cultural and historical heritage at the local and national level, its importance for the development of tourism and economic prosperity as well as the improvement of the life quality. The attitude of the population of Pale toward the importance of cultural and historical heritage protection is examined, as well. The paper also analyzes whether there is a difference in the attitudes of the people with regard to gender, age, education, and employment. For this research, we used a quantitative methodology to analyze respondents? attitudes based on descriptive statistical techniques and nonparametric tests. The main results of our survey revealed that positive residents? attitudes toward cultural heritage prevail. Also, the study revealed that there is no statistically significant difference in the residents? attitudes in relation to gender, but that there is a significant difference in attitudes in relation to age, education, and employment.

Правові засади захисту культурної спадщини в зарубіжних дослідженнях

Культурна спадщина є, без сумніву, однією із засад збереження культурного розмаїття цивілізації, а також потужним інструментом для діалогу культур. Тож науковці різних країн приділяли велику увагу вивченню теоретико-правових засад її охорони. Сучасні дослідження повинні характеризуватися серйозною роботою щодо вироблення теорії та методології правового регулювання охорони культурної спадщини в контексті осмислення зарубіжного досвіду.
 Метою статті є надання, на основі проведеного аналізу праць, змістовної характеристики тенденцій розвитку західної правової доктрини у сфері охорони культурної спадщини.
 
 Наукова новизна полягає у комплексному вивченні, систематизації та класифікації зарубіжних наукових розвідок щодо захисту, збереження та використання об’єктів культурної спадщини.
 Висновки. Проблеми у сфері охорони культурної спадщини існують у всіх країнах, але вони постійно знаходяться в полі зору не лише держави і суспільства, а й науковців, які, використовуючи міждисциплінарний комплексний підхід, пропонують концептуальні засади збереження культурного надбання. На основі проведеного аналізу запропоновано класифікацію наукових розвідок, яка відтворюється, частково або комплексно, у працях зарубіжних авторів і включає як загальнотеоретичні правові аспекти збереження культурного надбання, аналіз міжнародно-правової регламентації та її практичне застосування на фоні реальних подій сучасного світу, так і питання правового забезпечення різних аспектів охорони та використання культурної спадщини, державної політики зарубіжних країн у цій сфері. Констатується, що суспільство жорстко вимагає від держав вироблення ефективної системи заходів з охорони національного та світового культурного надбання, а науковці активно залучаються до цих процесів. Захист культурної спадщини є спільною проблемою людства, тому майбутнє розвитку цього напрямку суспільної діяльності значною мірою залежатиме від удосконалення профільних міжнародних норм та їх імплементації в національні законодавства.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE PROPERTIES IN SPANISH STATE MUSEUMS

Property of cultural interest is a pearl in the crown of the Spanish Historical Heritage, covered by the highest level of protection granted on the basis of both state-wide and autonomous law. State museums are institutions that not only take under their wing the most valuable properties, but they also constitute, as a whole, the property of cultural interest. This article aims to describe the legal structure of the historical heritage protection in Spain, define the place of the museum in this system, the tasks imposed on museums, as well as issues pertaining to their management.

El paisaje en las políticas públicas de Francia y España: desde la protección del monumento a la gestión del espacio

During the XXth century the Landscape becomes a subject of protection of different international normatives on the natural and cultural heritage. Nevertheless the insertion of the term «Landscape» in legislations of different European countries has being realizing in different moments and contexts. In this paper we propose the analysis of cultural and social reasons of different landscape's policies in France and Spain. This comparison is particularly interesting because in Spanish conservation policy the protection of natural landscape has had the major and earlier protagonism, comparatively to the French one. Although the incorporation of landscape in the policy of protection of historical heritage and of land use has been realized more slowly in Spain then in France, where already in the 1990 the specific lows dedicated to landscape have appeared. The article explains why the conservation policies in France and Spain for a long period had being centered on the preservation of some exceptional sites and limited to the exclusively patrimonial and esthetic approach without taking into consideration the «ordinary » landscapes.