Охорона пам’яток мистецтва та старовини: досвід німецьких земель у ХVІІІ – початку ХХ століть

Abstract

The first prescriptions aimed at protecting the historical heritage on the territory of the German states began to appear only at the end of the eighteenth century and were rather timid attempts to preserve the country’s heritage, and sometimes an instrument for achieving personal political goals. The impetus for their emergence was the increased interest in medieval architecture, which came primarily from creative architects and writers. The first orders were aimed at the fragmentary preservation of historic buildings, coins, texts and other relics. They set the task of preserving primarily moving objects, quenching the thirst for collecting a ruler. The idea of creating a specialized body for the preservation of architectural heritage first appeared in 1815 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Schinkel’s innovative and far-sighted ideas were far ahead of his time, influencing the emergence of legal acts and systems for monitoring their implementation, very similar to modern models. It was thanks to his efforts that since 1830, innovative laws have appeared in Prussia aimed at protecting the historical heritage of the kingdom. Developed in 1853 by order of King Frederick William IV of Prussia, the Bill on the Protection of Monuments first highlighted one of the key problems of modern legislation on the protection of historical heritage – the issue of private ownership and financing of monument protection. The beginning of the XX century in Germany was marked by the emergence of increased interest in historical heritage. The protection of historical heritage for the first time gained an important role in the life of the state during the First Reich, without losing it after the First World War or the revolution of 1918, that is, retaining this role in the Weimar Republic.