Protection Logic Research Articles

Anti-genderism in Turkey: Masculinist entrenchment through cultural intimacies

Anti-gender movements jeopardise the rights of minoritised groups including women and LGBTQ+ people. Examining the existing literature on anti-genderism and the context in Turkey, this paper relates neoliberal conservative social policies and anti-rights front to top-down masculinist entrenchment, mainly operationalising cultural intimacies. The paper examines the main beneficiaries of anti-genderism in Turkey, articulated into top-down masculinist entrenchment aligned with self-preservation, victimhood discourses and the performance of swashbuckling masculinity. Anti-gender politics mainly operate as part of a top-down social engineering project drawing on the logic of masculinist protection and their reception at the grassroots level is predicated on cultural intimacies forged through mutual recognition and reciprocal relationships, which also maintains hegemonic authoritarian political and neoliberal economic order. Although outright support for anti-genderism is still limited in society, the current majoritarian-authoritarian-securitarian political agenda might exacerbate this in future. Hence, we present a comprehensive analysis of how top-down anti-gender politics are negotiated through cultural intimacies in wider society.

Internal faults in stator winding of synchronous generator: Modelling, detecting and protecting

AbstractProtection of synchronous generators (SGs) against internal faults, such as stator earth fault (SEF) and turn‐to‐turn fault (TTF), is crucial for ensuring the stability and security of the power system. This paper presents a phase domain model for simulating SEF and TTF in SGs, requiring only nameplate data and avoiding the need for complex geometric data or lengthy simulations typical of FEM models. The stator winding is divided into three sections, allowing for the calculation of magnetic field distribution in both healthy and faulty conditions. The model is capable of simulating short‐circuit turns at various locations within the stator winding with high accuracy and speed. The dynamic response of the generator is also incorporated into the model. The model's accuracy is validated through comparison with results from multiphysics simulation software. Furthermore, this study addresses the limitations of conventional protection methods in detecting TTF and proposes a novel, simple, fast, and accurate protection logic that can be implemented in digital protection relays and is effective across a wide range of TTF scenarios.

Modeling method of photovoltaic power generation grid connection based on particle swarm optimization neural network

Aiming at the complex structure, numerous equipment, intricate control and protection logic, as well as the existence of numerous unmodeled dynamics and black-box device models in photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected systems, a modeling method based on Particle Swarm Optimization Neural Network (PSO-NN) is proposed to address the inability of pure mechanism models to accurately simulate their operational dynamics. Utilizing the differences in active power response waveforms under Voltage-Frequency (Vf) control, Power-Reactive Power (PQ) control, and Droop control as criteria for control strategy identification, a PSO-NN model is constructed for PV grid-connected systems, with inputs comprising temperature, humidity, light intensity, voltage, and frequency disturbances, and outputs being active and reactive power. To validate the model's effectiveness, a PV grid-connected system model is built in a self-developed simulation software and connected to an IEEE 14-bus distribution network for simulation verification. The results demonstrate that the proposed PV grid-connected model can effectively identify the types of Vf control, PQ control, and Droop control strategies, and accurately reflect the dynamic response characteristics of active and reactive power under various voltage and frequency disturbances.

Research on the construction method of virtual mapping digital twin system for substation

Abstract At present, there are problems in the process of fault location and cause analysis in the actual work of substations, such as long time consumption, high investment in manpower and material resources, and low returns. A Digital Twin (DT) system construction method that can be used for virtual mapping in substations is proposed to address this problem. Firstly, the design principles and overall structure of the substation DT system were formulated by comprehensively considering the needs of transient modeling, debugging, and verification calculations in the substation. Then, the construction method and process of the three-dimensional twin model of the primary system (PS) in the substation were analyzed by using SolidWorks and Unity3D, and the graphical modeling method and process of the general protection and secondary circuit logic modules were analyzed by using the Cybersim integrated simulation support system. Finally, a three-dimensional twin model of the PS and secondary system (SS) equipment inside the substation was constructed. The reliability of the proposed method was verified through simulation experiments, and the results showed that the fault identification accuracy, fault location accuracy, and fault cause judgment accuracy were the highest during bus faults, with 96.10%, 94.17%, and 92.93%, respectively. The capacitor had the lowest accuracy, with 94.86%, 92.96%, and 91.73%, respectively. The DT system can accurately achieve functions such as status viewing and alarm of the substation, precise positioning and navigation of equipment, and positioning of faulty and abnormal equipment.

Verification and validation optimization method for signal quality bits in digital control system application software of nuclear power plant

Abstract The digitalization enhances nuclear power plant (NPP) instrumentation and control (I&C) system performance, while simultaneously introducing safety and reliability challenges. To enhance the stability of distributed control system (DCS), and minimize the dangerous failure rate and safe failure rate of safety system, signal quality bits (SQBs) are widely used in NPP DCS to identify the validity of important signals. However, in the past decade or so, numerous unscheduled turbine shutdowns and/or reactor trips have resulted from incorrect SQB design or settings. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct optimization research on the design methods and setting principles of SQBs, establish an optimization method for DCS application software SQB verification and validation (V&V), then minimize DCS faults attributed to SQB. With the aim, this work conducts an in-depth investigation and analysis of the definition, design, setting and transmission of SQB in NPP. A specific optimization method for software V&V to conduct SQB on NPP safety DCS application software is proposed. Twelve concerns in the SQB V&V work are detailed. The reactor trip system ΔT protection logic is utilized as a case to illustrate the detail implementation process of this optimization method. This work provides an engineering technical reference and operational guidance for SQB software V&V, conducive to ensuring the safe and economical operation of NPPs.

Dynamic Self Checking Technology of Transformer Device in Intelligent Power Plant Based on Protection Logic Optimization

So as to ensure the normal operation of transformer device and reduce the heavy loss caused by fault, a dynamic self-test skill of transformer device in smart muscle vegetation under the optimization of protection logic is proposed. The protection logic optimization scheme is proposed, and the single column three winding architecture of the main transformer of the smart muscle vegetation transformer device is constructed. On the basis of this architecture, according to the four arm thermal conductivity pool architecture and the wavelet denoising process, the performance self inspection system of the smart muscle vegetation transformer device is designed. According to the load model of the smart muscle vegetation transformer, Thus, the dynamic self-test skill of smart muscle vegetation transformer device under the protection logic optimization is realized. The laboratorial consequences show that the frequency response curves of the faulty winding and the winding under normal operation are basically the same, which can accurately diagnose the short circuit fault between turns of the transformer, and the self-test skill has strong test sensitivity.

A 10-Channel, 120 nW/Channel Reconfigurable Capacitance-to-Digital Converter for Sub-μW Robust Wearable Sensing.

This paper presents a 10-channel, 120 nW/channel, reconfigurable capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) enabling sub-μW wearable sensing applications. The proposed multi-channel architecture supports 10 channels with a shared reconfigurable 6-bit differential analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The reconfigurable nature of the CDC enables adaptive sensing range and sensing speed based on the target application. Furthermore, the architecture performs both on/off-chip parasitic correction and baseline calibration to measure the change in capacitance (ΔC), excluding baseline and parasitic capacitances. The experimental results show the measurement range of ΔC are 5.34 pF for 1x sensitivity and 1.8 pF for 3x sensitivity respectively. The capacitive divider-based architecture excludes power-hungry operational trans-impedance amplifiers for capacitance to voltage conversion, and the architecture supports programmable channel access to activate or deactivate each channel independently. The random interrupt protection logic avoids any broken sample or data error in a sampling window. Additionally, the channel monitoring logic helps keep track of specific channel information. The measured silicon result shows a total power consumption of 1.2 μW for 1.6 kHz sampling frequency when driven by a 32 kHz clock, which is 8.6x less than prior works. The CDC is also tested with DMMP (dimethyl-methylphosphonate) gas sensor in gas chromatography (GC). Implemented in 65 nm CMOS process, the 10-channel CDC occupies 0.251 mm2 of active area (0.0251 mm2/Ch).

Relay protection mirror operation technology based on digital twin

When conducting relay protection research, research costs can be significantly reduced if protection principle development, protection parameter verification and debugging can be carried out without relying on actual protection devices. The concept of ‘digital twin’ has made this possible, but the existing research has shortcomings in real-time data interaction ability, protection logic transparency, interface standardization, human–computer interaction etc., and consequently, mirror operation of relay protection in digital space has not been fully realized. Therefore, referring to the characteristics of digital twin, and combining with the practical application requirements in relay protection, this paper proposes the concept and characteristics of relay protection mirror operation based on digital twin. Key solutions are proposed to address the difficulties that may be encountered in the implementation of relay protection mirror operation in terms of protection principles, interfaces, real-time operation of the system, and human–computer interaction function simulation. Finally, an example of 110 kV double-bus and double-branch bus protection is used to verify the feasibility and progressiveness of the scheme proposed in this paper by comparing the action behavior and external characteristics of the twin protection and the actual protection device. The presented research can provide a reference for further in-depth research and application of relay protection using digital means.

Innovative Loss of Field Protection Algorithm for Small-Scale Synchronous Generators

Although conventional loss of field (LOF) protection schemes, especially impedance-based ones, are widely used for large-scale synchronous generators, they may not provide proper performance for small-scale synchronous generators (SSSGs) due to various concerns including, (i) large tripping time for unrecoverable LOF (ULOF) which may lead to severe voltage drop and stalling of nearby induction motors, (ii) LOF function maloperation during islanding events, and (iii) LOF function maloperation during recoverable LOF events. To resolve these issues, a new adaptive LOF protection logic is proposed for SSSGs. After ULOF events, the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) output gradually increases, while the SSSG internal voltage does not considerably increase. Based on this principle, some measurable or easily calculable parameters, including AVR output and SSSG internal voltage, are adopted to discriminate ULOF from other disturbances. Meanwhile, the proposed logic is wisely equipped with an adaptive time delay to prevent stalling of nearby induction motors and enhance operation speed during ULOF. Performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated under various LOF and islanding events as well as short circuits. Obtained promising results confirm desirable performance of the proposed approach. Besides, compared to the impedance-based method, the proposed adaptive time delay considerably improves the security and reliability.

ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY PROTECTION ALGORITHMS AND THEIR MODELLING IN MATLAB

The paper is devoted to identifying the prospects for software implementation of differential relay protection. The purpose of this study was to analyse the algorithms of the devices' operation, which allowed to create a mathematical model in the MATLAB software environment with the prospect of integration in the form of a single regional relay protection server into the unified energy system of Ukraine. It has been established that virtual models have both advantages and disadvantages compared to digital-analog devices. Their positive feature is that, due to the block principle of construction, it is possible to easily change not only the parameters but also the configuration of the primary network. The disadvantage is that the configuration of virtual protections differs from the configuration of their prototypes - real relays and terminals. The article evaluates the existing, widely used methodology and considers the actual algorithms of two-stage differential relay protection. It is established that differential protection has two stages: 1 - fast-acting differential current cut-off; 2 - sensitive differential current protection with inhibition from through current and recovery from magnetisation current surges. A simplified diagram of a fragment of the electrical system and differential relay protection of a transformer are developed and presented in MATLAB. The algorithms are considered in detail, and it is established that with their help and with the help of the considered principles of differential protection in the Simulink package, the logic of the model is implemented similarly to the logic of microprocessor-based transformer protection "RS-83DT2" of RZA Systems LLC, SPAD 346 C of ABB. Based on the modelling results, the oscillograms of primary currents of normal mode and emergency modes with external and internal short circuits are obtained. The conclusions establish the prospects of using this model and algorithms for the development of a software solution for the relay protection server and for future integration into the integrated power system.

The evolution of the interlocks for KSTAR

Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) has three interlock systems. The Supervisory Interlock System (SIS) protects against damage to machines from abnormal events. The Fast Interlock System (FIS) prevents the destruction of the internal vacuum components from the uncontrolled plasma and heating beams. The Personal Safety Interlock (PSI) keeps humans from harmful environments and conditions.This paper presents the evolution of the KSTAR SIS and FIS operations since 2009. The SIS was implemented for KSTAR in 2007 and optimized the critical conditions and actuator actions to improve and avoid issues. The significant changes in the KSTAR interlocks are removing and changing the inappropriate interlock conditions and adding the required conditions to improve efficiency and fit the advanced experimental environments.The first implemented FIS independent of the Central Control System (CCS) in 2009 continues to upgrade its hardware and software to enable the interlocks and actions with high time resolution until 2017. The machine protection logic in the FIS evaluated and developed to reduce operational failures.This paper analyses the modified conditions for interlocks, the actions to protect machines, and their effects.

Safety analysis of a supercritical carbon dioxide cooled reactor system coupled with Brayton cycle under loss-of-coolant accident

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) Brayton cycle is considered as one of power conversion systems for small modular reactors (SMRs) due to its compact and simple layout. SCO2 Brayton cycle direct cooled reactor further reduces the number of system components and simplifies the system layout, which makes it suitable for the design of offshore floating nuclear power plant. In this paper, a conceptual design is proposed for 1MWe offshore floating nuclear power plant (SCFNP-1), applying SCO2 direct cooled reactor system. Considering that the design of mass flowrate for low-power system is small, pre-pressure safety containment is applied to ensure system safety under LOCA condition. Based on the safety system for SCFNP-1, its transient performance is analyzed through simulation according to the protection logic. The pre-pressure safety containment effectively limits the drop of system pressure and core mass flowrate, and it also reduces the leakage mass of SCO2. This work provides helpful references for the safety of low-power SCO2 direct cooled reactor systems with pre-pressure safety containment under LOCA.

Chelsea Manning, national security, and the cishetero/homonormative logics of protection

Abstract‘I feel like a monster’, typed Chelsea Manning, referring partly to her gender identity but mostly to her job in the US military. Morally conflicted by what she saw and read while serving in Iraq, extremely isolated from her unit and experiencing emotional distress in relation to her gender identity, Manning would act on these stressors by leaking hundreds of documents to Wikileaks, and coming out as a (trans) woman. While she was quick to be classified as either a hero or a traitor, her case evades such dichotomisation and calls for more sophisticated readings. While a lot has been written on Manning in queer and transgender studies, surprisingly little has been published on this case in International Relations, not even in the quickly growing field of Queer IR. Yet Manning’s case helps highlight many of its core concerns in relation to issues of power, security, and sovereignty. In fact, what is often lost when reading the Manning case are the queer and trans logics of protection that were disrupted by Manning’s disclosures and that made such disruption possible. These dominant logics rely upon a culture of secrecy that must be preserved for performances of national security to hold true.

Realising a responsive social work practice in a non-responsive context

ABSTRACT Public welfare actors struggle with the question how they can guarantee children’s wellbeing. The answer to this question depends on the countries’ perspective concerning its responsibility for the care of its citizens. In the Flemish context, a maximalist child protection logic – with a focus on the realisation of rights – is adopted. In this article, we focus on the so-called ‘bottleneck cases’ and use the case of Zoë as a concrete application of the legislative framework that regulates the bottleneck case system. By analysing the case of Zoë, we show that a maximalist policy discourse that is based on commitment towards complex situations sometimes masks a minimalist policy logic. The issue that prompts itself is that this does not mean that a maximalist practice is not realised, but that it is realised because social practitioners deviate from the policy plans, while pretending ‘as if’ they follow them.

WAMS-based Hierarchical Active Power Differential Signal Algorithm for Backup Protection of a FACTS Compensated Transmission Network

This paper proposes a hierarchical active power differential signal-based generalized backup protection algorithm using Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) data for Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)-compensated transmission networks. The proposed algorithm can be used for backup protection of transmission systems with any shunt and series-type FACTS devices. The increased number of FACT compensators affects the reliable operation of primary and backup protection of the transmission lines. Both shunt and series compensated lines cause malfunctioning of existing backup protection schemes. The proposed algorithm utilizes the sequence components of bus voltages and active power differential signals of lines to identify the faulty line. The algorithm is validated on a modified 9-bus system under MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. It is observed that the algorithm is suitable for identifying a faulty line in transmission systems containing both uncompensated and compensated lines with series or shunt-type FACTS controllers. This algorithm has the advantage that it uses a generalized backup protection logic and can be used for the accurate identification of a faulty line irrespective of the type of compensation devices.

The ethno-nationalist logic of authoritarian protection: Russia’s war against Ukraine

The ethno-nationalist logic of authoritarian protection: Russia’s war against Ukraine

Differential protection strategy for distribution network based on 5G communication

AbstractWith the high penetration of distributed generation and gradual increase in loop network structures, existing over‐current protection in distribution networks is difficult to apply. The use of current differential protection has become an ideal solution, and high performance and commercialization of 5G communication provides an effective way to solve the problem of differential protection channel transmission. Aiming at distribution network differential protection based on 5G, this paper adopted an adaptive frequency conversion transmission mechanism to significantly reduce the data flow of differential protection. In terms of protection strategy, the differential allowable signal and the differential protection startup logic are separated, and a novel action method and protection logic suitable for weak infeed distribution networks are proposed. The strategy significantly shortens the protection action time under wireless communication. Furthermore, a comprehensive synchronization scheme using zero‐crossing synchronization of forward sampling points and cycle numbers based on the second pulse signal was established. This scheme can effectively improve the reliability of data synchronization for differential protection. Finally, the method proposed in this study was verified using the dynamic model experiment of real‐time digital simulation (RTDS).

Practical logic and key mechanism analysis of black soil protection:Multi-case analysis based on typical pilot areas

Practical logic and key mechanism analysis of black soil protection:Multi-case analysis based on typical pilot areas

As above, so below? On AHD critique, identity, essence and Cold War heritagizations in Sweden

In this article, the example of Cold War heritagizations in a Swedish context is utilized to reflect on conceptualizations of heritage regarding identity and authenticity within critical heritage studies and research on Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD). Herein, heritage is perceived as a difference machinery in which difference-produced identities are enacted and performed, and a Deleuzian and Butleresque antiessentialist perspective is adopted to show how the illusion of actual, nondifferential identities is underpinned by a hypostasized reification of AHD. Based on the analysis of how gender has been actualized within official and informal heritagizations, the central discussion concerns the purported benefits of heritages and heritagizations from below, often articulated within critical heritage studies literature. It is argued that both official and informal Cold War heritagizations construct a naturalized gendered logic of protection, with the consequence that security policy issues regarding protection and military violence are placed in a nonnegotiable, extrapolitical sphere.

Evaluation and Strategic Response of Sustainable Livelihood Level of Farmers in Ecological Resettlement Area of the Upper Yellow River—A Case Study of Liujiaxia Reservoir Area, Gansu Province

The level of sustainable livelihoods, as a yardstick for measuring the social development of migrants, is of great importance to the sustainable development of the region. Based on the analysis of the policy logic of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River basin, this paper constructs a "ternary" system model and evaluation index system for sustainable livelihoods of farm households in the ecological resettlement areas of the upper Yellow River, and proposes that the harmonious relationship between the three basic dimensions of economy, society and environment is the key to evaluate the sustainable livelihood level of farm households in ecological resettlement areas. Based on the comprehensive evaluation index to assess the comprehensive development level of ecological resettlement areas, we introduced the coupling coordination degree and constructed the coordinated development degree model of "economic-social-environmental" system to characterize the sustainable livelihood level. Through the data of 1116 questionnaires and in-depth interviews in the ecological migrant resettlement area of Liujiaxia reservoir in the upper reaches of the Yellow River basin, the sustainable livelihood status and spatial distribution differences of farm households in 14 townships in the region were evaluated, and the validity of the indicator system was empirically tested. Finally, sustainable livelihood strategies for farm households in the ecological resettlement areas of the upper Yellow River are proposed for the economic, social and environmental dimensions, and the indicator system is further revised. The evaluation system can not only advance the research paradigm of sustainable livelihood assessment for farmers in ecological migrant resettlement areas but can also be widely guided and applied to the sustainable development of ecological migrant practices in China.