Community Protection Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE ENFORCEMENT OF REGIONAL REGULATIONS ON PUBLIC ORDER, PEACE, AND COMMUNITY PROTECTION IN BANDUNG CITY

Public order, peace, and community protection are under the responsibility of the Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP). The high prevalence of violations requires effective enforcement of the Regional Regulation on Public Order, Tranquility, and Community Protection. This research was conducted to analyze the implementation and enforcement of Bandung City Regional Regulation Number 9 of 2019 using a quasi-qualitative method with an inductive approach. Bandung City Government has established clear regulations regarding the matter. Unfortuantely, several challenges resulting from inadequate facilities and incentives for regional regulation enforcers persist, particularly for members of the sub-district Linmas and Linmas task forces at sub-district and city levels. This research shows that the implementation of relevant regulation by Satpol PP is categorized fairly good. Several aspects in the implementation can be further improved. Keywords: Regional Regulation, Law Enforcement, Public Order, Peace And Community Protection

CAPACITY BUILDING OF COMMUNITY PROTECTION UNITS IN FACING THE 2024 SIMULTANEOUS GENERAL ELECTIONS IN KARANG BINDU VILLAGE, RAMBANG KAPAK TENGAH DISTRICT, PRABUMULIH CITY, SOUTH SUMATERA PROVINCE

The Community Protection Unit (Satuan Perlindungan Masyarakat/Satlinmas) has a task plays an important role in maintaining public order and security during the general elections to ensure the smooth running of the democratic process. Satlinmas units in Indonesia, including in Karang Bindu Village, face challenges in the simultaneous elections, such as a lack of understanding of their roles and responsibilities, lack of training and knowledge about the election process, and lack of adequate resources. This research aims to identify and analyze these problems so that the capacity of the Satlinmas can be increased in facing the simultaneous elections in Karang Bindu Village. This research used descriptive qualitative method with an inductive approach. The data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and then analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research showed that the capacity building of Satlinmas in facing the 2024 simultaneous general elections in Karang Bindu Village has not been optimal. Keywords: Capacity Building; Community Protection Unit; General Election.

Re-coupling security and rights in humanitarian engagement in South Asia: the example of Afghanistan

ABSTRACT This paper examines South Asian humanitarian engagement through the frameworks of disaster and human security by adopting the example of the disaster that unfolded in Afghanistan in mid-August 2021 during the withdrawal of foreign forces and resulting efforts by many Afghans to leave the country. Through an assessment of regional mechanisms and State responses towards Afghan refugees in 2021, this paper shows that South Asian humanitarian engagement de-couples human security from disaster. The paper thus departs from traditional understandings of security and, accordingly, disaster response, to refocus the need to centre the individual and community. It demonstrates that failing to do so creates a false dichotomy between ‘traditional’ and ‘non-traditional’ security – as is typically regionally framed – leading to ongoing and protracted crises unabated. It proposes that security and rights must be re-coupled in humanitarian engagement in South Asia to ensure that the outcome of such engagement actually meets the twin goals of security and stabilization on the one hand, and the protection of individuals and communities on the other.

The effect of novel mosquito bite prevention tools on Anopheles minimus landing and key secondary endpoints: semi-field evaluations in Thailand

BackgroundThe Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) aims to eliminate all human malaria by 2030 and is making substantial progress toward this goal, with malaria increasingly confined to forest foci. These transmission foci are predominantly inhabited by ethnic minorities, local populations, and rural mobile and migrant populations working in mining and agriculture. The recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) on malaria elimination states that small population groups which constitute a large proportion of the malaria transmission reservoir should benefit from targeted strategies to reduce transmission overall. These population groups are exposed to malaria vector bites during the day due to Anopheles daytime biting, and during the night, due to low bed net use and open sleeping structures. Such characteristics limit the effectiveness of the WHO core vector control strategies [indoor residual spraying (IRS), insecticide-treated nets (ITNs)], which target indoor resting and indoor feeding mosquitoes. Interventions that target daytime and outdoor resting or biting mosquitoes, and which complement IRS and ITNs and drug strategies, may hasten a decline in the malaria burden.MethodsThis study evaluated two transfluthrin- and one metofluthrin-based volatile pyrethroid spatial repellents (VPSRs), and etofenprox insecticide-treated clothing (ITC) with and without a topical repellent in a semi-field system (SFS) at two research sites in Thailand, across two trial rounds. The study estimated the protective efficacies of the vector control tools against two pyrethroid-susceptible Anopheles minimus strains in the form of 15 interventions, including a combined VPSR and ITC intervention. The interventions’ modes of action were studied by measuring their impact on mosquito landing, and on key life history traits known to affect vectoral capacity (knockdown, post-exposure blood feeding, and 24-h mortality) using a block-randomized crossover design. The odds ratio (OR) for each intervention compared to the control on each outcome was estimated.ResultsAll interventions substantially reduced An. minimus landings and prevented more than 50% mosquito landings when new (VPSRs) or unwashed (treated clothing). In addition to landing reduction, all interventions decreased post-exposure blood feeding, induced knockdown and increased mortality at 24 h. The VPSR interventions were generally more protective against landing than the treated clothing intervention. The combined intervention (VPSR + ITC) provided the greatest protection overall.ConclusionThis SFS evaluation indicates an effect of these VPSR and ITC interventions in reducing An. minimus landing for the user, and indicates their potential for community protection by secondary modes of action. This study demonstrates the utility of SFS trials in the evaluation of bite prevention tools and emphasizes the need for multiple evaluations at different sites. It also highlights possible sources of biases observed, including the measuring of mosquito landing rather than biting, weather parameters, and low mosquito recapture.

Coral reef rehabilitation following Hurricane Irma using nano-engineered artificial reefs in Sint Maarten.

Artificial reefs are being increasingly deployed as a coral reef restoration strategy. Additional reef habitats made from conventional substrates (e.g., metal, concrete, etc.) have had limited success in addressing conservation objectives on degraded coral reefs due to structure size and lack of standardized monitoring, and inability to enhance select ecological, and species variables. Technological advances and new restoration methods must be quickly tested and applied on a large scale to curb further deterioration of coral reefs. Here, we present the results of the first deployment of Oceanite artificial reefs (ARs). We compare the composition of the benthic community and associated fish assemblages on Oceanite ARs 14 months after deployment in a marine protected area (MPA) and two unprotected sites in Philipsburg, Sint Maarten. We also examined fish abundance and behaviour on the ARs. The initial results from this pilot study suggest that Oceanite mineral matrices can enhance local biodiversity, attract coral recruits, provide food and protection for large fish communities, and develop an early stage, healthy coral reef community in 14 months. We suggest that further research and testing of Oceanite capabilities will allow us to develop site-, species-, and function-specific nanotechnology-enabled substrates to optimize AR conservation goals. Oceanite mix designs can be tuned to precise parameters to promote reef restoration and stressor mitigation (e.g., pH, leachate emissions, surface texture, porosity, void structure, and hydrophobic, heat-absorbing, and disease-fighting properties). Using both bottom-up and top-down restoration processes, we suggest that deploying bio-enhancing habitats with targeted microclimate stressor treatments on the world's critical reefs will allow to build global refuges resilient to climate change and provide much needed ecosystem services.

Sentencing and Post-Sentence Decisions under Australia’s Counter-Terrorism Laws: Risk-Averse not Risk-Based

Under Australia’s counter-terrorism laws, sentenced offenders face the possibility of continuing detention for rolling three-year periods after serving a term of imprisonment. At both stages of decision-making – sentencing and post-sentence – Australian courts favour punishment, deterrence and community protection over the need to rehabilitate offenders. The need to pre-empt terrorist risks is clear, but these processes lack a sufficient evidence base about recidivism and risk assessment. In this article, I compare, contrast and critically analyse decision-making processes followed by Australian courts when making decisions about imprisonment in terrorism cases. These decisions are made at two different stages: (1) initial sentencing under criminal offences for terrorism, and (2) post-sentence under a Continuing Detention Order (CDO) scheme. Whereas initial sentencing decisions are made under criminal law and impose punishment on offenders, CDOs fall under civil law and are considered non-punitive, even though they extend the initial punishment. Neither stage relies on a strong evidence base to predict future behaviour, and yet assumptions about future risk are given sufficient weight to justify ongoing deprivations of liberty and undermine core principles of criminal justice.

Indonesia's Land Bank Authority: Aligning with Agrarian Law or Facilitating Land Grabbing?

This research critically examines Indonesia's land bank regulations, introduced under the Job Creation Law to boost investment, but which risk promoting land grabbing, particularly affecting farming and indigenous communities. The study's novelty lies in its focus on assessing the compatibility of land bank policies with Indonesia's agrarian legal framework through the lens of legal utilitarianism. By employing normative research methods, including theoretical and regulatory analysis, the study identifies significant legal flaws in both the legislative process and the content of the regulations. These issues undermine the principles of agrarian justice, particularly in ensuring equitable land ownership rights. This research offers urgent recommendations to policymakers, advocating for the protection of vulnerable communities from the adverse effects of land bank policies.

The security function of the community protection unit in the Teling Atas Urban Village, Manado City

This research aims to find out, analyze and describe 1) The Security Function of the Community Protection Unit (Satlinmas) in Teling Atas urban village, Manado City has not run optimally, and 2) Determinant factors of the Security Function of the Community Protection Unit in Teling Atas urban village, Manado City. This research used a qualitative research design with a contextual research that makes humans as instruments and is adapted to a natural situation in relation to data collection which is generally qualitative in nature. The results showed that 1) in terms of Member Capacity, so far Satlinmas members in Teling Atas urban village, Manado City have never participated in education and training; 2) in terms of Facilities and Infrastructure, in carrying out security tasks, Satlinmas has not been supported by adequate facilities and infrastructure; 3) in terms of Coordination with the provincial government, district / city, sub-district to the village / urban village level is quite good but not optimal. While coordination with local residents is quite well established; 4) in terms of Budget, there is no budget organized in the Manado City Regional Budget (APBD) through Teling Atas Urban Village for operational costs of carrying out security patrol tasks, procurement of uniforms, supporting equipment for Satlinmas members as well as monthly allowances/honors; 5) in terms of Community Participation, Community participation is very limited.

Commercialized Traditions: Costs and Benefits of Cultural Tourism of the Miao Ethnic Group

This research explores the sociocultural effects of cultural tourism on the Miao ethnic minority in Guizhou, China, specifically focusing on Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village. The study assesses the degree of commercialization in the village and the balance between cultural preservation and commodification. 62 village residents were surveyed with a questionnaire, conducted through spoken interviews. Responses generally showed mixed opinions regarding the effects of tourism. While almost all respondents acknowledged the economic benefits of tourism, concerns about overcrowding and cultural commercialization remained prominent. Overall, the findings suggest that aspects of the village’s culture and lifestyle have been compromised in favor of the tourism industry. Greater cultural awareness amongst tourists and the action of the local government is crucial for the protection of the village community and authentic Miao culture.

Equal Rights in the Construction of Places of Worship for Followers of Religious Beliefs

The legal construction of the Indonesian nation through Article 20 paragraph (1), Article 20A paragraph (1), (3) Article 21, Article 28E paragraph (1), Article 28E paragraph (2), Article 28I paragraph (1), Article 28I paragraph (2), Article 29 paragraph (1), and Article 29 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. has provided a guarantee of recognition of religion and other believers. Cultural diversity in the realm of religion is a special characteristic of Indonesian society. Various cultures, races, tribes and religions have become an inseparable part of the identity of the Indonesian people since before this country was founded. However, violations of religious freedom still often occur in Indonesia. Various conflicts regarding permits for places of worship are prohibited by the majority. This has violated human rights which are stated in the 1945 Constitution. Joint Ministerial Regulation (PBM) Number 8 and Number 9 of 2000 should be the basis for protection and equality for the construction of places of worship. However, this regulation has not been able to fully accommodate the rights of believers because the provisions of Article 14 of the Joint Ministerial Regulation are still discriminatory. The Draft Law on the Protection of Religious Communities needs special attention to unravel the problems of building houses of worship and as a form of concrete legal protection for religious communities and believers.

Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Organic and Conventional Peruvian Coffee from a Probabilistic Approach

This study aims to understand the risks posed by metals in Peruvian coffee plantations to human health and environmental integrity, ensuring the protection of local communities and the ecosystems reliant on this agricultural activity. To assess the contamination levels, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) were surveyed in the soil, roots, and parchment coffee beans cultivated in Amazonas and San Martin regions, using both conventional and organic cultivation. Results showed that As was the metal with the highest concentration in soil (52.37 ± 21.16 mg/kg), roots (11.27 ± 2.3 mg/kg), and coffee beans (10.19 ± 1.69 mg/kg), followed by Cr in soil (22.36 ± 11.47 mg/kg) and roots (8.17 ± 3.85 mg/kg) and Pb in beans (0.7 ± 0.05 mg/kg). Cd was only detected in soil (1.70 ± 1.73 mg/kg). The bioaccumulation (BAF) findings suggest that roots and coffee beans have a low capacity to accumulate As, Cd, Ni, and Pb, but they have the potential capacity to accumulate Cr. The translocation factor (TF) indicated that all values were less than one, except for As from San Martin in conventional and organic cultivation. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) showed that the soil was unpolluted for Cr, Ni, and Pb but was polluted to different extents for As and Cd. Similarly, the ecological risk (ER) pointed to a low risk for Cr, Ni, and Pb and values from low to considered risk for As and Cd depending on the region and cultivation system. Hazard index (adults: 1.68 × 10−3, children: 9.26 × 10−3) and cancer risk (adults: 1.84 × 10−7, children: 2.51 × 10−7) indicated a low risk for humans via ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation.

PERLINDUNGAN MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT DI KABUPATEN LUWU TIMUR

This research aims to find out and analyze the role of the East Luwu district government towards customary law communities. and To find out what the obstacles are in implementing the protection of customary law communities in East Luwu district. This type of research was carried out using the Normative-Empirical method. The results of the research show that East Luwu Regency, in recognizing and protecting its customary law communities, is by enacting Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2022 concerning Recognition and Protection of Customary Law Communities, where the regulation aims to provide legal certainty regarding the position and existence of customary law communities. Obstacles in the recognition and protection of customary law communities are related to legal factors where there are no more specific regulations governing the protection and recognition of customary law communities.

Larvul Ngabal Law as A Regulation in Marine Resources Management In Kei Islands, Southeast Maluku Regency

Introduction: Hawear Customary Law has long been known in Southeast Maluku and has a rolewhich is important in organizing life, especially for traditional law communities. Hawear contains meaning prohibition to take natural resources on land or in the sea, which is based on several important and basic arguments. The principle that is the basis for the actual existence of Hawear's lais the principle of sustainablemanagement of natural resources. Wise thinking that develops wiselyThis local area is also based on the economic aspects of the country's community and the villages and villages located in the area small islands.Purposes of the Research: To find out and analyze Hawear's existence in protecting and preserving marine genetic resources in Southeast Maluku Regency.Methods of the Research: The approach method used in this research is sociological juridical which is a descriptive qualitative analysis study. This research seeks to describe what occurs in the Kei Indigenous Community in Southeast Maluku Regency, it is related to resource management coastal and marine power. The data collection techniques used in this research are: Interview, questionnaire and literature study.Results of the Research: The existence or existence of law Larvul Ngabal Currently, it is increasingly existing, this can be seen from the increasingly advanced society of Southeast Maluku and have the same feelings in a group, where they stay in one place because they come from from the same genealogy or descent. They have their own customary laws that regulate them regarding rights and obligations regarding material and immaterial goods. They also have social institutions, traditional leadership, and traditional justice recognized by the group. Larvul Nabalas a form of rule which the people of Southeast Maluku use in managing their marine resources is expected to remain the same obeyed so that it becomes a law in the management of resources both at sea and on land so that they are maintained natural sustainability. This is also in line with the protection of indigenous communities which has been recognized in Article 18B paragraph (2) and Article 28I paragraph (3) in the Indonesian Constitution The Constitution of the Republic Indonesia in 1945 (1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia). This means that the state has recognized and respected rights indigenous communities, including the Law Society Larvul Ngabal.

Exploring tourists’ pro-environmental behavior: a bibliometric analysis over two decades (1999–2023)

PurposeThe main objective of this article is to visualize the structure and trends of pro-environmental behavior (PEB) between 1999 and 2023 through mapping and in-depth analysis. The aim is to analyze PEB, which has received considerable academic attention in recent years due to its key role in the conservation of the environment and the protection of local communities in tourist destinations. This paper provides an important summary of the recent research that has explored the role that tourists have in protecting the environment through PEB.Design/methodology/approachThis study presents a visual analysis of 2005 scholarly articles between the years 1999 and 2023 related to PEB. Using the knowledge mapping based on VOSviewer it presents the current status of research, which includes the analysis of citation analysis, co-citation analysis, co-citation network and longitudinal analysis.FindingsPEB is an emerging topic due to its relevance to protecting the environment in the context of travel. The citation and co-citation analysis show the relevance of the behavior of tourists with regard to protecting the environment. The co-word analysis highlights the current significance of research concerning green hotels and the destination image of environmentally responsible destinations.Originality/valueThis study sheds light on the current research progress of PEB in the context of tourism through a comprehensive analysis (citation, co-citation and co-word). In addition, we provide theories and factors that have been previously used to study PEB in the context of tourism. The findings contribute to a broad and diverse understanding of the concept of PEB, which can provide important insights for policymakers in formulating management strategies and policies aimed at reducing environmental impacts in destinations.

Environmental Resilience Challenges and Mining Policy in East Kutai Regency, Indonesia: A Case Study

This study aims to identify weaknesses in the oversight of excavation C mining activities by the East Kutai Regency Government, which contribute to soil degradation and alterations to natural landscapes. These mining operations result in large, water-filled pits that become breeding grounds for mosquitoes and disease, while also causing air pollution during the dry season. The research employs a qualitative approach, combining a literature review with interviews. The findings reveal that, first, excavation C mining disrupts ecosystem balance through the overexploitation of natural resources and fosters illegal mining activities. Second, challenges in monitoring excavation C mining involve the Satpol PP (Civil Service Police Unit) as the primary enforcement body, along with the enforcement of local regulations designed to minimize environmental damage. However, a lack of coordination between the East Kutai Regency Satpol PP and the East Kalimantan Provincial Police complicates regulatory enforcement and community protection efforts. This study recommends implementing strict sanctions against companies that illegally damage the environment to improve oversight effectiveness and promote environmental sustainability.

Enhancing the Predictability of Wintertime Energy Demand in The Netherlands Using Ensemble Model Prophet-LSTM

Energy demand forecasting is crucial for maintaining stable and affordable energy supplies, especially for vulnerable populations most affected by shortages and high costs. In the Netherlands, transmission system operator TenneT has raised concerns about potential electricity shortages by 2030. Rising energy prices and the impact of climate change on the energy demand further complicate today’s energy market. Policymakers lack clear insights into demand patterns, which complicates the optimization of energy use and the protection of at-risk communities. Accurate and timely forecasts are essential for addressing these issues and supporting sustainable energy management. This research focuses on enhancing the accuracy and lead time of wintertime energy demand forecasts in the Netherlands using advanced machine learning. The ensemble model Prophet-LSTM is trained on hourly load consumption data combined with climate change-related and energy price predictors. The results demonstrate significant improvements over baseline models, achieving a Pearson correlation coefficient of r=0.93 compared to r=0.50 in prior studies, as well as accurate forecasts up to 180 days ahead, compared to 2 months. Incorporating climate change-related predictors is challenging due to multicollinearity, highlighting the importance of careful predictor selection. Including energy price predictors yielded modest yet hopeful results, suggesting their ability to optimize energy demand forecasting.

Considerations for the use of laboratory-based and field-based estimates of environmental tolerance in water management decisions for an endangered salmonid

Water infrastructure development and operation can provide for human economic activity, health, and safety. However, this infrastructure can also impact native fish populations resulting in regulatory protections that can, in turn, alter operations. Conflict over water allocation for ecological function and human use has come to the forefront at Shasta Reservoir, the largest water storage facility in California, USA. Shasta Reservoir supports irrigation for a multibillion-dollar agricultural industry, provides water for urban and domestic use, provides flood protection for downstream communities, and power generation as part of the larger Central Valley Project in California. Additionally, an endangered run of Chinook Salmon relies on cold water management at the dam for successful spawning and egg incubation. Tradeoffs between these uses can be explored through application of models that assess biological outcomes associated with flow and temperature management scenarios. However, the utility of models for predicting outcomes of management decisions is contingent on the data used to construct them, and data collected to evaluate their predictions. We evaluated laboratory and field data currently available to parameterize temperature-egg survival models for winter run Chinook Salmon that are used to inform Shasta Dam operations. Models based on both laboratory and field data types had poor predictive performance which appears to limit their value for management decisions. The sources of uncertainty that led to poor performance were different for each data type (field or laboratory) but were rooted in the fact that neither data set was collected with the intention to be used in a predictive model. Our findings suggest that if a predictive model is desired to evaluate operational tradeoffs, data should be collected for the specific variables and life stages desired, over an appropriate range of values, and at sufficient frequency to achieve the needed level of precision to address the modeling objective.

Sex workers’ confidence in the police in one Canadian city under the Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act

ABSTRACT Confidence in the police, a significant concern of sex workers across the globe, is an important gauge of their views of the legitimacy of law enforcement and their likelihood to seek help when in harms’ way. The purpose of this study is to explore sex worker confidence in police in one Canadian city after the enactment of the dramatically revised prostitution law in 2014, the Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act. In 2017–2018, a cross-section of active sex workers (N = 60) from Victoria, Canada, were interviewed about their personal and work lives under the criminal code law. Thematic analysis was carried out using the participants’ answers to these questions: (1) You said you have _____ confidence in the police. Please elaborate on why you feel this way about the police; (2) You said you had _____ interactions with police in the last 12 months? What happened, when, where, why, etc.? Have your interactions with the police changed in recent years? Our findings show the police’s treatment of sex workers is influenced by intersecting stigmas and structural factors that shape the confidence sex workers’ have in law enforcement. We provide greater contextualisation related to the confidence sex workers have in police, why lack of confidence may not always be synonymous with negative experiences, and why their distrust of the ‘institution of policing’ highlights the importance of having public policies that address the fundamental causes of sex worker victimisation and stigmatisation.

Linking Social Protection and Humanitarian Systems to Respond to Forced Displacement

With displacement occurring at record levels and often on a protracted basis, there is increasing interest in the potential to link humanitarian displacement responses with social protection systems. This article discusses how social protection and humanitarian systems can work together to meet the needs of displacement-affected populations, based on the findings of a three-year research project that drew on global literature alongside mixed-methods data collected in 2021 in Cameroon, Colombia, and Greece. The article discusses five lessons: (1) displaced populations’ distinct needs and implications for social protection design and delivery; (2) inadequate social protection for host communities and implications for social cohesion; (3) the priority basis for evaluating linkage approaches; (4) the need for sustained international financing; and (5) the general importance of greater transparency and collaboration. It concludes with recommendations for further research to build the nascent evidence base on this topic.

Legal Protection of Child Victims of Religious Leader Sexual Violence (Community Protection and Punishment)

Sexual violence constitutes a worldwide concern that jeopardizes individual security and integrity while eroding the social and moral fabric of society. When perpetrated by religious leaders, the issue becomes more intricate due to the exploitation of power, trust, and elevated social status. These leaders, expected to serve as moral exemplars, become offenders of crimes that infringe upon human rights. Legislators have established many laws and regulations, with the provisions controlling sexual violence delineated in Law Number 12 of 2022. However, there are still many cases of sexual violence against children both in the education environment and in society in Indonesia, especially those that occur in the Aru Maluku Islands Regency. The problem encountered is why there is an inequality in criminal law enforcement against children as victims of sexual violence committed by religious leaders?. This research aims to analyze the legal protection of victims of sexual violence committed by religious leaders. The research findings indicate a necessity for legal and policy reform, emphasizing that sanctions imposed on perpetrators of sexual violence who are religious leaders must be stringent to prevent the perception of legal immunity due to their religious status. So it is recommended that the government revise the law to remove legal immunity for religious leaders.