Protection Of Citizens Research Articles

Социальное страхование в России

Social insurance in Russia plays an important role in ensuring social protec-tion of citizens. This system involves providing citizens with material support in case of various situations, such as illness, disability, disability, loss of breadwin-ner, old age and death of the breadwinner.

The Legal Nature of Compensation Payments to Citizens Participating in Shared-Equity Construction

Relevance. Meeting the needs of citizens for housing is a constitutional obligation of the State, and at the legislative level it is implemented in various forms, including through participation in shared-equity construction. In cases when a developer becomes bankrupt and cannot fulfill its obligations to shareholders, various measures are provided by law to guarantee the restoration of property rights. Such measures also include a compensation mechanism aimed at ensuring the payment of funds by the Public Law Company "Territorial Development Fund" to compensate citizens participating in construction who have claims for the transfer of residential premises, parking spaces and non-residential premises included in the register of claims of construction participants.However, the peculiarity of the legal status of the Fund as a public law company creates problems for the law enforcement officer to determine the legal nature of these compensation payments, which negatively affects the level of protection of citizens' rights. The purpose of the study is to identify the legal nature of compensation payments made by the PPK "Territory Development Fund", to determine the effectiveness of the legally established compensation mechanism.Objectives: to determine the legal status of the Fund, to identify the peculiarities of the procedural and legal status of the Fund in cases of insolvency (bankruptcy) of the developer, to analyze the legal facts that constitute the grounds for succession between the bankrupt developer and the Fund.Methodology. In preparing the study, the author applied general scientific methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, a systematic method, a formal legal method.Results. In the course of the study, it was determined that the compensation mechanism and obligations to pay money to shareholders are of a civil nature. When determining the effectiveness of the compensation mechanism, its low level is established, since the goal of ensuring the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens participating in construction is not fully achieved.Conclusions. The current compensation mechanism does not ensure the restoration of the right to housing by participating in shared construction. The factors that have a negative impact can be called a significant change in socio-economic conditions and poorly effective legal means that generate collisions and gaps in legal regulation, which negatively affects the process of their implementation.

Aerodatabase Development and Integration and Mission Analysis of a Mach 2 Supersonic Civil Aircraft

The request for faster and greener civil aviation is urging the worldwide scientific community and aerospace industry to develop a new generation of supersonic aircraft, which are expected to be environmentally sustainable and to guarantee a high-level protection of citizens. A key aspect to monitor the potential environmental impact of new configurations is the aerodynamic efficiency and its impact onto the real mission. To pursue this goal, this paper discloses increasing-fidelity aerodynamic modeling approaches to improve the conceptual design of high-speed vehicles. The disclosed methodology foresees the development of aerodynamic aerodatabases by means of incremental steps starting from simplified methods (panels methods and/or low-fidelity CFD simulations) up to very reliable data based on high-fidelity CFD simulations and experimental measurements with associated confidence levels. This multifidelity approach enables the possibility of supporting the aircraft design process at different stages of its design cycle, from the estimation of preliminary aerodynamic coefficients at the beginning of the conceptual design, up to the development of tailored aerodatabases at advanced design phases. For each design stage, a build-up approach is adopted, starting from the investigation of the clean external configuration up to the complete one, including control surfaces’ effects and, if any, the effects of the integration of the propulsive effects. In addition, the applicability of the approach is guaranteed for a wide range of supersonic and hypersonic aircraft, and the developed methodology is here applied to the characterization of Mach 2 aircraft configuration, a relevant case study of the H2020 MORE&LESS project.

O PAPEL DOS DIREITOS SOCIAIS NA PROTEÇÃO DOS CIDADÃOS

The issue of social rights, which are considered second-dimensional rights, is of great importance in the Brazilian legal system. These rights require the State to assume aprovisional role in reducing inequalities, becoming a fundamental right. To fulfi ll thisobligation, it is necessary for the State to intervenein social life,implementingf undamental rights and creating policies for inclusion and social development throughlaws and incentives. The eff ectiveness, application and realization of social rights require action by the State, but it is necessary to understand the concept of the serights and the dimension inwhichthey fi t,aswellastheir eff ectiveness,mainlyinthe Federal Constitution. In order to achieve the realization of social rights, which are those thatrequire positive action from the State, it is necessary to analyze the principle of effi ciency,public policies and affi rmative actions. In addition,thisarticlewilldemonstrate the following objective: to present the role of social rights in protecting citizens.This article approaches a qualitative research with bibliographical data collection. Based on a theoretical review, the study will demonstrate that social rightsare fundamental for the protection of citizens.

Legislative Innovations in Pre-trial Investigation and Judicial Examination of Criminal Cases

The article is dedicated to the analysis and assessment of legislative innovations introduced into the procedures of pre-trial investigation and judicial examination of criminal cases. A comprehensive analysis of the regulatory framework governing this area is conducted, taking into account recent changes and amendments.
 The article discusses key changes aimed at enhancing the efficiency of pre-trial investigation and judicial examination of criminal cases, as well as safeguarding the rights and legitimate interests of participants in the criminal process. Special attention is given to innovations designed to expedite case proceedings, ensuring, transparency and justice in the administration of justice.
 Within the scope of the conducted research, prospects for implementing the aforementioned legislative novelties into the practice of investigation and adjudication of criminal cases are identified. The authors provide well-founded recommendations for further potential directions in refining legislation in this area to enhance the efficiency and fairness of criminal justice.
 The article aims to determine optimal strategies and practical measures to support the integration of positive changes into the judicial system, particularly by incentivizing ethical conduct among pre-trial investigation bodies and the prosecution.
 The conclusions of the article not only help identify shortcomings in legislation but also offer constructive recommendations for overcoming challenges in the field of justice, contributing to the development of legislation for the effective protection of citizens’ rights in contemporary conditions.
 This article serves as a significant contribution to understanding and discussing the impact of innovations on the criminal process, and it may be valuable for practicing lawyers, researchers, and legislators interested in the field of criminal law and procedure.

Features of the Concept for the Development of Pension Legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic

The article is devoted to the generally significant legislative policy of the state in the field of social security; The legal, organizational and financial foundations of the functioning of the system and the reform of pension legislation as a special area of social protection of citizens’ pension rights are considered. The purpose of the authors’ research task is to attempt to assess certain aspects of the legal policy pursued by the Kyrgyz Republic in the context of promoting structural reforms in the field of pension legislation, in particular the development of phased conceptual programs to improve well-being and maintain a decent standard of living for citizens applying for and possessing pension rights. The object of the study was social relations related to the implementation of the state’s legal policy in the field of pension legislation. The subject of the study is a set of rules regulating the legal mechanism of the activities of state and partly non-state mechanisms for the implementation of social policy in the field of pension rights. The research methods represent a dialectical method of cognition of socio-legal phenomena, formal-logical and structural-functional. The authors conclude that the measures taken in the republic in the field of optimization of pension legislation have a certain positive effect on the state of personal security, including increasing a decent standard of living, the well-being of the state, and the social and legal activity of citizens.

The Situation of People With Disabilities in the Category of Socially Protected Groups

Objective: «The phenomenon of disability is closely linked to acute problems in society. Social isolation and «disability - lack of access to a decent education – difficulty finding a job – poverty» - this is a bitter truth that exists in the beginning of millions of people and none of them is insured. The main aim of the work is to study the situation of social protection of disabled citizens from a scientific-theoretical, for legislative purposes, to reveal some concepts in accordance with certain stages of social development and to give separate conclusions. Methode: The basis of the research methods is the analysis of theoretical and legal concepts, statistical, understanding, and systemic methods that appear when considering the situation of citizens with disabilities. Result: The rights of people in need of social protection have long been the subject of close scrutiny by the international community. Nowadays a number of documents have been developed and adopted. Such acts determine the attitude of society and the state to people with disabilities, as well as the relationship of this group of people with society and the state. Many provisions of these acts provide a reliable legal basis for the life and social protection of people with disabilities in the country. Suggestions: The problem of people with disabilities requires from society not only understanding, but also ensuring the participation of many structures in this process. Providing a number of benefits, we are talking about how to continue to improve the issues of citizens with disabilities, to improve the legislation regulating public relations in the field of social protection, to increase the amount of measures taken to promote public life. Analyzing the situation of people with disabilities in the modern Kazakhstani society, we can say that the state is doing a lot to improve their quality of life, but still a lot of work needs to be done in the field of rehabilitation of people with disabilities. Among them, it is necessary to improve education, employment, health care measures.

Current aspects and problematic issues of the use of a polygraph in public service in modern conditions

In the work, the author examines problematic issues related to the study of the peculiarities of the organization and legal regulation of the use of a polygraph in public service. The article deals with various aspects of the use of a polygraph in the public sphere, including legal aspects, psychological and pedagogical features, physiological and ethical issues, as well as the protection of citizens' rights. In addition, it examines the experience of using a polygraph in various conditions when the procedure for obtaining, identifying, processing, storing and reliability of data is carried out, and as a result, it becomes necessary for competent public sector specialists to constantly pay special attention to the safety of storing and using confidential information received. In order to analyze the effectiveness of the use of a polygraph, the paper describes the tasks facing specialists, considers algorithms and techniques used to assess the reliability of the information received. The following methods were used in the preparation of the article : an analysis of literature, a system approach, comparative analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, logical thinking techniques, classification. The main conclusions of the research conducted by the author are organizational aspects aimed at respecting the rights and freedoms of citizens who, for one reason or another, will have to undergo the testing procedure on a polygraph device. A prerequisite is the fact that the legal regulation of the use of a polygraph in the civil service requires clear formulation, transparency and objectivity of procedures, timely clarification of the upcoming nuances of the polygraph examination, related possible restrictions, but at the same time compliance with guarantees for employees who are being tested. This topic, in its content and meaning, is relevant, and therefore, today, the development of legal and methodological mechanisms for the use of a polygraph in the public sphere, based on scientific developments by leading scientists and practitioners in this field of knowledge, is in demand.

РИНОК ПРАЦІ: ВИКЛИКИ ЦИФРОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ ТА ВОЄННОГО ЧАСУ

The article discusses topical issues related to the impact of the digital economy and wartime on the labor market. It is determined that the consequences of the war are primarily reflected in job losses, the difference between labor supply and demand, deepening imbalances in qualifications and the difficulty of reproducing the labor force. It is analyzed that, in addition to traditional methods of labor reproduction, digital reproduction is effective in this context, providing technological industrial renewal and reforming the educational system. Although digital transformation poses challenges, such as the displacement of certain social groups from the labor market and the growing digital divide, it has been shown to increase productivity, increase wages, and reduce labor needs. The study concluded that amid the war in Ukraine, there is a problem of access to the digital economy, technological modernization of industry, legislative reform, and intensification of entrepreneurship. An important area for the implementation of these measures is the development of a program of state incentives, reform of the educational system and social unemployment insurance. Digital innovations are affecting the skills requirements for employees and for successful employment in general, which can lead to social disputes and significantly widen the gap between different social groups. The consequences of the war, including active hostilities and shelling, are leading to increased imbalances in the labor market and a reduction in the number of jobs. The author concludes that in order to minimize the risks associated with digital transformation, it is critical to use strategic solutions, including the creation of a government incentive program to increase jobs, legislative regulation of employee rights protection and restrictions on automation, and the creation of an education system to meet the requirements of digital labor market reforms. In addition, it is necessary to ensure effective social unemployment insurance measures to ensure stability and protection of citizens in the new labor market conditions.

STRATEGIC CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE MANAGEMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENTERPRISES IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY

The relevance of the chosen research topic is due to the insufficient conceptual development of the paradigm of strategic management of telecommunications enterprises in the digital economy. The article reveals the essence of defining and applying strategic criteria for assessing the management of telecommunications enterprises. It is determined that the essence lies in the ability to predict the business situation, prevent the negative impact of internal and external factors, introduce measures to minimize costs, ensure the achievement of the set goals and, above all, obtain a positive financial result of the enterprise's activity - the desired profit. The article argues that the digital economy, which is spreading through active digitalization and is based on the activities of telecommunications enterprises, gives rise to a new type of strategic management and leads to profound changes in how telecommunications enterprises should be organized today and managed in the future. The article describes the current trends that already have a major impact on the organization of telecommunications enterprises and will shape changes in the strategic management of telecommunications enterprises in the near future. These circumstances require further scientific developments on the formation of new approaches to the strategic management of telecommunications enterprises and tools for their implementation based on strategic criteria for assessing the management of telecommunications enterprises in the context of the development of the digital economy. The author's approach to determining the directions of digitalization's impact on the activities of telecommunications enterprises is proposed, which allows to outline the strategic criteria for assessing the management of telecommunications enterprises in the long term. The study allows us to conclude that the strategic management of telecommunication enterprises in the digital economy requires expanded monitoring and analysis of the external environment; enhancing the safety, protection and empowerment of citizens, ensuring freedom of choice on the Internet, continuous improvement and development of telecommunication devices and channels and integration of innovations; supporting participation in the digital public space by creating a digital environment in which interaction between participants takes place through digital services.

Formation of civic stance in the aspect of inclusive decision-making

Issue of forming a civic stance of universities in the context of an inclusive approach to decision-making within the framework of global and national societal values is raised. The paper emphasizes the importance and necessity of studying and implementing progressive global experience in the field of inclusion. The ways of introducing into Ukrainian society the latest paradigm of inclusive social and educational environment of universities as a basis for social protection, social cohesion, and responsibility of citizens of our state in the conditions of modern integration challenges are analyzed as a means of forming civic stance and strengthening the social cohesion of the public. The current issues of the role of universities in society, strategies for shaping their strategies for implementing an inclusive approach to decision-making, promoting career development of students (including those with special educational needs), internationalization of education, etc., are outlined. An analytical overview of trends in the development of higher education institutions as factors of integration into the global scientific and educational space is provided. The urgent state of formation of an inclusive, innovative, socially cohesive society is highlighted, and concepts of reform, bases of a perspective vision of the development of Ukrainian higher education are characterized. Key parameters for ensuring the ability of specialists to compete in society are identified. The prospects for forming the civic stance of universities through an inclusive approach to decision-making for the professional training of specialists in the conditions of an inclusive society are also identified

Історико-теоретичні аспекти дослідження Шведської моделі розвитку

Swedish model of development is one of the most successful in the world, with high levels of well-being, social equality and economic stability. An analysis of its historical and theoretical foundations allows us to understand what factors contributed to the achievement of these results. In today’s world, many countries face challenges such as economic inequality, aging populations, migration crises, climate change, etc. The Swedish model can offer valuable experience that can be adapted by other countries to address these challenges. The object of the research is the Swedish model of socioeconomic development. The subject of the research is the historical and theoretical aspects of of studying the Swedish model of development. The aim of the article is to study the historical prerequisites and stages of formation of the socioeconomic policy of Sweden. In the course of the research, the methods of analysis and synthesis, the theoretical method, the method of comparison, the calculation and constructive method, the analytical and prognostic methods were used. The article highlights the socioeconomic and political profile of Sweden; the main stages of historical development and formation of socioeconomic policy of Sweden are identified. The authors concluded that national models of economic development, despite some common features, demonstrate unique characteristics in each country. An important aspect of the success of such models is the reliance on general principles and norms that promote socioeconomic growth. The success of the socioeconomic policy of any country is based on deep historical values, an active foreign policy and reliable social protection of citizens, including access to education, health care and social support. Achievements in the economic sphere allow Sweden to conduct an active foreign policy and strengthen its position in international organizations and entities. Sweden also uses economic leverages to advance its foreign policy goals, which provides it with influence in the international arena not only economically, but also politically and strategically. In the future, Sweden must maintain a balance between a high level of social protection and economic sustainability. It is important to improve strategies to combat unemployment and stimulate the development of innovative sectors of the economy in order to ensure the sustainability and competitiveness of the Swedish economy at the international level.

Конституционно-правовые гарантии защиты прав нерожденного ребенка в России

The article discusses the realization of the right to human life from the moment of conception. The article is based on the consideration of normative legal acts, scientific literature and court decisions. In the course of the research, traditional methods of scientific cognition were used: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparative legal, system methods. Dialectical and logical methods were also used in the work, which created the basis for a comprehensive study of optimal mechanisms for protecting human life from the moment of conception. The use of the system-structural method made it possible to investigate the problem of protecting the constitutional right to life of unborn children in connection with the constitutional guarantee of health protection of citizens in the Russian Federation, to assess the constitutional goals of restricting human rights when recognizing the right to life from the moment of conception. The comparative legal method made it possible to analyze the regulations protecting the lives of unborn children in foreign countries. The authors found that the right to life from the moment of conception, despite the fact that it is not fixed in Russia, is recognized by the state indirectly and is provided by the legal regulation of the medical care system for the human embryo and fetus, a developed system of specialized medical care. The constitutional right to the life of a child from the moment of conception in Russia is not absolute, since every woman up to 12 weeks of pregnancy has the right to terminate it at will, and also due to the fact that the protection of fetal life in the health care system, in case of threats to its development and health, is carried out with the consent of a pregnant woman. The legal asymmetry of protecting the life of unborn children has been revealed: doctors are obliged to protect it from the moment a woman applies to a medical organization, from the moment a pregnant woman is registered in a women's clinic, while the duties of a pregnant woman to preserve the life of an unborn child are not established by Russian legislation. The terms of the intrauterine development of the child, at which it is possible to bring to criminal responsibility for the death of an unborn child in Russia, have been determined. Doctors are criminally responsible for the death of a child at 22 weeks of gestation, and at 37 weeks – women who killed a newborn child, which contradicts the constitutional principle of equality of all before the law and the court. The article provides evidence of the expediency of further legal protection of the life and health of unborn children in Russian legislation, taking into account the most appropriate norms of the legislation of foreign countries, allowing to minimize the negative impact of harmful psychoactive substances on the health and life of the child.

Principle of separation of powers between the legislature and judicially

The separation of powers is a fundamental principle in modern democracies that serves to limit power and protect citizens' freedoms. In this context, the division of state power between the legislature and the judiciary is of particular importance. The question of the effectiveness of this principle and its impact on governance is of continuing interest to political science. This research aims to examine the effectiveness of the separation of powers between the legislature and the judiciary in limiting power and protecting citizens' rights. The central question is: To what extent does the division of state power between these two bodies contribute to safeguarding democracy and protecting individual freedoms? The research methodology involves a comprehensive analysis of literature sources, including theoretical works on the separation of powers and political philosophy. Case studies from different countries are also used to examine the practical application of this principle. Quantitative analyses of data on democracy and civil rights complement the qualitative research. The research shows that the separation of powers between the legislature and the judiciary does indeed help to limit power and protect citizens' rights. The independence of the judiciary is crucial to upholding the rule of law, and the parliamentary system promotes political representation. In countries with an effective separation of powers, democracy and freedoms tend to be better protected. The findings of this research highlight the importance of the separation of powers between the legislature and the judiciary as a fundamental principle of democratic governance. The clear separation of duties and the independence of these two bodies help to prevent abuse of power and protect citizens' rights. This becomes particularly evident when looking at countries where this principle is effectively implemented.

УЧЁТ ОТРАСЛЕВЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ ПРИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ СТРАТЕГИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ПЕНСИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА)

The development of the pension system of the Russian Federation is ensured through the implementation of the Strategy adopted for the period until 2030. At the same time, industry characteristics and specifics of individual types of economic activity are not reflected. As part of the implementation of programs for import substitution and ensuring food security, it is extremely important to ensure a decent level of social protection for citizens employed in agriculture. It was revealed that agricultural workers can apply for insurance pensions in the amount of 12,483.98 rubles to 37,216.17 rubles (depending on the insurance period, the category affecting the salary, and the right to a 25% increase in the fixed payment). Currently, the minimum target value limit (2.5) is crossed only by managers of agricultural organizations with at least 30 years of experience. Moreover, in the study period, a reduction in this ratio was revealed from 2.60 to 2.54 (with 30 years of experience) and from 2.94 to 2.86 (with 35 years of experience). In order to solve the identified problems, the author proposes to supplement the Strategy for the Development of the Pension System until 2030 with provisions on the need to bring the average pension to 2.5-3 subsistence minimums, not only for the economy as a whole, but also for certain types of economic activity. It seems possible to reduce the existing gap by establishing a double fixed payment for all agricultural workers, regardless of place of residence. In order to fairly determine the amount of insurance pensions for citizens with a short period of insurance experience, it seems possible to pay an additional fixed payment in proportion to the ratio of the actual insurance experience and 30 years (currently enshrined in law for receiving a 25% premium to the fixed payment).

온라인공간에서의 테러정보 차단을 위한 비교법적 검토

Recently, illegal information about terrorism is being provided online due to change in the security environment. This phenomenon requires preventive and active functions and roles from related organizations. There are limits to the ability of relevant organizations in specific countries to prevent and respond independently because terrorist crimes transnational borders and the means and methods of criminal acts are carried out secretly. In particular, cooperation between relevant organizations and the international community are essential in surveillance and monitoring to prevent terrorism information, which are preventive functions, and investigation and punishment. In Korea, Act On Counter-terrorism For The Protection Of Citizens And Public Security, Act On Promotion Of Information And Communications Network Utilization And Information Protection, Act On The Establishment And Operation Of Korea Communications Commission, and the Deliberation Regulations on Information and Communications are being implemented in order to limit propaganda and incitement activities related to terrorism. In case of violation of the relevant laws, rejection, suspension, and restrictions on illegal information. Also, in countries such as the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Australia, the policy of proactively preventing crimes that violate national security or national interests has implications such as terrorist crimes.

To what extent are Dutch citizens' interests and rights protected by ethical guidelines for smart cities?

Over the past two decades, the notion of smart cities has become increasingly popular to solve the complex problems that cities are facing. To deal with the ethical implications of smart cities, the Netherlands face a proliferation of ethical guidelines, principles, and manifests. However: To what extent are Dutch citizens' interests protected by ethical guidelines? This study answers that question using a critical discourse analysis. This exploratory analysis uncovers unnoticed themes in the ethical discourse on smart cities and offers recommendations to strengthen the protection of citizens. Together, the ethical guidelines that are selected represent at least five major cities in the Netherlands. This study finds that the ethical guidelines support the Smart City discourse in which: data is seen as a promise for the future, citizens' interests are not central and public-private governance is pre-supposed in the digital public space. Indeed, the ethical guidelines overlook how Big Data analytics transforms ways of governing, which is described as ‘algorithmic governmentality’. Therefore, if guidelines want to commit to the protection of citizens' interests, this study encourages them to review their guidelines in a Big Data context. However, as ultimately only laws and regulations can ensure the protection of citizens' interests and rights, future research is encouraged to look into the restructuring of the legal system.

RETURNING TO THE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION OF DOCTOR OF LAW L.T. ZHANUZAKOV AND CANDIDATE OF LAW B.K. NURGAZINOV «THE ROLE OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN IN ENSURING STABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF KAZAKHSTANI SOCIETY»

The article examines the role of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, adopted on August 30, 1995 at the republican referendum. Taking into account current trends and challenges, it is pointed out the need for further development and strengthening of civil society institutions in the country, strengthening mutual control by the state and society over the processes taking place in the country. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the fundamental basis for the development of the country, establishing the principles of the rule of law and strengthening constitutional and national security. It has defined new vectors for the development of statehood, ensuring stability and guaranteeing the rights and freedoms of every citizen. The Constitution clearly stipulates that the Republic of Kazakhstan is a sovereign and independent State. This means that it has full power and control over its affairs, makes decisions freely, conducts foreign policy and develops independently. Kazakhstan is also recognized as democratic, which implies the participation of citizens in decision-making, protection and observance of the rights and freedoms of each individual. An important principle laid down in the Constitution is the welfare State. This means that Kazakhstan strives to ensure equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of resources and social protection for all its citizens. Taking care of the well-being and well-being of each individual becomes a priority task of public policy. The state policy of Kazakhstan is aimed at ensuring the stability and prosperity of society. Through legislation, social programs and regulation, the country strives to create a favorable environment for the development of its citizens, maintaining their dignity and improving their quality of life.

General principles of the Code of Administrative Procedure as guidelines for public administration authorities

In general terms, administrative law can be defined as the part of the legal system that regulates the structure and functioning of public administration authorities in specific forms (in terms of the entities concerned and subject matter). With regard to the nature of the functions of public administration authorities, administrative law consists of an orderly set of legal norms, the rationale for which is the direct observance of the values identified by public administration authorities as being in the common interest. The concept of the common interest refers to the axiological foundations of this branch of law, as it aggregates all values specified in the Constitution and statutes for the implementation of which the law is made. By introducing uniform procedures for handling official cases, the administrative procedure ensures the protection of citizens from arbitrariness on the part of public administration authorities. The purpose of this article is to present the general principles of the Code of Administrative Procedure, CAP (PL: Kodeks postępowania administracyjnego, k.p.a.) as a structured catalogue. These principles provide guidance for public administration authorities. An official conducts administrative proceedings to the extent specified by administrative law. In order to properly fulfil their statutory duties, an official should have relevant knowledge of law. Keywords: code of administrative procedure, applicability of general rules, dministrative proceedings, general rules of administrative proceedings

Protection of Citizens' Electoral Rights: The Problem of the Proportionality of Criminal Sanctions

This article is a criminal law axiological study of the protection of electoral rights of citizens of the Russian Federation in modern conditions. The object and subject of research were determined on the basis of the analysis of current Russian legislation. The immediate object of the study are the Articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation determining liability for obstructing the exercise of electoral rights or the work of electoral commissions; for violating the procedure of financing a candidate’s electoral campaign, electoral union, work of an initiative group conducting a referendum, or another group of referendum participants; for falsifying electoral documentation, documentation of a referendum, documentation of an All-Russian vote; for falsifying the vote’s results; for unlawful provision and obtaining of an electoral bulletin, bulletin for voting at a referendum, bulletin for an All-Russian vote. The main methodological instrument of the study is the «protection index» introduced into scientific discourse by representatives of the Ural Law School. In recent years the «protection index» has become widespread both in the general theory of law and in different branches of law, including criminal law. The use of this index lies behind an attempt to show the proportionality of sanctions for crimes against the electoral rights of citizens. The current article determines the methodology of the study, its goals and tasks. The authors suggest supplementing the existing methods with a new electoral protection index, which will allow them to better present the specific features of the subject under research. The diversity of criminal law sanctions for electoral crimes makes the research objectives considerably harder to achieve, but, at the same time, renders them more relevant and valuable from the practical viewpoint because the proportionality of sanctions is a problem not only of the theory of criminal law, but also the practice of determining punishments in criminal cases. Besides, the criminal law norm sanction is viewed not only as an element of the law norm, but also as a part of the criminal law regulation mechanism. The suggested method makes it possible to illustrate the proportionality of the sanctions for electoral crimes in criminal law norms and to formulate suggestions on improving the current legislation.