Protection Design Research Articles

Sand fixation and human activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for ecological conservation and sustainable development

The sand fixation ecosystem services and human activities on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) play a crucial role in local sustainable development and ecosystem health, with significant implications for surrounding regions and the global ecological environment. We employed an improved integrated wind erosion modeling system (IWEMS) model for the QTP to simulate sand fixation quantities under the unique low temperature and low pressure conditions prevalent on the plateau. Using the human footprint index (HFI), the intensity of human activities on the plateau was quantified. Additionally, an econometric model was constructed to analyze the impacts of the natural factors, the HFI, and policy factors on the sand fixation capacity. The results revealed that the average sand fixation quantity was 1368.0 t/km2/a, with a standard deviation of 1725.4 t/km2/a, and the highest value during the study period occurred in 2003. The average value of the HFI for 2020 was 6.69 with a standard deviation of 6.61, and the HFI exhibited a continuous growth trend from 2000 to 2020. Despite this growth, the average human activity intensity remained at a low level, with over 50 % of the area having an index value of <4.84. Overall, a strong negative correlation was observed between the sand fixation ecological capacity and the HFI on the QTP. However, extensive regions exhibited high values or low values for both indicators. The sand fixation capacity on the QTP is influenced by both natural and human factors. In light of these findings, suggestions are made for optimizing protected area design, rational control of human activity scales, and targeted human activity aggregation within certain regions as part of ecological conservation strategies. This study has implications for assessing sand fixation ecological functions in high-altitude regions and enhancing sand fixation capacity within the region, providing valuable practical guidance.

Creep and stress relaxation experiments of 1960-grade high-strength steel wire at elevated temperatures

With the increasing spacing of large-span structures, the application of ultra-high-strength steel wire with a strength approaching or exceeding 2000 MPa is rapidly expanding. However, the related research on its creep and stress relaxation behaviour is still limited. In this paper, a total of 30 high-temperature creep tests and 31 high-temperature stress relaxation tests were conducted on 1960-grade high-strength steel wire (1960-HSSW) with a diameter of 5.0 mm. The full process creep strain curves were obtained by reinserting and resetting the high-temperature extensometer. The maximum creep strain measured was 50.67 %. The creep and stress relaxation curves of different high-strength steel wires (steel strands) were compared, revealing significant variations in mechanical properties among different steel wires. The steady-state creep rate and high-temperature creep rupture critical stress ratio of the 1960-HSSW were given. Especially, the critical stress ratio became lower than the yield strength reduction coefficient at temperatures exceeding 400 °C and it indicated that the 1960-HSSW could undergo creep rupture before yield. The stress relaxation coefficient was introduced to consider the stress relaxation of 1960-HSSW. Stress relaxation curves for the 1960-HSSW were provided at temperatures ranging from 100 to 550 °C. Moreover, based on the microstructure observed under transmission electron microscopy, it was found that damage occurred in the 1960-HSSW after exposure to 300 °C. Therefore, a critical temperature of 300 °C was recommended for the fire protection of 1960-HSSW, which could be the theoretical support for its fire protection design. Additionally, a high-temperature creep prediction model, which includes expressions for the termination time, was established for the 1960-HSSW. As a result, a conservative prediction of the high-temperature creep for the 1960-HSSW was provided. Moreover, A stress relaxation coefficient model was also provided. The predicted results of the aforementioned models were in good agreement with experimental results.

Application of Knowledge Engineering in Sports Protective Gear Design: A Study on Innovative Methods Based on Extension Theory

Application of Knowledge Engineering in Sports Protective Gear Design: A Study on Innovative Methods Based on Extension Theory

Analysis of Indirect Lightning Effects on Low-Noise Amplifier and Protection Design

In order to analyze the interference mechanisms of indirect lightning effects on a low-noise amplifier (LNA), a circuit model of the LNA was constructed based on the advanced design system 2020 (ADS 2020) software. Lightning pulse injection simulations were conducted to explore the influence of lightning pulses on the performance of the LNA. A pin injection test was performed to investigate the interference and damage threshold of the LNA. A protective circuit incorporating the transient voltage suppressor (TVS) and Darlington structure was designed through simulation, employing the ADS 2020 for the LNA. The research findings reveal that the interference threshold for the LNA is 60 V, while the damage threshold is determined to be 100 V. The protective circuit demonstrates a measured insertion loss of 0.1 dB, a response time of 1.5 ns, and a peak output voltage of 20 V. The research results indicate that the protective circuit can effectively reduce the impact of lightning’s indirect effects on the LNA. In the future, we will continue the design work of the protective circuit and proceed with physical fabrication and experimental validation.

Comprehensive analysis method of acquiring wall heat fluxes in rotating detonation combustors

Accurate perception of the combustor thermal environment is crucial for thermal protection design of a rotating detonation combustor (RDC). In this study, a comprehensive analysis method is established to calculate the non-uniform heat flux distribution of the RDC by utilizing the measured temperature distribution of the combustor outer wall obtained by the high-speed infrared thermal imager. Firstly, a physical model based on the geometric characteristics of the RDC is constructed and its thermal conductive process is simulated, given by different heat flux boundary conditions. The analysis results indicate that the method used in current research for computing the heat flux of RDC leads to significant discrepancies, particularly in regions of obvious axial heat flux gradients near the top of the combustor. Then the Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) method for inversely solving non-uniform heat flux is developed based on the two-dimensional heat conduction equation, and the wall heat fluxes are inversely calculated by the L-M method based on the above numerical data. Results show that the L-M method can obtain more accurate heat flux distribution even in the zones with large heat flux gradients, considering the axial heat conduction within the combustor outer wall caused by the non-uniform heat flux. Finally, the wall heat flux distribution is analyzed coupling the L-M method together with the experimental measurements in kerosene two-phase RDC. The analyses show that the wall heat flux exhibits non-uniform distributions both circumferentially and axially, with axial non-uniformity being particularly pronounced. The highest temperature of combustor outer surface and the highest wall heat flux occurs within the region of 20 mm from the combustor head, which corresponds to nearly 14 % of the combustor length. The heat flux peak and thermal heat rate are positively correlated with the combustor equivalence ratio in the range between 0.44 and 0.64. In this study, the distribution of wall temperature field in the two-phase RDC is obtained for the first time and the wall heat flux is calculated inversely by L-M method. This work provides a more accurate method for calculating heat flux in RDC and offers references for thermal protection designs in RDCs.

Effects of personal protective equipment poster design on staff adherence to PPE guidelines on a ward with vulnerable oncology patients

Effects of personal protective equipment poster design on staff adherence to PPE guidelines on a ward with vulnerable oncology patients

Pedestrian injuries in the United States: Shifting injury patterns with the introduction of pedestrian protection into the passenger vehicle fleet

Objective Between 2010 and 2020, an annual average of more than 70,000 pedestrians were injured in U.S. motor vehicle crashes. Pedestrian fatalities increased steadily over that period, outpacing increases in vehicle occupant fatalities. Strategies for reducing pedestrian injuries include pedestrian crash prevention and improved vehicle design for protection of pedestrians in the crashes that cannot be prevented. This study focuses on understanding trends in injuries sustained in U.S. pedestrian crashes to inform continuing efforts to improve pedestrian crash protection in passenger vehicles. Methods More than 160,000 adult pedestrians injured in motor vehicle crashes who were admitted to U.S. trauma centers between 2007 and 2016 were drawn from the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) Research Data Sets. The injuries in those cases were used to explore the shifting patterns of pedestrian injuries. Results The proportion of pedestrians with thorax injuries increased 3.0 percentage points to 30.7% of trauma center–admitted NTDB pedestrian cases over the 10 years studied, and the proportion with pelvis/hip injuries increased to 21.2%. The proportion of cases with head injuries fell to 48.6%, and the percentage of pedestrians with lower extremity injury (44%) did not change significantly over the 10 year period. Assessment of possible reasons for the shifts suggested that increasing numbers of sport utility vehicles, population increases among the oldest age groups, and improvements in pedestrian protection in U.S. passenger vehicles likely contributed to, but did not completely account for, the relative changes in injury frequency in each body region. Conclusions More important than the reasons for the shifts in the relative frequency of injury to each body region are the conclusions that can be drawn regarding priorities for pedestrian protection research. Though head/face and lower extremity injuries remained the most frequently injured body regions in adult pedestrians admitted to NTDB trauma centers, the relative frequency of thorax and pelvis/hip injuries increased steadily, underlining the increasing importance of pedestrian protection research on these body regions.

Process of Saving Geographical Indication of Certain Food Products for Bulgaria and Comparison with Other Countries in Europe

The process of preserving geographical indications includes the preservation of protected names, such as: designation of origin, geographical indication and food with a traditionally specific character. In carrying out this process, the link between the geographical environment and the specific qualities of the goods is much closer, since all stages of the production process are required to be carried out in the specified geographical area. There are specific differences between the preservation of a designation of origin, a protected geographical indication and food with a traditionally specific character. The purpose of this article is to reveal these differences, as well as to compare the progress achieved by Bulgaria and other European countries regarding the registration of protected designations of origin, protected geographical indication and food of a traditionally specific character.

Study on the relationship of design parameters and damage modes for RC slabs subjected to large-scale hard missile impacts base on task-driven approach

This study proposes a novel hybrid ensemble learning (EL) model that integrates CatBoost and SMOTE-NC algorithms to evaluate the damage modes of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs under large-scale hard missile impacts, overcoming the limitations of conventional approaches. To develop the optimization model, a database was constructed using publicly published experimental data from 304 large-scale missile impact tests conducted on RC plates. Furthermore, the SMOTE-NC oversampling algorithm is employed to optimize the database and address the issue of class imbalance. Subsequently, four ensemble machine learning models and empirical formulas are assessed. The findings indicate that the hybrid ensemble learning model combining CatBoost and SMOTE-NC exhibits superior performance, showcasing robustness and efficacy. Furthermore, through the application of SHAP analysis, it was revealed that velocity, thickness, concrete compressive strength, missile mass, reinforcement ratio, and missile diameter are the most influential variables, and they interact with each other in significant ways. Notably, the analysis indicated that once the concrete compressive strength reaches a certain value, further improvements may have a detrimental effect on penetration resistance. Additionally, the impact of yield strength on slab performance becomes more pronounced as the slab thickness decreases. Drawing upon these findings, a proposed approach for damage assessment and protection design utilizing an interpretable hybrid EL model was introduced. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that the applicability of this model is confined to RC targets with finite thickness, specifically engineered to withstand large-scale hard missile impacts.

Suppression of dielectric surface flashover induced by strong electromagnetic field at multiple spatial scales based on above/sub-surface discharge development mechanisms

Spacecraft charging and electrostatic discharging (ESD) are prone to occur in harsh space environments. In particular, in the case of coupling strong electromagnetic field (EMF), ESD damages may occur at a low charging potential, posing a serious threat to on-orbit spacecraft missions. To investigate the mechanism and the pertinent suppression method for vacuum surface discharge induced by EMF, a specially-designed platform for EMF-induced surface discharge was set up. Surface structures with various spatial scales were created separately by using different surface engineering strategies, including direct fluorination, mechanical polishing, and 3D-printed grooving. The resulting surface physicochemical characteristics of the samples were examined. Furthermore, the surface discharge characteristics for different methods induced by strong EMF were systematically analyzed, considering the surface trap state distribution and secondary electron yield (SEY). The findings indicate that the proposed surface treatment methods demonstrate varying levels of improvement in mitigating EMF-induced discharge. Direct fluorination was found to produce lower SEY and to accelerate surface charge dissipation due to an elevated shallow trap density, making it favorable for suppressing the EMF-induced discharge. In addition, suitable surface roughness and groove size can effectively impede the development of the multipactor, thereby preventing EMF-induced discharge. This research is expected to provide valuable insights into the protection design of EMF-induced discharge on spacecraft.

Structural response for vented hydrogen‐air deflagrations: Effects of volumetric blockage ratio

AbstractThe explosion venting experiments of hydrogen‐air premixed gas were carried out in a 1‐m3 cuboid container. The effects of the obstacles parallel to the vent on the structural response of the container during the explosion venting were investigated. The internal overpressure and acceleration of the vessel wall were captured by acceleration and pressure sensors, respectively. The time–frequency distributions of pressure and acceleration were obtained by a Short‐Time Fast Fourier Transform. The effects of obstacles on the dynamic structure response were studied by analyzing the internal overpressure, vibration acceleration, and high‐speed videos. With the increase of obstacles, the maximum overpressure and vessel vibration increased, and the maximum overpressure and maximum vibration acceleration appeared earlier. The vibration signals had two dominant frequencies, 300‐600 Hz and 900‐1200 Hz. The low‐frequency vibration (300–600 Hz) was induced by acoustic oscillation of the internal pressure. The high‐frequency vibration (900–1200 Hz) was a container resonance triggered by the coupling of the flame and the acoustic wave. As VBR increased, the duration of high‐frequency oscillations decreased gradually; the increase of obstacles would weaken the high‐frequency structural response of the container. The results can guide the design of hydrogen explosion protection and mitigation measures.

Anti-scour performance of fluidized solidified slurry in dynamic water for scour repair

A novel method using fluidized solidified slurry for scour repair and protection around offshore foundation has been proposed recently. After being pumped to seabed area around foundation for scour protection or into the developed scour holes for scour repair, the fluidized solidified slurry is kept around the foundation for solidification which is still at a vulnerable state experiencing erosion and scour in the dynamic ocean water environment. Moreover, a reliable evaluation of loss of fluidized solidified slurry in scour repair or protection design using the new method requires to consider both the loss in pumping operation and solidification. Therefore, anti-scour performance of fluidized solidified slurry during solidification process is key for the novel technology. The current work conducted a series of experimental tests using a self-designed specially-targeted flume testing device to study the effects of flow property of fluidized solidified slurry and flow velocity of dynamic water on the anti-scour performance of solidified slurry in solidification under current. The retention rate of solidified slurry and scouring state were evaluated and discussed. Results indicates that the flow value that describing the pumpability of fluidized solidified slurry, is a key factor which affecting the critical starting velocity that characterizing the critical state of incipient motion. The critical starting velocity decreases with the flow value of fluidized solidified slurry. When the water flow velocity of current is larger than the critical starting velocity, the loss of fluidized solidified slurry is great, which can be evaluated by the retention rate. Empirical formulas for calculating the critical starting velocity and retention rate of fluidized solidified slurry in solidification was then proposed for the performance evaluation of fluidized solidified slurry application under current.

Heat release rate prediction for high-altitude gasoline pool fires based on field tests of combustion characteristics

The heat release rate is of great significance for fire protection design, whether in highway tunnel, building, oil depot and aircraft. Simply, the heat release rate can be estimated by multiplying the mass loss rate by the effective heat of combustion, which can be investigated via pool fire test, because of its wide applicability in various fire scenarios. In fact, both mass loss rate and effective heat of combustion are affected by the high-altitude environment, including the low atmospheric pressure and low ambient temperature. Thus, to obtain the mass loss rate and effective heat of combustion, field tests of gasoline pool fire were conducted at 4 altitudes. The test environments of 4 altitudes were consistent with that of real fires at high altitudes, especially the atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature, to ensure that the measuring data were correct. The heat release rate at high altitudes were calculated by using the fitting formulas of mass loss rate and effective heat of combustion, which were presented in this paper. The results revealed the following: (1) Both the atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature were important factors for the mass loss rate and effective heat of combustion. (2) Based on a global model and flame temperature correlation, a mass loss rate estimation method was established. After analysis, a linear relationship between lnm˙ and lnP∞ was identified for temperature greater than 0 °C, otherwise, there was a logarithmic relationship between lnm˙ and lnP∞. In addition, the fitting formula of mass loss rate was obtained. (3) A theoretical method of effective heat of combustion based on the Gibbs energy minimization approach was established. For simplification, the effects of atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature were approximately independent. The effective heat of combustion increased linearly with both atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature, and the fitting formula was gained by considering above two factors. (4) The heat release rates of gasoline pool fire at high altitudes were calculated, which varied with ambient temperature as the Gaussian function. And the relationship between heat release rate and atmospheric pressure was power function. The atmospheric pressure effect on heat release rate was more significant at temperatures lower than 10 °C. The results in this work could provide a basis for heat release rate prediction studies and subsequent research on smoke diffusion, whether in aircraft, highway tunnel, building and oil depot at high altitudes.

On-chip ESD Protection Design Methodologies by CAD Simulation

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can cause malfunction or failure of integrated circuits (ICs) . On-chip ESD protection design is a major IC design-for-reliability (DfR) challenge, particularly for complex chips made in advanced technology nodes. Traditional trial-and-error approaches become unacceptable to practical ESD protection designs for advanced ICs. Full-chip ESD protection circuit design optimization, prediction, and verification become essential to advanced chip designs, which highly depends on CAD algorithm and simulation that has been a constant research topic for decades. This paper reviews recent advances in CAD-enabled on-chip ESD protection circuit simulation design technologies and ESD-IC co-design methodologies. Key challenges of ESD CAD design practices are outlined. Practical ESD protection simulation design examples are discussed.

A Review of Protection Schemes for Electrical Distribution Networks with Green Distributed Generation

An amalgamation of Green Distributed Generation (GDG) with Distribution Networks (DNs) was developed because its performance became more efficient and sustainable. It increased the challenges in the design and operation of the protection scheme and changed the short circuit current (SCC), voltage profile, power losses, and power flow direction after the GDG penetration. These changes rely on the number, size, location, and environmental influence according to the GDG type. Therefore, many researchers have discussed protection system challenges and presented types of protection approaches to find a robust protection layout for DNs integrated with GDGs to prevent the electrical equipment from being destroyed during abnormal conditions. This paper represents an exhaustive survey of GDG integration with DNs and its effects on protection design challenges. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the modern protection methods and detection technologies, along with their important aspects that have been accessed. One of the important and reliable methods is resetting and coordinating between protection devices (PDs) that operate in the same distribution feeder. This methodology focuses on restricting the main variables and parameters used in the PDs setting after the GDG is embedded to recalculate the suitable setting and coordination. Optimization techniques should be used to find the best setting or location of the protection system in the DNs, in addition to calculating the optimal GDG scale and location. However, international standards are used to specify the suitable equations that satisfy high protection system characteristics to ensure the DNs’ reliability.

Genetic and technological diversity of Streptococcus thermophilus isolated from the Saint-Nectaire PDO cheese-producing area.

Streptococcus thermophilus is of major importance for cheese manufacturing to ensure rapid acidification; however, studies indicate that intensive use of commercial strains leads to the loss of typical characteristics of the products. To strengthen the link between the product and its geographical area and improve the sensory qualities of cheeses, cheese-producing protected designations of origin (PDO) are increasingly interested in the development of specific autochthonous starter cultures. The present study is therefore investigating the genetic and functional diversity of S. thermophilus strains isolated from a local cheese-producing PDO area. Putative S. thermophilus isolates were isolated and identified from milk collected in the Saint-Nectaire cheese-producing PDO area and from commercial starters. Whole genomes of isolates were sequenced, and a comparative analysis based on their pan-genome was carried out. Important functional properties were studied, including acidifying and proteolytic activities. Twenty-two isolates representative of the diversity of the geographical area and four commercial strains were selected for comparison. The resulting phylogenetic trees do not correspond to the geographical distribution of isolates. The clustering based on the pan-genome analysis indicates that isolates are divided into five distinct groups. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional annotation of the accessory genes indicates that the accessory gene contents of isolates are involved in different functional categories. High variability in acidifying activities and less diversity in proteolytic activities were also observed. These results indicate that high genetic and functional variabilities of the species S. thermophilus may arise from a small (1,800 km2) geographical area and may be exploited to meet demand for use as autochthonous starters.

Integrating recycled valuable elements from spent LiFePO4 batteries based on a dimethyl oxalate leaching system

Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has great significance in sustainable global development and environmental protection. In this study, a novel strategy is proposed to selectively separate and integrate valuable elements from spent LiFePO4 (SLFP) cathode materials via an eco-friendly leaching process using dimethyl oxalate. By properly regulating and controlling the leaching parameters, 99.19 % Li and 96.28 % P were leached into solution, whereas only 0.2 % Fe was dissolved. Leaching mechanism revealed that the high-efficiency dissolution of the SLFP cathode materials is due to the joint action of methanol and oxalic acid derived from dimethyl oxalate hydrolysis. Furthermore, the lithium-containing leaching solution was used to prepare Li3PO4 products with a purity of 99.62 % through crystallization, and the Fe was retained in leach residue in the form of FeC2O4·2H2O with a purity of 99.54 %. These findings provide a reliable reference for environmental protection, selective recovery, and process design of SLFP LIBs.

Influences of Sediment Particles on Air Vessel Water Hammer Protection Effect in the Long-Distance Water Supply Systems

Abstract Long-distance water supply systems are important measures to improve the water resources distribution, and the water hammer protection devices such as air vessels are usually added in the project to ensure the safety and stable operation. However, the sediment particles are always ignored in the design. Hence, a numerical model and program were established for sediment laden water hammer based on the method of characteristics (MOC). Using the proposed model, the water hammer protection influences of sediment particles parameters are simulated for the same pipeline system of a water supply project. The result shows that the resistance loss of sediment-laden water in pipelines is larger than that of water, and the initial head of pump needed to be increased to ensure the water levels of downstream reservoirs are consistent. After power failure and pump stopping, the negative pressure wave of sediment-laden water is 2.97 m higher than that of water, and the theoretical minimum internal pressure along pipelines is 7.8 m lower. With the same air vessel protection, the lowest minimum internal pressure heads along pipelines decrease with the increase of quantities of sediment, while the results show no obvious influence by changes of median particle diameters. The lowest absolute pressure of pipeline could reach −0.69 m under the condition of 50 kg/m3 quantity of sediment and 0.05 mm median particle diameter. The relevant research results are of great significance sediment-laden water hammer numerical simulation and water hammer protection design.

Axial compression performance of steel tube columns filled with slurry-wrapping recycled concrete after exposure to high temperatures

Due to frequent fire accidents and stone scarcity, fire protection design and recycled aggregates are issues that needed to be solved in the construction industry. Steel tubes and slurry-wrapping reinforcement treatment can effectively improve the load-bearing capacity of recycled concrete. This paper reports on the mechanical behavior of slurry-wrapping recycled aggregate concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns after exposure to high temperatures. Three series of 30 CFST columns were designed with the coarse aggregate type and exposure temperature as variation parameters: natural aggregate concrete-filled steel tube (NACFST) column, recycled aggregate concrete-filled steel tube (RACFST) column, and slurry-wrapping recycled aggregate concrete-filled steel tube (SRACFST) column. The results show that the failure pattern of the specimen is less affected by the exposure temperature and the coarse aggregate type. The compressive strength of the RACFST columns is significantly increased after the slurry-wrapping treatment. With the temperature increasing, the ultimate strength tends to increase initially and then drop. Since the recycled concrete has more pores, the compressive strength loss rate of the RACFST columns is lower than that of the NACFST and SRACFST columns at 800 °C. The lateral deformation factor is maintained until the exposure temperature reaches 400 °C and then begins to decrease as the temperature increase. It is not accurate to predict the strength of CFST columns after high temperatures by ultrasonic pulse velocity. The predicted strength of CFST column after high temperatures was compared with design codes, and an equation considering the material strength variation was proposed.

EFFICIENCY OF TREAD ALLOYS FOR VERTICAL STEEL TANKS

The article discusses the use of various protector alloys made of magnesium and aluminum to protect vertical steel tanks when storing oil and oil products. Characteristics of protector alloys made of magnesium or aluminium and their alloys are shown. Data on the rate of selfdissolution of protector alloys depending on the degree of mineralization of bottom water are given. Gravimetric tests were used to calculate the mass index of the corrosion rate and electrochemical tests were used to calculate the efficiency of the anode current density. An empirical equation is shown by which the self-dissolution rate of protector alloys made of aluminum and magnesium alloys can be calculated, and empirical coefficients are given for the case of using protector alloys considered in the work. The obtained empirical dependence will make it possible to predict the rate of self-dissolution of aluminum and magnesium protector alloys. The efficiency of magnesium and aluminum protector alloys was analyzed and the dependence of the efficiency factor on the anode current density for magnesium and aluminum protector alloys was shown. Shows the effectiveness of using aluminum protector alloys to protect vertical steel tanks. It was concluded that the use of aluminum protector alloys is more efficient, since their efficiency is higher than that of magnesium alloys, this is clearly seen in the graph presented in the work on the dependence of the efficiency on the total mineralization of bottom water. The results of the work can be used in the design of protector protection for vertical steel tanks pre-designated for storage of oil and oil products containing produced water of various salinity.