Protection Countermeasures Research Articles

Large radiation accidents: consequences and protective countermeasures

Large radiation accidents: consequences and protective countermeasures

The EPR overall approach for severe accident mitigation

The EPR design includes provisions to cope with severe accidents including core melt situations: - Situations that would lead to large early releases such as containment bypass, high reactivity accidents, high-pressure core melt or global hydrogen detonation have to be prevented. - All other situations, including low pressure core melt have to be mitigated in such a way that the corresponding radiological consequences would necessitate only very limited protective countermeasures in a relatively small area and for a limited time for the population living in the neighborhood of the power plant. This means that there would be no need for permanent relocation, no need for evacuation outside the immediate vicinity of the plant, limited sheltering and no long-term restrictions in food consumption. To reach this objective, which is one of the Safety Authority's requirements, the EPR relies on a very robust containment and on various design measures intended to withstand extreme loads caused by a large range of internal events and external hazards. The deterministic method is used for the EPR safety demonstration, supplemented by probabilistic methods and appropriate R&D work. This paper outlines the major mitigating design features, summarizes the results of the Level 2 PSA and gives the main results of the evaluation of the radiological consequences of core melt on the environment.

Analysis of pedestrian impact using SIMon

Head impact safety is a significant consideration particularly in the design of passenger vehicles. Requirements for head impact protection against the upper interior of a vehicle as well as areas such as instrument panel are covered by the FMVSS 201 regulation in USA. In Europe, safety rules are anticipated for enhancing the head impact safety of pedestrians against the hood (i.e. bonnet) of a vehicle. The recommended test procedures for head impact safety demonstration generally involve the usage of free-motion Hybrid III and spherical headforms. In order to carry out the design of automotive head impact protection countermeasures in an efficient and cost-effective manner, simulation models need to be employed. The present paper deals with a new nonlinear lumped parameter model that can serve as a preliminary design tool. A new aspect of the current model is its ability to account for headform rotation during impact on vehicle targets. The present model is also suitable for parametric studies, and quantitatively assessing the effect of rotational motion of headform on head injury criterion (HIC). Based on results from the current lumped parameter model, it can be said that adherence to FMVSS 201 regulation may also ensure safe levels of rotational acceleration as related to head injury.

Large Radiation Accidents: Consequences and Protective Countermeasures

Large Radiation Accidents: Consequences and Protective Countermeasures

Study of Methods Omitting One Phase's Current Limiting Arcing Horns on Single-phase Distribution Lines

Omitting one phase's current limiting arcing horns on three-phase distribution lines has been applied since 1990's and contributes the costdown for lightning protective countermeasures. Moreover, in order to promote the costdown for the lightning protective countermeasures on single-phase distribution lines, we have investigated the methods omitting one phase's current limiting arcing horns on single-phase distribution lines.When the single-phase distribution line omitting one phase's current limiting arcing horns branches or extends from three-phase distribution line omitting middle phase's current limiting arcing horns, there are possibilities that short circuits are generated between the single-phase distribution line and the three-phase distribution line by a direct lightning stroke.In order to preventing the short circuits outage, we have clarified the conditions that sparkovers generated at some poles and that short circuits continued experimentally and analytically. Based on these conditions, we proposed some effective countermeasures for preventing the short circuits outage on single-phase distribution line omitting one phase's current limiting arcing horns.

システムLSIコアの各種盗用防止機構

Protection countermeasures for the intellectual property (IP) of adopted cores are an important issue in ultra large-scale integrated circuits called system LSI. In this paper, we propose embedding cryptosystems such as a public key system or hash function system with cores to be protected. Which system should be adopted is considered from the viewpoints of importance of the core, efficiency and authentication structure. The soundness of each method is confirmed by trial productions by gate array process, implementation by FPGA, and by computer simulation.

A lumped parameter-based approach for simulation of automotive headform impact with countermeasures

Head impact safety is a significant consideration particularly in the design of passenger vehicles. Requirements for head impact protection against the upper interior of a vehicle as well as areas such as instrument panel are covered by the FMVSS 201 regulation in USA. In Europe, safety rules are anticipated for enhancing the head impact safety of pedestrians against the hood (i.e. bonnet) of a vehicle. The recommended test procedures for head impact safety demonstration generally involve the usage of free-motion Hybrid III and spherical headforms. In order to carry out the design of automotive head impact protection countermeasures in an efficient and cost-effective manner, simulation models need to be employed. The present paper deals with a new nonlinear lumped parameter model that can serve as a preliminary design tool. A new aspect of the current model is its ability to account for headform rotation during impact on vehicle targets. The present model is also suitable for parametric studies, and quantitatively assessing the effect of rotational motion of headform on head injury criterion (HIC). Based on results from the current lumped parameter model, it can be said that adherence to FMVSS 201 regulation may also ensure safe levels of rotational acceleration as related to head injury.

Pedestrian head protection from car impacts

This paper aimed at investigating countermeasures for the head protection of the pedestrians involved in car front impacts. A validated human-body mathematical model was used as a pedestrian substitute in computer simulations of car-pedestrian impacts. The pedestrian head responses to the bonnet top impacts were studied in terms of head injury related parameters that were used to evaluate the risk of pedestrian injuries in vehicle impacts. The influence of the bonnet to responses of the pedestrian head was analysed with varying car-front parameters. Furthermore, the possible protective system was presented.

Chernobyl revisited

The website of Russia's Nuclear Safety Institute (IBRAE) offers fascinating insights into that nation's efforts to take protective countermeasures against the far-reaching consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Two detailed and powerful reports recently posted on the site document (in English and Russian versions) the breadth and scope of these efforts and provide a seemingly unbiased assessment of both achievements and failures.

Experimental study of 2D scour and its protection at a rubble-mound breakwater

This study deals with the 2D scour at the trunk section of a rubble-mound breakwater. Two breakwater models with slopes of 1:1.2 and 1:1.75 are employed for the experimental study of the scour in a wave flume. 2D scour at a vertical-wall breakwater was also included as a reference case. Tests were conducted with both regular waves and irregular waves. It was found that the scour/deposition pattern in front of the rubble-mound breakwater emerges in the form of alternating scour and deposition areas lying parallel to the breakwater, similar to the case of the vertical-wall breakwater. The maximum scour depth, however, was found to be smaller in the present case than that of the vertical-wall breakwater case. In the case of the irregular waves, the scour depth at the breakwater decreases with respect to that experienced in the case of the regular waves. Countermeasures for toe protection were also investigated for the following cases: (1) the protection apron with one layer of stones and (2) that with several layers of stones. The mechanism of slumping down of stones of the protection apron was also considered. The results of the toe protection study are given in the form of diagrams.

1465 子供の歩行者事故のシミュレーション

The number of pedestrian fatalities accounts for about 1/3 of all traffic accident fatalities in Japan. Therefore, Many car to adult pedestrian accident analyses were carried out to propose countermeasure for protection of pedestrian. But, so far, the study of car to child pedestrian accident has not been conducted so much. So, In this paper, car to child pedestrian accident analyses are conducted to examine how vehicle shape influence the kinematics and injury risks of child pedestrians using MADYMO (Mathematical Dynamic Mode). As a car model, three types of vehicle were selected, small size sedan, SUV and 1BOX. To obtain the real force-deformation interaction between head and vehicle parts, three head impactor tests were performed. The results of simulations shows that SUV has high aggressiveness for child head due to the stiffness of hood edge. And 1BOX and SUV have high possibility to injury chest.

Lethal factors of diseases and protective countermeasures of wild and penned Giant pandas

Statistical analysis of certain major diseases lethal to the animal was carried out through on-spot investigations and consultations to related documentary materials. The results show that the first serious lethal factor is digestive system diseases. Next comes malnutrition and organic exhaustion. In order of decremental percentages, other diseases are roundworm disease, epilepsy, toxicosis, pneumonia, tumor, pericarditis, etc.. In relation to 54 wild giant pandas taken for statistics, the death of malnutrition, organic exhaustion caused accounts for 42.78%. In order of reducing percentages, other diseases are roundworm disease, toxicosis, epilepsy, etc.. Based on the statistics of 22 penned giant pandas, the death out of the digestive system diseases comes first, accounting for 63.64%. Other diseases in order of decremental proportion are epilepsy, organic exhaustion, etc., Gastroenteric hemorrhage is one of the highest mortality in digestive system diseases, the next comes orderly roundworm disease, hemorrhage, gatroenteritis and intestinal obstruction. The mortality of the sub-adults is the highest, accounting for 64.29%, or 2.6 times as that of the adults, or 7 times as that of the aged giant pandas. Some prevention measures of diseases for Giant pandas were also discussed in this paper.

Simulation of Countermeasures to Diminish Radionuclide Fluxes from the Chernobyl Zone via Aquatic Pathways

The influence on hydraulic countermeasures in the Chernobyl zone on the radioactive contamination of the Pripyat river and Dnieper reservoirs is studied on the basis of the set of mathematical models of radionuclide aquatic transport. The models are validated using post-accidental monitoring data. The most efficient countermeasure for water protection after the Chernobyl accident was the dam construction on the left-bank Pripyat River floodplain at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. The effectiveness of the continuation of this project by the right-bank dam construction is evaluated by means of simulating the 90Sr concentration in the Pripyat River and the Dnieper reservoirs.

The Role of Social and Psychological Factors in Radiation Protection after Accidents

The inclusion of social and psychological factors in the justification and optimisation of intervention after an accident requires identification of the relevant factors and their appropriate quantification. Recent studies suggest a possible approach. Some social and psychological factors either influence the consequences of radiation protection countermeasures, or are direct consequences of those measures. Such factors can be grouped into those that alter the dose-effectiveness of a countermeasure, those that extend the need for countermeasures in time or space, and those that fall into neither of the first two categories. Factors of the first two types can be quantified in terms of changes to the anticipated averted dose and monetary cost of a countermeasure. Quantification of the third type is currently difficult, but the existence of structural models for applications in social psychology suggests that such models could be developed for radiation protection in the future.

Effects on Dams

ABSTRACT Immediately after the earthquake, emergency inspections of dams were carried out in a wide area around the epicenter, and Public Works Research Institute made inspection visits to dam sites to investigate the effects on the dams. Their results are reported in this report. Emergency inspections and investigation by PWRI confirmed that there was no major damage to dams, excluding some slight effects, nor other problems seriously affecting dam safety or requiring immediate protective countermeasures. Meanwhile many acceleration records were obtained at dam foundations, and they are also showed in this report.

Investigation and protection countermeasures of water environmental quality in Qiandao Lake

通过1992~1993年千岛湖水质、底质、生物和污染源调查,对其水环境质量和污染物输入作了综合评价。结果表明,千岛湖水质状况良好;但局部水域水质污染逐年加重,湖泊已属中营养状态。非点源辖入量占入湖污染总量的95%,其中50%来自上游安徽来水。建立了对流扩散模型并进行水质预测,提出了千岛湖水环境保护对策。;On the basis of investigation from 1992 to 1993 on water quality, sediment, biology and pollution sources of Qiandao Lake, the status of water environmental quality in Qiandao Lake and total input of pollutants into the lake were comprehensively assessed.The result indicates that the water quality in Qiandao Lake remains well, while the water quality pollution in local region increases with years and trophic status tends to become mesotrophic.50% of non-point pollution load, equivalent to 95% of total input of pollutants into the Iakef were derived from the upper rivers of Anhui Province.A convection diffusion model of water quality was established and the water quality was predicated.Some protection countermeasures of water env-iornmental quality in Qiandao Lake were suggested.

特集・製品アセスメント・廃棄物処理・再資源化ヨーロッパ（フランス・ドイツ）調査報告 ハンガリーの環境保全対策調査

特集・製品アセスメント・廃棄物処理・再資源化ヨーロッパ（フランス・ドイツ）調査報告 ハンガリーの環境保全対策調査

FACILITY-SPECIFIC CONTINGENCY PLANNING UNDER THE OIL SPCC REGULATIONS

ABSTRACT Under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Oil Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasures (SPCC) program, facilities must complete an oil spill prevention and control plan. If a facility is unable to complete a control plan, a contingency plan must be completed in accordance with the SPCC regulations. A recent EPA SPCC Program Task Force found these regulations to be inadequate in several areas, including mandatory facility-specific contingency planning. Contingency planning should be conducted in a three-phase approach: completing risk assessment of the specific facility, determining the manner in which identified risks will be managed, and preparing for the execution of contingency plans during a spill emergency. A risk assessment of a facility subject to the SPCC regulations consists of hazard identification, vulnerability and exposure analysis, and event and fault tree analysis. Risk management consists of various components, including the identification of personnel, equipment, emergency procedures, and waste disposal options. The execution of a contingency plan depends upon accessibility of the appropriate equipment, which may include trucks, boats, communication systems, booms, and dispersants. Contingency plans for facilities covered under the SPCC regulations should provide specific information related to notification procedures, spill response, and mitigation.

Conducting Radio Astronomy in the EMC Environment

Radio signals from pulsars and distant galaxies are difficult enough to detect on their own, but the problems encountered in making accurate astronomical observations at microwave frequencies are greatly compounded by terrestrial sources of electromagnetic interference (EMI). This paper discusses a wide variety of EMI sources as they affect the operation of radio-astronomy telescopes. These sources can be as simple as a pulsing automotive spark plug or as complex as an aircraft-to-aircraft radio transmission. Various protective countermeasures can be taken; however, compatibility between sensitive microwave receivers and the rest of the radio-frequency (RF) world has yet to be achieved.

LARGE-SCALE LANDFORM TRANSFORMATION DUE TO THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN KOBE CITY, JAPAN

This paper describes the large-scale post-World War II urban development and the counter-measures planned for environmental protection and disaster prevention in the municipality of Kobe. The following is the summary. 1. The urban development has progressed with rapidity since the 1960's. 2. The large-scale development was initially concentrated in piedmont areas near the central section of the city but has been gradually expanded to remote mountaineous areas, mountain tops and hill areas. 3. The acreage of development per development program was approximately 20 ha in the beginning but has been gradually enlarged to above 50 to 60 ha. 4. Public undertaking predominates in the development. 5. This large-scale development was purposed to obtain rock and soil required for the reclamation of land along the coastal area, because of the solution of deficiency of flat land areas in Kobe City and also of the prevention of mountain slope slide disaster. 6. The reclaimed land was intended for enlargement of port facilities, public utility, industrial and residential areas. 7. Various countermeasures for environmental protection and disaster prevention have been studied in planning the civil engineering works for this large-scale development program The details are itemized as follows: 1) the suitability of a place getting of rock and soil used for the waterfront reclamation and the conservation of landscape 2) methods of cutting mountains 3) transportation methods of rock and soil 4) prevention of sediment transport due to heavy rainfalls during and after cutting works 5) flood control systems 6) slope stability 7) prevention of changes in the wind system 8) assessment of changes of ground-water flows by reclamation works 9) the others