Protection Abroad Research Articles

Economic and Legal Aspects of Intellectual Property Protection Abroad

In the context of the rapid development of technology, science and digitalization, the expansion of cross-border relations between states, the active entry of artificial intelligence into the daily life of society, human intellectual activity and the protection of the rights of the results of his creative work is the most pressing issue. For a long time, the legal regulation of relations arising from the use of intellectual property was considered exclusively the object of domestic legal relations, and did not go beyond its limits. National structures have tried in different ways to balance the interests of the owner of an intellectual property object and consumers seeking free access to these objects. Since the release of intellectual property beyond the borders of one state, problems have arisen of inconsistency in the legislative framework protecting the interests of the actor of the intellectual property object. In turn, this leads to the loss of new technologies and scientifi c developments by countries, and at the level of individuals to the loss of royalties. Taking into account the fact that intellectual property products permeate all spheres of the economy and national economy, we are forced to block the exchange of scientifi c research and technical developments at the international level in order to prevent theft of an intellectual product. In order to protect the rights of the owner of an object of creative work at the international level, and free, unhindered access to these objects by the entire world community, it is necessary to bring the legislative regulation of intellectual property rights beyond the supranational level, and regulate this law enforcement object by international organizations, applying the norms of international law. This scientifi c research is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the protection of intellectual property rights abroad. The authors state that the legal regime of the state plays an important role, in the territory of which a number of powers of the owner of the object to protect their own rights are determined.

Geographical Indication of Fruit Crops in India and Its Protection Abroad

This paper explores the importance of Geographical Indications (GIs) as important tools to protect traditional products and knowledge unique to specific geographical regions, emphasizing India's role in this global framework. Using both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, we have analyzed the development, benefits, and challenges of the GI system in India, drawing from historical data, legal documentation, and recent GI registrations. Our findings highlight the critical impact of GIs on cultural preservation, rural development, legal frameworks, and marketing strategies. Furthermore, the study examines India's commitments under international agreements like TRIPS and the consequent domestic legislative actions. Highlighting recent GI registrations, particularly in the fruit sector, we have elucidated the various benefits of GIs to consumers, producers, and geographic regions alike. The paper is concluded by advocating for the strengthening and continuous evolution of the GI system to further harness its potential for cultural and economic enrichment

Loops of Violence(s) Within Europe’s Governance of Migration in Libya, Italy, Greece, and Belgium

Studies have reported alarmingly high rates of traumatic experiences for refugee populations. While nearly all refugees experienced trauma in their country of origin, a vast majority of those seeking protection abroad also face (extreme) violence during their journeys and once in the country of destination. By concentrating on the migratory experiences of about 300 unaccompanied minors that we approached in Libya, Italy, Greece, and Belgium, this article analyses how different forms of violence are inflicted on these young migrants while moving to Europe. By concentrating on personal accounts of (recurrent) interactions with the EU migration and border management tools, we reveal the structural violence within the day-to-day governance of migration. Often framed as unintended or accidental, the article discusses how violence is instead ubiquitous, as it is systematically inflicted on migrants—including unaccompanied minors—in the form of repeated series of violent events or “loops of violence.” Importantly, such manifestations of violence are perpetrated by key institutional and non-institutional actors in the “migration industry” who are (in)directly involved in managing migration both inside and outside of the EU. Conceptually, we rely on K. E. Dempsey’s political geography of the different typologies of violence within Europe’s governance of migration and asylum and use it to concentrate on key transitional phases/fractures in migratory trajectories—i.e., as unaccompanied young migrants (try to) cross international borders and legal boundaries.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY PROTECTION IN CROSS-BORDER RELATIONS IN THE PRESENT-DAY CONDITIONS

The author has investigated the basic principles of industrial property protection in their dynamic development in cross-border relations. The author elucidates the territorial principle of industrial property protection in the context of the necessity to overcome it. It is noted that in most industrial property cases the principle of territoriality (territorial independence of protection in respect of objects of industrial property) is more often used as compared with copyright cases.In fact, States create certain conditions for overcoming the (partial) territorial principle of protection when, at the international level, international protection mechanisms are being developed to protect industrial property. The creation of such mechanisms obliges the States to recognize declaratory documents (international applications) and single sign-ons (international registrations), to provide protection to the facility that has been granted protection abroad (e.g. in the case of appellation of origin or geographical indication registered in the country of origin). Indeed, such an overcoming is conditional, but it always reflects the interests of applicants and rights holders and seems to be extremely important in the modern context of globalization, expanding markets and cross-border technology exchange.At the same time, at the current stage of development of the system of the legal regulation of industrial property in cross-border relations, the principle of national treatment on the basis of unified action of international mechanisms applied for the industrial property protection has been partly transformed into the principle of the international treatment extending the common rules for establishing rights to industrial property on actors from a large number of countries.It would be possible to speak about overcoming the territorial principle of protection if the fundamental principle of protection of industrial property — the principle of national treatment — were transformed into the principle of international treatment.The author highlights an important character of the principle of conventional priority and the need for its extension to other objects of industrial property except for those in respect of which priority is not inherently possible (appellations of origin, geographical indications, indications of origin). The problem of implementation of the principle of exhibition priority has been explored separately.

Design of Information Collecting System Towards The Song Dynasty Wooden Hall of Baoguo Temple, Ningbo

Abstract. Baoguo Temple is located half way up Lingshan Mountain in Northern Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China. The main hall of Baoguo Temple is Song dynasty wooden structure. As the oldest wooden architecture in Jiangnan, China, it is a national major protective historical relic. In 2005, Baoguo Temple Ancient Architecture Museum was set up and opens to the outside world. From 2007, to be able to protect it more effectively and foreseeably, Baoguo Temple Ancient Architecture Museum began to build information collecting systems towards historical architectures using modern information technology. After comparing correlated studies both at home and abroad, we found that: heritage protection abroad started earlier than us, and it has already established thorough protection system, relevant protection mechanism, and also issued relevant protection laws and regulations. The technology which was utilized in protection abroad was not only limited in RS, GIS, GPS, VR, but also included many emerging technology such as using a computational fluid dynamics model to simulate the condition of temperature and humidity. The main body of this paper are going to talk about four parts: the first one is existing information system. In this part, we’ll introduce the information collecting system, which was preliminarily built in 2007 in Baoguo Temple Ancient Architecture Museum. Using the modern digital computer information technology, researchers can gradually check and acquire the information of the material of relics, the condition of the structure stress and the natural environmental information, which may probably affect the cultural architecture. And this part may be divided into information collection, information management and exhibition. The second part is update scheme design of original information collecting equipment and technology. Original information collecting system of microenvironment is relatively independent and data haven’t been included in the management of the system. The original sensors transmit signal by wire and it would be interfered each other when they work together, and then it may cause congestion sometimes. Otherwise, the original system has been working continuously for seven years and it can’t adapt to the new computer hardware and operating system. Then, this part may be divided into data integration of information collection, equipment upgrading and adding of information collecting point, upgrade of information management and exhibition system. The third part is scheme design of newly added information collecting projects. After understanding the exposed disadvantages before, the added projects may include real-time information collection of groundwater level and quantity, surface water quantity and velocity, mountain landslide, vibration of the main hall, material of wood construction of the main hall, structure of the main hall, the condition of key components of the main hall, air pollution such as the concentration of SO2, PM2.5, O2, CO2 and information collection of insect pest such as termite. After collecting information by many ways, the fourth part is to talk about comprehensive application of collecting information. This part may include comprehensive analysis of collecting information, management application of collecting information, publishing of collecting information and exhibition of information collecting system. Therefore, through this research, we want to develop information collecting work more perfectly and entirely and protect historical heritages more scientifically and effectively.

Book Reviews : A Traveller's Guide to Health Protection Abroad by W. H. Jopling. Published by The Book Guild Ltd., 1985. Price: £6.75. Hardback. Pp 110. ISBN: 0 86332 035 X

Book Reviews : A Traveller's Guide to Health Protection Abroad by W. H. Jopling. Published by The Book Guild Ltd., 1985. Price: £6.75. Hardback. Pp 110. ISBN: 0 86332 035 X

Legal protection abroad of inventions in the field of pharmacy

Legal protection abroad of inventions in the field of pharmacy

Copyright Protection Abroad for United States Cultural Exports

W ITH the advent of the twentieth century, and its continuing remarkable and varied developments in the communication of intelligence, has come an interesting change in the position of the United States of America in the cultural exchanges of the world. While during the nineteenth century the United States was an importer of culture, during the twentieth century this nation has become an exporter. This change has been an inevitable accompaniment of the emergence of the United States as a leader, among the nations of the world. The intellectual products of Americans increasingly have entered into the world channels of performance and publication, not only in English, but in all languages. From the earliest days of this century, motion pictures produced by Americans enjoyed unusual acceptance, particularly with the absence of a language barrier during the first thirty years of silents. Today, with dubbed sound tracks or translated subtitles for the non-English speaking countries, the spectacular pictures, such as Gone With the Wind, Around the World in Eighty Days, Ten Commandments, and Ben Hur, are compiling receipts in all countries that are spectacular in themselves. Of similarly great importance is the enthusiastic reception of recordings of American popular music in most of the market places of the world, including those of the Soviet Union. The older American movies are now moving into foreign television channels. United States producers and publishers comb all possible world sources of material suitable for stage play, motion picture, book, and musical publication and performances, not only for the United States market, but for adaptation into our own unique creative idioms for exploitation domestically and abroad. This is especially the case in our giant motion picture production industry whose American production investments depend upon the expectation that slightly over fifty-four per cent of its income comes from foreign

National Bank of Egypt v. Austro-Hungarian Bank.

Claims — Nationality of — Protectorates — Effect of Termination of Protectorate.Individuals — Rights Conferred by Treaty — International Changes Subsequent to the Treaty — Effect on Private Rights — Effect of Termination of British Protectorate over Egypt.Nationality — In Protectorates — “Ressortissants” — Distinguished from Nationals — Protection Abroad — Effect of Termination of Protectorate.Treaties — Operation of — Private Rights — International Changes Subsequent to the Treaty — Effect on Private Rights.Protectorates — Nationality in — Protection Abroad — Effect of Termination of Protectorate — Termination of British Protectorate over Egypt — Nationals of Protectorates as Ressortissants — Section IV of the Treaty of St. Germain — French Text — Ressortissants and Nationals.

The History of the Department of State IX

The highest duty of an American diplomatic or consular officer is to protect citizens of the United States in lawful pursuit of their affairs in foreign countries. The document issued in authentication of the right to such protection is the passport.Broadly speaking, the Department issues two kinds of passports — those for citizens and those for persons who are not citizens. Citizens’ passports are ordinary and special; aliens’ passports are for travel in the United States and for qualified protection abroad of those who have taken the first steps to become American citizens.The citizen’s passport is the only document issued by the Department of State to authenticate the citizenship of an American going abroad. The Act of August 18, 1856, makes the issuance to one who is not a citizen a penal offense if it is committed by a consular officer. Before this law was passed the Department did not issue the document to aliens; but it was permitted to this government’s agents abroad sometimes to issue it to others than American citizens. The Personal Instructions to the Diplomatic Agents of the United States of 1853 said: They sometimes receive applications for such passports from citizens of other countries; but these are not regularly valid, and should be granted only under special circumstances, as may sometimes occur in the case of foreigners coming to the United States.

Citizenship of the United States, Expatriation and Protection Abroad. (House of Representatives, Document No. 326, Fifty-ninth Congress, Second Session. Washington. 1906. Pp. 538.)

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Citizenship and Allegiance in Constitutional and International Law

The recent report on Citizenship of the United States, Expatriation, and Protection Abroad, together with the work of Mr. Van Dyne on Citizenship of the United States, and the invaluable Digest of International Law, by Prof. John Bassett Moore, render easily accessible and readily comprehensible the principles of the American law with reference to the status of our citizens and of aliens for the time being within our territorial limits. At the same time, however, these publications make more evident the fact that, in many instances, the conflicting claims of two or more states upon the same individual are settled rather by mutual concessions than upon principle; that legal and political rights are asserted, but with an understanding, more or less explicit, that under given circumstances they will not be exercised. Thus, by a legislative act, legally binding upon our executive and judicial officers, we have declared the right of the individual to expatriate himself to be an absolute and indefeasible one, and that the naturalized American citizen is to have the same rights and is to receive the same protection as the native-born citizen, whether or not the state of original allegiance consents to the expatriation thus involved. In practice, this law, thus formally declared, has never been rigidly enforced, for the very good reason that to attempt to do so would lead to constant and serious international difficulties.

An Act in Reference to the Expatriation of Citizens and their Protection Abroad, 1907

An Act in Reference to the Expatriation of Citizens and their Protection Abroad, 1907

Report on the Subject of Citizenship, Expatriation, and Protection Abroad. By Mr. James B. Scott, Solicitor for the Department of State, Mr. David Jayne Hill, Minister of the United States to the Netherlands, and Mr. Gaillard Hunt, Chief of the Passport Bureau. Accompanying the Letter of the Secretary of State to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, December 18,

Report on the Subject of Citizenship, Expatriation, and Protection Abroad. By Mr. James B. Scott, Solicitor for the Department of State, Mr. David Jayne Hill, Minister of the United States to the Netherlands, and Mr. Gaillard Hunt, Chief of the Passport Bureau. Accompanying the Letter of the Secretary of State to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, December 18,