Protection Elements Research Articles

Novel Chromium–Silicon Slurry Coatings for Hot Corrosion Environments

Ni-based superalloys are commonly used in gas turbines because of their exceptional high-temperature mechanical properties. To secure a long service life, the materials must also have sufficient corrosion resistance. Therefore, diffusion coatings are widely used to enrich the surface in protective oxide scale-forming elements. For temperatures between 650 and 950 °C, where hot corrosion occurs, Cr-based coatings are advantageous. These are commonly applied via the laborious pack cementation process. Recently, a novel cost-effective Cr/Si slurry coating process has been developed which demonstrated resistance to oxidative high-temperature environments. Here, the protection of the slurry coatings against hot corrosion type I at 900 °C on the Ni-based superalloy Rene 80 is investigated and compared to coatings produced by pack cementation. Prior to the 300-h exposures in air containing 0.1% SO2 at 900 °C, 4 mg/cm2 of Na2SO4 was deposited on the material surfaces. The uncoated Rene 80 exhibited rapid dissolution of the initial oxide scale followed by catastrophic break away oxidation. In comparison, the slurry coatings showed significantly improved hot corrosion resistance compared to the uncoated alloy and a better protection than a Cr pack cementation coating. The Cr pack cemented Rene 80 showed improved hot corrosion resistance, but Cr depletion in the subsurface zone occurred with increasing exposure time, associated with the propagation of Al internal oxidation and increasing sulfidation. In contrast, the slurry coatings formed an external Cr2O3 scale coupled with an agglomeration of SiO2 underneath and a continuous Al2O3 subscale which offered a better diffusion barrier and leading to superior long-term protection against hot corrosion.

Research on cognitive impairment and potential risk factors in peritoneal dialysis patients: An observational study.

The objective of this study is to investigate the associated risk factors and their effects on cognitive impairment (CI) in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the basic information of 268 patients who underwent continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) at our hospital from January 2020 to September 2023. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale during their subsequent dialysis visits. Participants were categorized into a CI group and a cognitively normal group. Blood and other biological samples were collected for relevant biomarker analysis. Subsequently, we analyzed and compared the factors influencing CI between the 2 groups. The prevalence of CI among CAPD patients was 58.2%. Compared to the cognitively normal group, the CI group had a higher prevalence of alcohol consumption, lower levels of education, and reduced serum uric acid levels (P < .05). There was also a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus in the CI group (P < .05). In terms of dialysis efficacy, the residual kidney Kt/V and residual kidney Ccr were significantly lower in the CI group compared to the cognitively normal group. In blood parameters, the CI group showed elevated total cholesterol levels and lower serum calcium concentrations (P < .05). Logistic regression analysis identified male gender, older age, lower educational attainment, hypercholesterolemia, and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels as independent risk factors for CI in CAPD patients (P < .05). Additionally, in this patient cohort, dialysis duration and residual renal function were protective factors against CI (P < .05). CI is prevalent among PD patients. Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, male gender, older age, lower educational attainment, and hypercholesterolemia constitute an independent risk factor for CI in CAPD patients, whereas residual renal function acts as a protective element.

Development of a Nuclear Safety and Security Integration Assessment Tool for Research Reactors and Associated Facilities.

Nuclear safety and security are essential elements of radiation protection. Integration of nuclear safety and security provides a means to identify conflict and synergy points. Research has not been performed to enable integrated practices at the facility level. A tool was developed through research to help staff and regulators assess the level of integration practiced within a research reactor. This tool aims to improve the identification of synergistic and conflict points. Eight criteria of nuclear safety and security integration were used to create the integration assessment tool: access control, transportation, emergency response, proper disposal of materials, testing and maintenance, defense in depth, training and education, and culture. The tool's final score can range from 0.0375 to 1, with a score of 1 indicating complete integration. The tool was used by research reactor staff to assess practiced integrative techniques. The testing and maintenance criterion scored the highest level of integration (0.84). Training and education and culture scored the lowest levels of integration (0.50). The areas with the highest scores identified points of actively practiced integration. In contrast, those areas with lower scores indicated a lack of integrative practices. The total integration score was 0.69. This tool determined that the facility practiced an adequate level of integration. By analyzing integration levels with this tool, a measurable standard of integrative practices can be employed to achieve improved radiation protection.

Impact of differences between the Nuclear Law Act and the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage on the Terms and Conditions of Nuclear Civil Liability Insurance2nd Part

This article is the second part of the publication with the same title, which appeared in the issue no. 4/2023 of the “Insurance Law”. The first part discussed selected differences in the regulation of civil liability of the operator of a nuclear installation for nuclear personal injury between the Nuclear Law Act and the Vienna Convention. Those included the definition of nuclear personal injury, the limitation period for claims for such injury and the rules for seeking compensation thereof. The Vienna Convention sets minimum protection standards in the event of nuclear damage, which has served as a benchmark for developing the principle of civil liability insurance of the operator of a nuclear installation for nuclear damage.The second part of the article deals with practical issues and provides a summary of the most crucial information concerning nuclear insurance market. It clarifies the notion of a nuclear insurer and their available insurance options. It also discusses the major elements of the civil liability protection for nuclear damage which differ from the rules of the insured’s civil liability specified by law. Finally, it addresses obstacles which may hinder the offering of this type of insurance as compulsory insurance under national legislation. This Article concerns solely the rules for civil liability for nuclear personal injury suffered as a result of operating the nuclear power plant. Insurance aspects related to the transport of nuclear material from nuclear facilities, the operation of research reactors and radioactive waste repositories have been omitted.

If at First You Don’t Succeed… A Critique of the Australian Human Rights Act Proposal and the Inquiry into Australia’s Human Rights Framework

Australia, being rather an outlier, does not have a national Bill of Rights. The Australian Human Rights Commission (‘AHRC’) has recently sought to reinvigorate the issue, recommending the enactment of an Australian Human Rights Act. Its proposed model went before the Commonwealth Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights, as part of the Inquiry into Australia’s Human Rights Framework. This article considers the need and support for an Australian Human Rights Act, incorporating recent developments during the COVID-19 pandemic. It provides a detailed critique of the AHRC’s proposed model and elements for human rights protection. In doing so, the article draws upon the experiences of certain Australian state and territory jurisdictions with Bills of Rights. It concludes by strongly endorsing the AHRC’s proposed model, subject to some reservations (about a participation duty, equal access to justice duty and power to exempt certain public authorities) and suggested clarifications or enhancements.

Supeltas dalam Tinjauan Asas Kepastian Hukum

Volunteer traffic controllers (Supeltas) continue to increment along with the increase in traffic flow. Their existence has a two-sided assessment, some welcoming their presence and others rejecting it. Departing from the opinion or information that supeltas have an explication legal basis in the traffic and transportation regulation, the researcher tries to analyze deeper. How is the legal framework of supeltas and how is the position of supeltas in terms of the principle of legal certainty. The purpose of this research is first, to see and describe the position of supeltas in terms of the principle of legal certainty. Second, as material for further research that focuses on the issue of traffic order in legal science perspective. This research uses descriptive analytical with normative juridical research, with a research approach used statue approach and library approach. The kind of data used is secondary consisting of primary legal materials such as regulations and undang-undang, secondary legal materials law like books, scientific journals of law, other scientific journals and tertiary materials such as websites, electronic mass media news, legal and general encyclopedias, language dictionaries. The results showed that the rules of supeltas has not fulfilled the principles of legal certainty and defined authority and has not fulfilled the elements of legal protection for all parties including the traffic control volunteers themselves.

Enhancing LBE corrosion resistance through inhibition diffusion approach for AlTixCrFe HEA coating

High-entropy alloy (HEA), when used as coating materials for structural steel in lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) nuclear reactor, faces severe dissolution corrosion due to the diffusion of their constituents along grain boundaries. In order to mitigate dissolution corrosion, a method to enhance the LBE corrosion resistance of HEA is proposed by utilizing a second phase to inhibit elemental diffusion at grain boundaries. Herein, we used the laser cladding technique to prepare a series of biphase AlTixCrFe HEA coating with a body-centered cubic primary phase and a TiAl second phase. During the LBE corrosion process, a single-layer oxide layer (OL) formed on the HEA coating surface, and meanwhile there existed an internal oxidation zone (IOZ) formed beneath the single-layer OL at AlTixCrFe HEA coating interface, which gradually converted into the single-layer OL as the corrosion time prolonged. After 2000 h of corrosion, AlTi0.75CrFe HEA coating exhibited the lowest OL thickness (8.1 μm) and oxidation rate (0.065 μm2/h) because Al, Ti, and Cr acted as protective elements, rapidly forming a protective OL on the surface. Meanwhile, the presence of TiAl second phase at the grain boundaries impeded the mobility of elements, which improved the dissolution corrosion resistance and diminished its destructive impact on the protective OL.

How the Microbiota May Affect Celiac Disease and What We Can Do.

Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disease with a strong association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA), characterized by the production of specific autoantibodies and immune-mediated enterocyte killing. CeD is a unique autoimmune condition, as it is the only one in which the environmental trigger is known: gluten, a storage protein present in wheat, barley, and rye. How and when the loss of tolerance of the intestinal mucosa to gluten occurs is still unknown. This event, through the activation of adaptive immune responses, enhances epithelial cell death, increases the permeability of the epithelial barrier, and induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in the transition from genetic predisposition to the actual onset of the disease. While the role of gastrointestinal infections as a possible trigger has been considered on the basis of a possible mechanism of antigen mimicry, a more likely alternative mechanism appears to involve a complex disruption of the gastrointestinal microbiota ecosystem triggered by infections, rather than the specific effect of a single pathogen on intestinal mucosal homeostasis. Several lines of evidence show the existence of intestinal dysbiosis that precedes the onset of CeD in genetically at-risk subjects, characterized by the loss of protective bacterial elements that both epigenetically and functionally can influence the response of the intestinal epithelium leading to the loss of gluten tolerance. We have conducted a literature review in order to summarize the current knowledge about the complex and in part still unraveled dysbiosis that precedes and accompanies CeD and present some exciting new data on how this dysbiosis might be prevented and/or counteracted. The literature search was conducted on PubMed.gov in the time frame 2010 to March 2024 utilizing the terms "celiac disease and microbiota", "celiac disease and microbiome", and "celiac disease and probiotics" and restricting the search to the following article types: Clinical Trials, Meta-Analysis, Review, and Systematic Review. A total of 364 papers were identified and reviewed. The main conclusions of this review can be outlined as follows: (1) quantitative and qualitative changes in gut microbiota have been clearly documented in CeD patients; (2) intestinal microbiota's extensive and variable interactions with enterocytes, viral and bacterial pathogens and even gluten combine to impact the inflammatory immune response to gluten and the loss of gluten tolerance, ultimately affecting the pathogenesis, progression, and clinical expression of CeD; (3) gluten-free diet fails to restore the eubiosis of the digestive tract in CeD patients, and also negatively affects microbial homeostasis; (4) new tools allowing targeted microbiota therapy, such as the use of probiotics (a good example being precision probiotics like the novel strain of B. vulgatus (20220303-A2) begin to show exciting potential applications.

Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis L.)—A Versatile Grass: A Review

Smooth brome (Bromus inermis L.) is a species of perennial grass with growing economic importance. Initially, this species had attracted interest as a source of animal feed. Over the years, the interest in smooth brome increased significantly due to the growing knowledge about its advantages. The aim of this study was to explore the contemporary significance of smooth brome. This plant is characterized by a high tolerance to many negative environmental factors, such as periodic droughts, low temperatures and salinity, which contributes to its constant presence in the landscape of many countries. The moderate soil requirements of smooth brome, combined with the effective use of soil resources and rational nutrient utilization, contribute to high biomass yields that can reach 13 t/ha DM. The usefulness of this grass species in various management systems has been recognized in numerous research studies. Smooth brome can generate benefits in many branches of the economy. This efficient energy plant is used in paper production, and it is also recommended for the protection of fallow land or the reclamation of degraded land. Smooth brome prevents erosion, enhances biodiversity, and provides shelter for many animal species. This species fits well into the current assumptions of agricultural policy and increasingly demanding environmental standards. According to the latest guidelines, modern agriculture should pursue economic and environmental goals simultaneously. In this context, smooth brome constitutes a valuable link in sustainable development. Due to its numerous advantages, smooth brome not only provides high-quality feed and biomass but also effectively sequesters CO2, improves soil fertility and enhances biodiversity, which makes it an important element of agriculture and environmental protection.

ENSEÑANZAS DE LA PANDEMIA COVID-19. EXPERIENCIA DE UN COMITÉ ÉTICO-CIENTÍFICO UNIVERSITARIO

This presentation communicates the lessons learned by the COVID-19 epidemic during the op­eration of the Human Research Ethics Committee,Faculty of Medicine,University of Chile during the first three years of the pandemic. Between 2020 and 2022 we received 806 projects,which meant an increase of 20% compared to the 672 projects of the pre-pandemic triennium (2017­2019). Additionally, it was necessary to keep the committee operating completely telematically to avoid contagion and giving priority to COVID-19 projects,without affecting the rigor of its analysis. To this end, the length and frequency of the sessions were increased,adapting instru­ments and procedures. Among the lessons learned from this operation,the following stand out: 1) Management of digital document, telematic and recorded sessions, approval certificates and proceedings of sessions sent by email and use of electronic signatures. 2) Adaptation of procedures to prevent contagion: application of remote informed consent, dispatch of docu­ments via the internet, replacement of visits by video-calls, use of individualized transport and personal protection elements in face-to-face activities. 3) Improvement in computer capacity and security, to safeguard the confidentiality of meetings, resolutions and communications. 4) Increase of the memory of the computers,to increase the storage capacity of the committee. 5) Implementation of an electronic platform for the management of processed projects. Most of these changes implemented in pandemic are durable and can be expected to become mastered over the course of their repeated application.

Construction of the Concept of Future Self as an Element of Protection

Construction of the Concept of Future Self as an Element of Protection

Evaluation of the causal effects of immune cells on ischemic stroke: a Mendelian randomization study.

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a cerebrovascular disease caused by various factors, and its etiology remains inadequately understood. The role of immune system dysfunction in IS has been increasingly recognized. Our objective was to evaluate whether circulating immune cells causally impact IS risk. We conducted two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses to evaluate the causal effects of 731 immune cell traits on IS, utilizing publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics for 731 immune cell traits as exposure data, and two GWAS statistics for IS as outcome data. A set of sensitivity analyses, including Cochran's Q test, I 2 statistics, MR-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO global test, and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses, were performed to assess the robustness of the results. Additionally, meta-analyses were conducted to combine the results from the two different IS datasets. Finally, we extracted instrumental variables of immune cell traits with causal effects on IS in both IS datasets for SNP annotation. A total of 41 and 35 immune cell traits were identified to have significant causal effects on IS based on two different IS datasets, respectively. Among them, the immune cell trait CD62L- plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell AC and CD4+ CD8dim T cell%leukocyte respectively served as risk factor and protective element in both IS datasets. The robustness of the causal effects was confirmed through the sensitivity analyses. The results of the meta-analyses further support the causal effects of CD62L- plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell AC (pooled OR=1.030, 95%CI: 1.011-1.049, P=0.002) and CD4+ CD8dim T cell%leukocyte (pooled OR=0.959, 95%CI: 0.935-0.984, P=0.001). Based on these two immune cell traits, 33 genes that may be related to the causal effects were mapped. Our study demonstrated the potential causal effects of circulating immune cells on IS, providing valuable insights for future studies aimed at preventing IS.

Exploring the association between the Arabic version of the Traffic Locus of Control, driving behavior, and road traffic crashes: A multidimensional approach.

The Traffic Locus of Control scale (T-LOC) serves as a measure of drivers' personality attributes, providing insights into their perceptions of potential causes of road traffic crashes (RTCs). This study meticulously evaluated the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of T-LOC (T-LOC-A) among Lebanese drivers. Additionally, the study aimed to explore associations between the T-LOC scale and various driving variables, including driver behavior, accident involvement, and traffic offenses. A cross-sectional study was conducted among Lebanese drivers using a face-to-face approach. The validation of the Arabic version of T-LOC (T-LOC-A) occurred through a two-stage process: translating and culturally adapting T-LOC in the first stage, and testing its psychometric properties in the second stage. Data were collected using a comprehensive self-reported questionnaire in Arabic, covering demographic and travel-related variables, risk involvement, and measures such as the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) and T-LOC. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed to scrutinize the factorial structure of T-LOC. Pearson correlation and chi-square tests were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Two logistic regression analyses were executed to probe associations between T-LOC and involvement in road traffic crashes (RTCs) and T-LOC subscales with the occurrence of traffic offenses. The study included 568 drivers, predominantly male (69%) and aged between 30 and 49 years (42.1%). The findings revealed that T-LOC-A exhibited robust psychometric properties, with excellent reliabilities (α = 0.85) and adherence to the original four-factor structure, encompassing self (α = 0.88), other drivers (α = 0.91), vehicle/environment (α = 0.86), and fate (α = 0.66). The multidimensional structure was statistically supported by favorable fit indices. Gender differences revealed men attributing responsibility to other drivers, while women leaned towards fate and luck beliefs. Regarding driver behavior, the "other drivers" and self-dimensions of T-LOC-A correlated positively with aggressive violations. The fate dimension showed positive associations with aggressive violations and lapses. The "other drivers" subscale correlated positively with errors, and the vehicle/environment subscale with lapses. External T-LOC factors were positively associated with accident involvement, while the "LOC self" factor emerged as a protective element. In terms of traffic offenses, "LOC fate" displayed a positive association, while the "LOC self" factor showed a protective effect. In conclusion, the Arabic T-LOC is a reliable and valuable instrument, suggesting potential improvements in driving safety by addressing drivers' locus of control perceptions.

Multi-Interacting Natural and Anthropogenic Stressors on Freshwater Ecosystems: Their Current Status and Future Prospects for 21st Century

The inheritance of historic human-induced disruption and the fierceness of its impact change aquatic ecosystems. This work reviews some of the main stressors on freshwater ecosystems, focusing on their effects, threats, risks, protection, conservation, and management elements. An overview is provided on the water protection linked to freshwater stressors: solar ultraviolet radiation, thermal pollution, nanoparticles, radioactive pollution, salinization, nutrients, sedimentation, drought, extreme floods, fragmentation, pesticides, war and terrorism, algal blooms, invasive aquatic plants, riparian vegetation, and invasive aquatic fish. Altogether, these stressors build an exceptionally composite background of stressors that are continuously changing freshwater ecosystems and diminishing or even destroying their capability to create and maintain ongoing natural healthy products and essential services to humans. Environmental and human civilization sustainability cannot exist without the proper management of freshwater ecosystems all over the planet; this specific management is impossible if the widespread studied stressors are not deeply understood structurally and functionally. Without considering each of these stressors and their synergisms, the Earth’s freshwater is doomed in terms of both quantitative and qualitative aspects.

Cosmetic degradation: A study on body lotions with botanical extracts

Lipid oxidation is a spontaneous process in fats and, consequently, in products with significant fat content. Many cosmetics fall into this category, presenting an intrinsic relationship between the productʼs quality, oxidation capacity, and market value. This study comprehensively investigated the aging of body lotions, accentuating the role of their chemical formulations. Sensory analysis clarified that controlled temperature-induced aging significantly altered the lotions' appearance, texture, color, and, to a lesser extent, odor, hinting at the onset of rancidity. As lipid peroxidation unfolds, the emergence of secondary oxidation products like aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols becomes prominent. These secondary products indicate a potential degradation in the lotion's quality and efficacy. Quantifying the primary oxidation products was possible using methods like the quantification of Conjugated Dienes (CD) expressed in percentage and the Peroxide Index (PI) method expressed in meqO2/kg of a dry sample. On the other hand, methods such as the p-Anidisine Index (pAi) and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) with malonaldehyde (MDA) expressed as malonaldehyde concentration (mg/g of dry sample) provided the quantification of secondary oxidation products. Regarding lipid oxidation, lotions containing sunflower and soybean oils emerged as notably susceptible. Conversely, samples that demonstrated minimal oxidation, were attributed to protective elements such as Aloe barbadensis and Calendula officinalis extracts. Examining into secondary oxidation, four samples displayed the highest TOTOX values, indicating extensive oxidation. A discernible correlation was observed between TOTOX values and natural extracts' presence (or lack), underscoring their protective or exacerbating roles. Certain natural ingredients, including A. barbadensis leaf juice powder and C. officinalis flower extract, were recognized as supporters against oxidation. Yet, components like PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil can, paradoxically, seem to intensify the oxidative cascade. This research provides crucial insights into the interplay between natural extracts and lipid oxidation in body lotions. The elucidated results accentuate the necessity for judicious ingredient selection, balancing the inclusion of natural extracts to ensure product quality, longevity, and safety.

Innovative control strategy for flood mitigation through a combination of barrage management on impounded rivers and polders

The partially catastrophic effects of large floods, such as the events of 2002 and 2013 in Germany and Austria for example, clearly show the vulnerability of settlement structures along large rivers. In the case of impounded rivers with run-of-river hydropower plants, the main question is whether a reduction of floods can be achieved with flood-adapted, intelligent control of barrages - to date, the operational objective has been the safe discharge of floodwater; targeted reduction is currently an unoccupied field due to its complexity. Specifically, the interaction with the operation of a polder for flood retention is of special interest, as polders are a much-discussed and effective element of flood protection, especially at higher discharges, that directly influences the hydrograph shape. Extensive analyses and sensitivity investigations of a multitude of parameters and measured values, using a complex model system, are needed in order to investigate the reduction potential of the named technical flood protection measures and the development of control strategies relevant to practice. It is essential to base the developed controlling strategies on operationally available data, as this is the only way to make the determined reductions relevant for practical operation.

Portraits of feminicide: mural painting as protection among migrant women in Quintana Roo, Mexico

ABSTRACT What does it mean to come together as a group of migrant women, to paint the face of a murdered woman, on the wall of a building in a town that was only temporarily her home? And, who does it have meaning for? In this paper, I interrogate this act as a participant in Las RestaurAmoras, the feminist collective responsible for painting murals of victims of feminicide in Quintana Roo, Mexico, in 2021. I argue that the physical and emotional conditions involved in painting the murals caused members of Las RestaurAmoras to forge a deeper connection with each other and the deceased women they painted. This emphasised sameness and belonging between migrant women, both living and deceased. As finished artefacts, I suggest that, as memorialisation, the murals challenge harmful discourse and practice that invisibilises migrant women’s lives and the violence they experience. The murals are a reminder and a demand that femicidal violence must be dealt with urgently. I argue that connection among (migrant) women and emphasising the importance of the lives of (migrant) victims of feminicide are key elements in protection for women in places with high rates of gender-based violence and impunity, in this case, Quintana Roo.

Understanding Hawaiian Identity and Well-being to Improve Mental Health Outcomes for Hawaiian Young Adults.

The mental health crisis among Native Hawaiian young adults is exacerbated by colonization-related risk factors, yet cultural identity stands as a key protective element. This study explored the link between cultural identity and stress, employing cultural reclamation theory, and surveyed 37 Native Hawaiians aged 18-24 through the Native Hawaiian Young Adult Well-being Survey. Engagement with culture, the significance of Hawaiian identity, and stress were assessed, revealing significant correlations between cultural and demographic factors and stress levels. Participants displayed high cultural engagement and valued their Hawaiian identity, with gender and education levels playing a notable role in stress. These findings highlight the importance of including Native Hawaiian perspectives in mental health research and may guide the development of targeted interventions.

Legal Aspects of Tackling the Crime of Trafficking in Persons from the Perspective of Criminology

The current cases of trafficking in persons seen from the many news reports in social media and print media show how much special attention is needed regarding the crime of trafficking in persons. This research uses a qualitative method. We conducted this research at the Cirebon Regency Police, the Sumber District Court, the Sumber District Attorney's Office, and at several law firms to process data regarding victims of human trafficking crimes that occurred in Cirebon Regency, so that we can find out what factors can become a victim of human trafficking. The victim's own involvement in what happened because of various activities such as recruiting, transporting, and hiding someone for exploitation, including sexual, forced labor, or slavery. Conflict and violence in society also exacerbate this condition, forcing people to seek a better life. Efforts to protect victims of human trafficking have been provided, including various elements of legal protection including being listed in the law, providing physical and psychological assistance, international cooperation and prevention which are considered to reduce the risk for people to become victims of human trafficking. Victim protection, including.

Research progress in Fc-effector functions against SARS-CoV-2.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused more than 676 million cases in the global human population with approximately 7 million deaths and vaccination has been proved as the most effective countermeasure in reducing clinical complications and mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people. However, the protective elements and correlation of protection induced by vaccination are still not completely understood. Various antibodies with multiple protective mechanisms can be induced simultaneously by vaccination in vivo, thereby complicating the identification and characterization of individual correlate of protection. Recently, an increasing body of observations suggests that antibody-induced Fc-effector functions play a crucial role in combating SARS-CoV-2 infections, including neutralizing antibodies-escaping variants. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the impact of Fc-effector functions in broadly disarming SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and discuss various efforts in harnessing this conserved antibody function to develop an effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that can protect humans against infections by SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants of concern.