ProTaper Rotary Files Research Articles

A comparative evaluation of the efficacy of activated irrigation protocol on root canal debridement – A scanning electron microscopic study

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare root canal debridement with three different irrigation systems, i.e., syringe, sonic, and ultrasonic. Materials and Methods: Forty-five maxillary anterior teeth were decoronated and prepared biomechanically using Protaper rotary files till size F4. Irrigation was done with 1 ml of 4% sodium hypochlorite solution after each file use. The samples were divided into three groups on the basis of final irrigation protocol - Group 1 = Syringe irrigation, Group 2 = Passive sonic irrigation, and Group 3 = Passive ultrasonic irrigation. The samples were then sectioned and observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) at coronal, middle and apical thirds of root canal. The SEM was evaluated and scored for residual debris and smear layer. Results: Intragroup comparison showed that smear layer and debris removal at coronal third was significantly better when compared to apical third. Intergroup comparison showed that all the systems performed equally well in the coronal third. At apical one-third, passive ultrasonic performed significantly better than both sonic and syringe irrigation. Conclusion: Root canal cleanliness achieved by ultrasonic, especially in the apical third is significantly better than sonic and syringe irrigation.

Comparative evaluation of twisted and protaper files in pediatric endodontics – In-vitro study

Aim: The aim of the present in-vitro study was to evaluate the cutting efficiency of two nickel-titanium (NiTi) file systems, Twisted File (TF) and ProTaper file. Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted human primary tooth root canals were randomly divided into two groups with 15 root canals each. All the root canals after injected with Indian ink were instrumented with ProTaper Rotary NiTi files and Rotary NiTi TFs. All the root canals were then cleared to make them transparent. After the teeth appeared clear, they were observed under a stereomicroscope to check for residual Indian ink in the canals and scored. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed with Chi-square test and Mann–Whitney test. Results: The mean of scoring of Group I, i.e., Rotary TF system, was 1.0. The mean of scoring of Group II, i.e., ProTaper Rotary file system, was 1.40. Conclusions: Root canal instrumentation of primary teeth showed nonsignificant differences in the cutting ability between the two systems of ProTaper and TF Rotary which were investigated, but signified a more even and uniform removal of dentin with the TF system.

Efficacy of Apple vinegar as Final Irrigating Solution in Removing Smear Layer Using XP-Endo Finisher File

Purpose: This study was assessed the efficacy of Apple vinegar as final irrigating solution in removing smear layer using XP-Endo Finisher File by scanning microscope. Material and Methods: Fifty single rooted lower premolars were selected and prepared using Universal ProTaper rotary files. Samples were divided into two main groups (I,II) regarding the final rinse used (20 samples each) and control group (10 samples): Group I: rinsed with 17% EDTA, Group II: rinsed with Apple vinegar and Control group: irrigated with sterile saline. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (A,B) regarding the agitation file. Subgroup A: Conventional irrigation, Subgroup B: agitated with XP Endo Finisher. Samples were grooved longitudinally and smear layer was assessed. Results: no statistically significant difference in the median scores of smear layer produced by 17% EDTA and Apple Vinegar at coronal, middle and apical root levels when conventional irrigation or XP Endo Finisher were used. There was a significant difference between two irrigating techniques at apical level when 17% EDTA used as final rinse, where XP Endo Finisher showed statistically significant lower median score (P≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Apple vinegar presented similar smear layer removal efficiency from intraradicular dentin compared to 17% EDTA when used as final rinse. XP-Endo Finisher is a successful agitation system for removal of smear layer from intraradicular dentin.

Efficiency of an Integrated Apex Locator in Determining Working Length in Various Irrigating Solutions: An In Vivo Study.

ABSTRACTObjective(s):The objective of this in vivo study was to compare and evaluate the accuracy of VDW Gold (VDW, Munich, Germany) integrated apex locator (IAL) and Root ZX Mini (J. Morita Corp., Kyoto, Japan) in two different irrigating solutions.Materials and Methods:Forty patients who required extraction were included in the study. Following local anesthesia, access opening was performed under rubber dam isolation. Initial negotiation of canal was performed using size 10 K-Files (M-Access, Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Cervical preparation was carried out using Rotary ProTaper SX files (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) under copious irrigation with 3% sodium hypochlorite. Patients were divided into two groups of 20 each: Group I (NaOCl) and Group II (CHX). The working length (WL) was determined in triplicates for each tooth using Root ZX apex locator and with S1 ProTaper rotary file in continuous motion in case of VDW Gold IAL in the presence of 3% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine. Therapeutic extraction was performed and WL was determined using size 15 K-Files under 20× magnification.Results:The paired sample independent t test showed that there was no significant difference between the Root ZX and VDW apex locator in determining the minor foramen in NaOCl group (P = 0.234, 0.453 respectively) and CHX group (P = 0.085, 0.087) when compared with actual working length.Conclusion:Both the apex locators were equally effective in determining WL at 0.5 mm from the apex in presence of irrigating solutions, that is, NaOCl and chlorhexidine.

Effect of intracanal calcium hydroxide dressing on the push out bond strength of AH Plus, MTA Fillapex®, and endosequence BC sealer

Aim: This study aimed to compare the effect of intracanal calcium hydroxide dressing on the push-out bond strength of AH Plus, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Fillapex®, and endosequence BC sealer. Methodology: Sixty single-rooted human mandibular premolars were decoronated and subjected to biomechanical preparation with the help of a ProTaper rotary file up to size F2. Half of the samples worked as control and the other half that worked as experimental group was treated with calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament. All the samples were divided into three groups (n = 20), according to the sealer used. The samples were obturated using endosequence BC sealer, AH Plus, and MTA Fillapex. Each sample was sectioned horizontally into three parts: cervical, middle, and apical. The sample so prepared was subjected to universal testing machine for the evaluation of the push-out bond strength of the sealers. Results: Endosequence BC sealer showed the best results, followed by AH Plus sealer and MTA Fillapex sealer. In addition, the push-out bond strength decreased significantly after the use of intracanal calcium hydroxide medicament (ApexCal). Push-out bond strength also decreased from cervical to middle followed by apical third. Conclusion: Calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament dressing reduced the push out bond strength of all the three sealers used in the study.

Accuracy of working length measurement with endo motor having built-in apex locator and comparison with periapical radiographs.

To determine the accuracy of working length measurement with endomotor having builtin apex locator by comparing it with periapical radiographs. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Operative Dentistry, Dr Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, from January to June 2014, and comprised permanent maxillary anterior teeth with mature apices. A preoperative radiograph was taken by using standardised paralleling technique. The access cavity was prepared by a high speed water-cooled diamond bur. After doing initial filing and drying the canal, the working length was taken with an endomotor with built-in apex locator in dual mode using the Protaper Rotary File S1. The length was measured using a millimeter scale. After attaining tentative working length from the pre-operative radiograph, 1mm was subtracted from the radiographic apex. A stainless steel K-file was placed in the canal at this length and a radiograph was taken by paralleling technique using intraoral film holder. The electronic and radiographic findings were noted. Accuracy was considered positive if the endomotor reading was 0-2mm short of the radiographic working length. Data was analysed using SPSS 16. Of the 96 cases, working length with X-Smart Dual was acceptable in 85(88.5%) cases, and unacceptable in 11(11.5%) cases. Accuracy of working length measurement with endomotor having built-in apex locator was found to be a better measuring tool compared to the conventional periapical radiographs.

Comparative evaluation of sealer penetration depth into radicular dentinal tubules using confocal scanning microscope: an in vitrostudy

Background: Endodontic treatment involves the removal of the vital and necrotic contents of the root canal through chemo-mechanical means followed by obturation of the prepared root canal to prevent the ingress of fluids and avoid bacterial infection or regrowth. Root canal sealers and core filling materials are used together to fill the irregularities in the root. Penetration into the dentinal tubules also results in the inhibition of bacterial regrowth and increases the success of root canal therapy. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the penetration depth of various sealers into the dentinal tubules using a confocal microscope. Materials and methods: A total of 65 specimens were decoronated to standardize the root length of 13mm. Working length was determined, and Biomechanical preparation for all the samples was done with a rotary ProTaper file till F4. Samples were randomly divided into five groups containing 13 teeth in each group based on the sealer used, namely Group 1: Endomethasone (n=13), Group 2: AH-Plus (n=13), Group 3: Roekoseal (n=13), Group 4: MTA Fillapex (n=13), Group 5: Endosequence BC (n=13). All the sealers were labelled with Rhodamine-B dye, and samples were obturated using cold lateral compaction technique. The specimens were sectioned orthogonally at coronal, middle, and apical thirds. All the samples were examined with a Zeiss Pascal Laser Scanning Microscope to examine the sealer penetration depth into the dentinal tubules. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using one- way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) tests. Results: Endosequence BC showed the highest penetration into dentinal tubules, followed by MTA Fillapex and Roekoseal, AH-Plus, and Endomethasone exhibited the least penetration. Conclusion: Endosequence BC sealer exhibited maximum penetration. All the groups showed maximum penetration at coronal third, followed by the middle and apical third.

The Efficacy of Adhesion of C-Point Obturation System in Retreated Root Canal Walls.

Purpose: This study was designed to assess the efficacy of adhesion of C-point obturation system to retreated root canal walls. Materials and Methods: Eighty extracted upper incisors were prepared using Universal ProTaper rotary files then distributed into 2 main groups. Group I: primary treated, Group II: retreated. Each group was further distributed into 4 subgroups depending on the type of the filling material. Subgroup A: were obturated with gutta-percha. Subgroup B: were obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. Subgroup C: were obturated with C-point. Subgroup D: were obturated with C-point and BC sealer. The push out test was carried using universal testing machine. The sealer penetration inside the dentinal tubules was evaluated using scanning electron microscope . Results: regarding the results of group I and II, at all levels, the highest value of bond strength was recorded in primary treated samples, while the lowest value was recorded with retreated samples and there was no statistical significant difference among the tested groups except for subgroup B at the middle and apical level and subgroup D at the middle level, there was a statistical significant difference among the tested groups. SEM observation of sealer/ dentin interface revealed few traces of sealer penetration with samples retreated with C-point and BC sealer. Conclusion: C-point/BC sealer had the highest push out bond strength to intraradicular dentin in primarily treated group compared to gutta-percha/AH plus. However gutta-percha had the highest push out bond strength to interradicular dentin in retreated group compared to C-point/ BC sealer.

The Efficacy of Reciprocating Instruments versus Continuous Rotary Nickel-Titanium Instruments in Root Canal Retreatment with Different Filling Materials

The aim of this study was directed to rate the quality of differentEngine-driven retreatment files: ProTaper Retreatment files, Wave One system and OneShape system in removal of different filling materials. Material and methods: Nighty-six freshly extracted mandibular first molars were prepared with universal ProTaper rotary files till size F3 then categorized into two main groups (I and II) on the basis of type of material used in obturation. Group I: obturated with Gutta-percha, Group II: obturated with EndoREZ. Each One of them was categorized into three subgroups : sub group A, B and C on the basis of the system use (16 each), Subgroup A: using ProTaper Universal retreatment system, Subgroup B: using Wave One file, Subgroup C: using One Shape. Each subgroup was divided into two divisions according to the use of solvent or not (8 each). The residual obturating material was evaluated by the use of the stereomicroscope. Results: there was a significance unlikeness among tested groups, subgroups and subdivisions in the percentage of the residual obturating material Conclusion: Protaper retreatment instruments and Wave One file remove more filling material in comparison with OneShape file, regardless the amount of residual gutta percha filling material ,it was greater than with EndoREZ, Retreatment without the use of solvent was significantly faster and more effective than with solvent.

Effect of Different Chelating Agents on Bond Strength of C-Point Obturating System to Radicular Dentin

This study was designed to assess the effect of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (17%EDTA) and 0.2% Chitosan as chelating agents on bond strength of CPoint obturation system to root canal dentin. Materials and Methods: Fifty extracted lower premolars were selected and prepared using Universal ProTaper rotary files then the samples were equally distributed into 2 main groups depending on the type of the final rinse. Group I:17 % EDTA, Group II: 0.2% chitosan, Control group: distilled water. Each main group was further equally distributed into 2 subgroups depending on the type of the filling material. Subgroup A: samples were obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. Subgroup B: samples were obturated with CPoint and EndoSeqence BC sealer. The push out test was carried on using universal testing machine. The sealer penetration inside the dentinal tubules was evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: regarding the results of subgroup A and B, at all levels, the highest value of bond strength was recorded in samples treated with 17% EDTA, while the lowest value was recorded with the control group and there was no statistical significant difference among the tested groups except for subgroup B at the middle level, there was a statistical significant difference among the tested groups. SEM observation of sealer/ dentin interface revealed few traces of sealer penetration with samples treated with 17% EDTA. Conclusion: 17% EDTA when used as final rinse produced higher bond strength with CPoint/EndoSequence BC sealer compared to 0.2% chitosan, especially at the middle third

COMPARISON OF MANUAL AND ROTARY INSTRUMENTATION TECHNIQUES FOR REMAINING DENTIN THICKNESS IN PRIMARY TEETH USING CBCT

Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the residual dentin thickness after manual and rotary instrumentation technique in primary root canals using CBCT. The null hypothesis was that there is no difference in the cleaning efficiency of both manual and rotary technique. Methodology: Manual filing was performed on 30 root canals using stainless steel S-files. Rotary instrumentation was carried out on a further 30 root canals, using rotary ProTaper files in a 300-rotation per minute (r.p.m.) Handpiece (NSK Endomate DT) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The roots were aligned perpendicularly to the beam, and they were scanned before and after instrumentation by using the CBCT operating at 60 kV and 2.5mA. Pre-instrumentation and post-instrumentation measurements of canals were performed by using the Carestream 3D software. Results: When both the manual and rotary methods of canal instrumentation were compared, it was found that the reduction of dentinal thickness with respect to the manual method was more than the rotary method. Conclusions: There was more dentine thickness reduction in manual instrumentation than rotary instrumentation for root canal preparation in primary teeth.

Adaptation of Single-Cone Gutta-Percha in Curved Canals Prepared and Obturated with Protaper and Heroshaper Systems by Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography.

Objective:The aim of this study is to prepare and obturate the curved canals of the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molar with four different file systems that is protaper hand files, rotary pro taper (RP) files, heroshaper hand files, and rotary hero shapers files and to evaluate the adaptation of their single-cone Gutta-percha by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and Methods:Eighty teeth were selected and were divided into two groups (G1A1, G1A2 and G2A1, G2A2 as hand and RP file system, G1A3, G1A4 and G2A3, G2A4 as hand and rotary hero shaper files system) of fourth teeth each. After access opening working length of the mesiobuccal canal was established. The distobuccal and palatal roots of the samples were removed using the diamond disc at the furcation level. “Endoanalyser” software was used to measure Schneider's angle on the preoperative radiograph. This angle was measured by drawing two lines-one parallel to the long axis of the canal, in the coronal third, and the second line from the apical foramen to intersect the point where the first line left the long axis of the canal. The canals of each group were then prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions for protaper hand files, RP files, heroshaper hand files, and rotary hero shapers files systems. Direct digital radiography image of all the samples was obtained. And then, the samples were exposed to CBCT to evaluate their single-cone adaptations. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20, IBM, Armonk, NY, United States of America.Results:The null hypothesis that there will not be any gap area in the adaptation of their single-cone of different file system was rejected. Minimal gap area was seen in rotary hero shapers file system (0.001 mm2) and was maximum in hand protaper (HP) file system (0.015 mm2).Conclusion:CBCT is a useful tool in detecting the gap area after obturation in curved canals. The HP single-cone adaptation showed the maximum gap area and rotary heroshaper single-cone adaptation showed the minimum gap area.

An ex vivo evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of root canal preparation with hand K-files, hand Pro Taper, and Pro Taper rotary files

Background:Microorganisms are considered to be the primary cause behind persistent pulpoperiapical pathologies as well as endodontic failures. It has been found that Enterococcus faecalis is one of the most commonly isolated organisms in failed endodontic treatment. Proper and appropriate mechanical instrumentation is necessary to eradicate these microorganisms.Aims and Objectives:The aim of this study was to compare antimicrobial efficacy of various root canal instrumentation techniques. This study was designed to compare antimicrobial efficacy of root canal preparation using hand K-files, hand Pro Taper files, and Pro Taper rotary files.Materials and Methods:Forty intact maxillary premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were used. After extirpation of pulp, teeth are decoronated and autoclaved. Then the root canals were infected with E. faecalis suspension and the teeth were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Thereafter the teeth were divided into five groups and were prepared using the following instruments: group 1 (hand K-files), group 2 (hand Pro Taper files), group 3 (Pro Taper rotary files), group 4 (Control I; treatment consists of irrigation with 1 mL of sterile physiological saline with no instrumentation), and group 5 (Control II; teeth received no treatment at all). Before and after treatments, samples were taken from the root canals for culture and were transferred to physiological saline. Results were evaluated after 24-h incubation in selective culture medium.Results:The results showed that the teeth prepared with Pro Taper rotary files showed significant reduction in number of bacteria from the root canals.

Comparative Evaluation of Extrusion of Apical Debris in Primary Anterior Teeth using Two Different Rotary Systems and Hand Files

Background:The success of endodontic treatment depends on the chemomechanical preparation of the tooth. However, the debris produced during canal preparation may extrude through the apical foramen causing postoperative complications.Aim:The aim of this study is to compare the apical debris extrusion during root canal preparation in primary anterior teeth using hand files, rotary ProTaper files, and rotary Kedo-S files.Materials and Methods:Forty-five freshly extracted primary canine with mature apices and a single canal were randomly divided into three groups for instrumentation as follows (n = 15): Group 1: hand files; Group 2: rotary ProTaper files; and Group 3: rotary Kedo-S files. Myers and Montgomery experimental model was used for this study. Apically extruded debris collected in a preweighed Eppendorf tubes was placed in the incubator at 70°C for 5 days. The weight of the debris collected was determined by subtracting the pre- and post-instrumentation weight of the Eppendorf tubes. The data collected were analyzed using the analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc tests.Results:Hand files produced more apical debris extrusion than ProTaper and Kedo-S files (P < 0.05) while Kedo-S produced the least (P < 0.05).Conclusion:All instrumentation systems cause apical debris extrusion. Kedo-S produced less apical debris extrusion when compared to the hand files and ProTaper files.

Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of smear layer removal at the apical third of root canals using diode laser, endoActivator, and ultrasonics with chitosan: An in vitro study.

Aim:The aim of this study was to compare the effect of diode laser, endoActivator, and passive ultrasonics for smear layer removal at the apical third from root canals with 0.2% chitosan.Materials and Methods:A total of 40 mandibular premolars were decoronated to establish a working length of 12 mm and shaped with ProTaper rotary files up to size F3. In Group A, canals were irrigated with 1 ml of 0.2% chitosan. In Group B, canals were initially irrigated with 0.8 ml of 0.2% chitosan and the remaining 0.2 ml was activated with diode laser. In Group C, canals were irrigated with 1 ml of 0.2% chitosan which was activated with endoActivator. In Group D, canals were irrigated with 0.2% chitosan and activated with passive ultrasonics. All samples were finally flushed with 3 ml of distilled water. The percentage of smear layer removal was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope examination at ×1000 and ×3000. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) at a significance level of P < 0.05.Results:The mean value for Group B when compared to Group C for the removal of smear layer was higher, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.068 and P < 0.295). Both Group B and Group C showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) when compared to Group A and Group D for the removal of smear layer.Conclusion:Diode laser and endoActivator with 0.2% chitosan proved better in the removal of the smear layer when compared to passive ultrasonic irrigation.

A comparative evaluation of the push-out bond strength of a resin-based sealer (AH Plus™) when two different intermediate irrigants are used, with and without a root canal brush: In vitro study

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the push-out bond strength (POBS) of a resin-based sealer (AH Plus™) when 95% isopropyl alcohol (IA) or 10% citric acid (CA) was used as an intermediate irrigant, with and without a Canal Brush™. Settings and Design: In vitro laboratory study. Subjects and Methods: After due processing, thirty human teeth were split into three main groups. As per the grouping, either 95% IA or 10% CA was used as intermediate irrigants. The control group used no intermediate irrigant. Each of these three groups was further split into two subgroups, each containing five samples. All the samples were subjected to cleaning and shaping with ProTaper rotary files (PTUN) up to size F2 using NaOCl and saline as the irrigants. The canals were then irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl during instrumentation and then were rinsed with an intermediate irrigant (either 95% IA or 10% CA) as per the specifications of that particular group. All the samples were then irrigated with Chlorhexidine Gluconate (CHX) as the final irrigant and one subgroup from each main group was further cleansed with a canal brush. The discs were then subjected to assess the POBS using the universal testing machine. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was done using Tukey-Kramer's multiple comparison test, Student's unpaired t-test, and one-way ANOVA test. Results: The combined usage of CA with Canal Brush™ gave the highest (statistically significant) POBS value. The worst performers were the two subgroups in which no intermediate irrigant was used. The usage of IA and CA as intermediate irrigants did not lead to statistically significant results when no canal brush was used. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that the use of CA and IA with canal brush significantly increased the POBS of the resin-based sealer.

Relative assessment of fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth with epoxy resin-based sealers, AH Plus, MTA Fillapex, and Bioceramic Sealer: An In vitro study

Aim: This study aims to analyze and compare the fracture resistance of endodontically treated extracted teeth with epoxy resin-based sealer AH Plus, MTA Fillapex, and Bioceramic Sealer. Materials and Methods: Single-rooted mandibular premolars (sixty) were divided into three groups (n = 20 each) after decoronation at cementoenamel junction. Root canal preparation was carried out using ProTaper rotary files, and sodium hypochlorite in 3% concentration was used for irrigation. Finally, obturation was accomplished with AH plus (Dentsply, Germany) (Group 1), MTA Fillapex (Angeles, Brazil) (Group 2) and Bioceramic (Brasseler, USA, Savannah, GA) (Group 3) sealers and gutta-percha. Fracture point in the root was recorded using universal testing machine. The data were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance. This was followed by pair-wise comparison using Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Bioceramic Sealer showed better fracture resistance. This was followed by MTA Fillapex and AH Plus. However, the results among the three groups were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The highest fracture resistance was offered by Bioceramic Sealer when compared with MTA Fillapex and AH Plus.

A relative assessment of essential oil of Chrysopogon zizanioides and Matricaria chamomilla along with calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine gel against Enterococcus faecalis in ex vivo root canal models.

Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of two doses of vetiver and chamomile essential oils compared with chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis.Materials and Methods:The growth inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration of all tested materials were determined ex vivo following agar diffusion and broth dilution assay procedure. Human maxillary anterior teeth were prepared with protaper rotary files, followed by incubation with standard broth of E. faecalis. A total of 140 teeth were included in the study. These teeth are randomized and equally divided into seven groups and were treated with low (1.25 μl) and high doses (2.5 μl) of essential oils of vetiver and chamomile and calcium hydroxide (0.1/1.0 mL), 2% chlorhexidine (2.5 μl). Microbial sampling of six teeth from each group was done with paper points and Gates–Glidden burs at 1, 7, and 14 days and colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL was determined.Results:There was a significant reduction in mean ± standard deviation of CFU (log10) in vetiver oil high dose (3.32 ± 0.036) and chlorhexidine (3.34 ± 0.030), followed by calcium hydroxide (3.46 ± 0.015) and chamomile oil high dose (3.48 ± 0.20) on day 1. On 7th day, a significant reduction was seen in chlorhexidine (2.74 ± 0.212), chamomile oil (2.81 ± 0.035, low dose and 2.97 ± 0.119, high dose), followed by calcium hydroxide (3.25 ± 0.028). However, on 14th day, it was 2.32 ± 0.088 for chlorhexidine, 2.91 ± 0.029 for chamomile oil high dose, 3.15 ± 0.010 for vetiver oil high dose, and 3.09 ± 0.068 for calcium hydroxide.Conclusion:The study showed a good effectiveness of chamomile oils in root canal infection of E. faecalis at different time intervals compared to chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide vetiver oil did not sustain their activity for a longer duration.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect of Apple Vinegar as a Root Canal Irrigant Using Endovac Irrigation System

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Apple Vinegar as a root canal irrigant using Endovac irrigation System. Materials and Methods: for this study, 60 extracted human teeth were used. After their decapitation, they were instrumented using Universal ProTaper rotary files up to size F4 then separated into 2 set of groups according to the solution used in irrigation; Group A1: irrigated with 5.25 NaOCl Group A2: irrigated with Apple vinegar (30 specimens in each group). We then subdivided each group into 2 subgroups according to the technique used for irrigation; Subgroup A: using conventional irrigation and Subgroup B: using Endovac irrigation system. Samples were sterilized and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212) for 48 hrs. After irrigation, microbial samples were collected, transferred to nutrient agar and incubated for counting of bacterial colony forming units (CFUs). The significance level was P≤ 0.05. Results: There was a statistically significant difference among the tested groups and subgroups in the mean scores of bacterial counts. Concerning the irrigating devices, there was statistically significant difference between conventional irrigation and Endovac system as Endovac showed higher antibacterial effect than conventional irrigation (P ≤ 0.05). Apple vinegar showed statistical significant difference with Endovac system subgroup than conventional irrigation (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Endovac irrigation system was effective in eradication of E. faecalis from the root canals using either NaOCl or Apple vinegar.

The effect of negative pressure on the antibacterial effect of herbal irrigant (An in vitro study)

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Green tea as a root canal irrigant using Endovac irrigation System. Materials and Methods: for this study, 60 extracted human teeth were used. After their decapitation, they were instrumented using Universal ProTaper rotary files up to size F4 then separated into 2 set of groups according to the solution used in irrigation; Group A1: irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl Group A2: irrigated with Green tea (30 specimens in each group). We then subdivided each group into 2 subgroups according to the technique used for irrigation; Subgroup A: using conventional irrigation and Subgroup B: using Endovac irrigation system. Samples were sterilized and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis(ATCC29212) for 48 hrs. After irrigation, microbial samples were collected, transferred to nutrient agar and incubated for counting of bacterial colony forming units (CFUs). The significance level was P≤ 0.05. Results: There was a statistically significant difference among the tested groups and subgroups in the mean scores of bacterial counts. Concerning the irrigating devices, there was statistically significant difference between conventional irrigation and Endovac system as Endovac showed higher antibacterial effect than conventional irrigation (P ≤ 0.05). Green tea showed statistical significant difference with Endovac system subgroup than conventional irrigation (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Endovac irrigation system was effective in eradication of E. faecalis from the root canals using either NaOCl or Green tea.