Prostate Cancer Risk Categories Research Articles

Mortality following hip fractures in men with prostate cancer.

49 Background: Rapid loss of bone-mineral density is a known side-effect of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer (PCa). Hip fractures are also independently associated with risk of mortality. To our knowledge few population-based observational studies have yet investigated the risk of dying following fractures among men with PCa. We aimed to assess skeletal-related events and mortality in more detail by specifically studying the link between hip fractures in PCa men and risk of death. Methods: PCBaSe Sweden 2.0 is based on the National Prostate Cancer Register and contains age and county matched men free of PCa. We selected all men (n=14,205) who had been hospitalized with a hip fracture, as registered in the National Patient Register, between 2006 and 2010. A total of 2300 were diagnosed with PCa before the hip fracture and 66% of them were treated with ADT. The main outcome was death as registered in the National Cause of Death Register. The risk of death was estimated using multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards regression analyses and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) taking into account PCa risk category, history of fractures, civil status, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and treatment with bisphosphonates. Results: In the analysis for risk of death >90 days after a hip fracture, there was an increased risk of death among PCa men on ADT, especially those aged <84 years (e.g., HR at 3-6 months after hip fracture: 2.47 (95%CI: 1.85-3.30) compared to men free of PCa with a hip fracture). The SMRs showed that PCa men on ADT who got a hip fracture were seven times more likely to die than expected in the reference population of all men with PCa, whereas PCa men who were not on ADT and had a hip fracture were 13 times more likely to die than expected in this reference population. However, the absolute risk difference between men with and without a hip fracture was 30 per 1,000 person-years when evaluating the effect of a hip fracturing among men on ADT, whereas a hip fracture would cause an additional 20 per 1,000 person-years to die among PCa men without ADT as well as among men free of PCa. Conclusions: Our SMRs and absolute risk calculations show that hip fractures are more dangerous in PCa men treated with ADT than in PCa men without ADT or in men free of PCa.

Contemporary Evaluation of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Prostate Cancer Risk Classification System

To analyze the National Comprehensive Cancer Network prostate cancer guidelines pretreatment risk groups in a contemporary series of patients treated with radical prostatectomy. We analyzed our institutional radical prostatectomy database, including all patients with clinically localized disease treated from 2000 to 2010. Using the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, the patients were classified into low-, intermediate-, or high-risk groups. The pathologic outcomes were assessed, and the biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival rates were calculated and compared using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards analysis. A total of 12 821 men met the inclusion criteria. The pathologic and 10-year BCR-free survival rates differed significantly by risk group (low risk, 92.1%; intermediate risk, 71.0%; and high risk, 38.8%; P < .01). Among the intermediate-risk men, the 10-year BCR-free survival was significantly greater for men assigned to the intermediate-risk group by clinical stage (88.8%) than for those deemed intermediate risk by the Gleason score (73.6%) or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (79.5%; P = .01). Likewise, in the high-risk men, a trend was seen toward improved 5-year BCR-free survival for patients with clinical stage T3a tumors (77.8%) compared with those considered high risk because of the Gleason score (53.7%) or PSA level (41.0%; P = .13). On multivariate analysis, clinical stage, Gleason score, and PSA level were all significantly associated with BCR. We observed heterogeneous outcomes among patients within the National Comprehensive Cancer Network intermediate- and high-risk groups. The BCR-free survival rates were superior for men with an advanced clinical stage compared with those with an advanced Gleason score or elevated PSA level. This within-group heterogeneity must be considered when choosing the treatment modality and predicting an individual patient's prognosis.

Long-term Outcomes Among Noncuratively Treated Men According to Prostate Cancer Risk Category in a Nationwide, Population-based Study

BackgroundLimited data exist on long-term outcomes among men with prostate cancer (PCa) from population-based cohorts incorporating information on clinical risk category. ObjectiveTo assess 15-yr mortality for men with PCa treated with noncurative intent according to clinical stage, Gleason score (GS), serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), comorbidity, and age. Design, setting, and participantsRegister-based cohort study of 76 437 cases in the National Prostate Cancer Register (NPCR) of Sweden diagnosed from 1991 through 2009 and treated with noncurative intent. Each case was placed in one of five risk categories: (1) low risk: T1–T2 tumor, PSA level <10 ng/ml, and GS ≤6; (2) intermediate risk: T1–T2 tumor and PSA level 10–<20 ng/ml or GS 7; (3) high risk: T3 tumor or PSA level 20–<50 ng/ml or GS ≥8; (4) regional metastases: N1 or T4 tumor or PSA level 50–100 ng/ml; and (5) distant metastases: M1 tumor or PSA ≥100 ng/ml. Outcome measurements and statistical analysisTen- and 15-yr cumulative risk of death after diagnosis from PCa, cardiovascular disease, and other causes. Results and limitationsAmong men with a Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score of 0, no differences were found in observed versus expected all-cause mortality in the low-risk group. Observed mortality was only slightly greater in the intermediate-risk group, but men with high-risk localized PCa or more advanced disease had substantially higher mortality than expected. CCI was strongly associated with cumulative 10-yr mortality from causes other than PCa, especially for men <65 yr. Limitations include potential misclassification in risk category due to GS assignment. ConclusionsPCa mortality rates vary 10-fold according to risk category. The risk of death from causes other than PCa is most strongly related to comorbidity status in younger men.

Bias Due to Missing SEER Data in D'Amico Risk Stratification of Prostate Cancer

We examined the degree of exclusion bias that may occur due to missing data when grouping prostate cancer cases from the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) database into D'Amico clinical risk groups. Exclusion bias may occur since D'Amico staging requires all 3 variables to be known and data may not be missing at random. From the SEER database we identified 132,606 men with incident prostate cancer from 2004 to 2006. We documented age, race, Gleason score, clinical T stage, PSA and geographic region. Men were categorized into D'Amico risk groups. Those with 1 or more unknown tumor variables (prostate specific antigen, T stage and/or Gleason score) were labeled unclassified. We compared the value of the other 2 known clinical variables for men with known vs unknown prostate specific antigen, Gleason score and T stage. Demographics were compared for those with and without missing data. Results were compared using chi-square and logistic regression. Of the men 33% had 1 or more unknown tumor variables with T stage the most commonly missing variable. There was no clinically significant difference in the value of the other 2 known tumor variables when T stage or prostate specific antigen was missing. Men older than 75 years were more likely to have unknown variables than younger men. There was significant geographic variation in the frequency of unclassified D'Amico data. In studies in which the data set is limited to men who can be classified into a D'Amico risk group 33% of eligible patients are excluded from analysis. Such men are older and from certain SEER registries but they have tumor characteristics similar to those with complete data.

A short-term cost-effectiveness study comparing robot-assisted laparoscopic and open retropubic radical prostatectomy

Objective:To evaluate cost effectiveness and cost utility comparing robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) versus retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP).Methods:In a retrospective cohort study a total of 231 men between the age of 50 and 69 years and with clinically localised prostate cancer underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) at the Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2007, were included.The RALP and RRP patients were matched 1:2 on the basis of age and the D’Amico Risk Classification of Prostate Cancer; 77 RALP and 154 RRP.An economic evaluation was made to estimate direct costs of the first postoperative year and an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per successful surgical treatment and per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). A successful RP was defined as: no residual cancer (PSA <0.2 ng/ml, preserved urinary continence and erectile function. A one-way sensitivity analysis was made to investigate the impact of changing one variable at a time.Results:The ICER per extra successful treatment was €64,343 using RALP. For indirect costs, the ICER per extra successful treatment was €13,514 using RALP. The difference in effectiveness between RALP and RRP procedures was 7% in favour of RALP. In the present study no QALY was gained 1 year after RALP, however this result is uncertain due to a high degree of missing data. The sensitivity analysis did not change the results noticeably.Limitations:The study was limited by the design resulting in a low percentage of information on the effect of medication for erectile dysfunction and only short-term quality of life was measured at 1 year postoperatively.Conclusion:RALP was more effective and more costly. A way to improve the cost effectiveness may be to perform RALP at fewer high volume urology centres and utilise the full potential of each robot.

Sociodemographic Predictors of Prostate Cancer Risk Category at Diagnosis: Unique Patterns of Significant and Insignificant Disease

We determined various sociodemographic predictors of prostate cancer risk category at presentation as assessed by serum prostate specific antigen, cancer grade and tumor stage. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 5,939 patients enrolled in the CaPSURE national disease registry database between 1995 and 2007. Prostate cancer risk category was assigned as low, intermediate or high based on diagnostic prostate specific antigen, clinical grade and biopsy Gleason grade. Additionally, a group of men with low grade, limited volume tumors were identified as having clinically insignificant disease. The primary outcome was prostate cancer risk category at presentation. Treatment received vs active surveillance was analyzed as a secondary end point. Patients who were older, had lower levels of education and had Medicare with or without a supplement instead of private or Veteran's Affairs insurance were more likely to have intermediate and high risk disease than low risk disease. Nonwhite race was associated with high risk disease at presentation. Clinically insignificant disease was more common in men younger than 60 years, those with higher education and income, and those with private insurance. Logistic regression analysis suggested that younger age, higher education and income, and private insurance were related to insignificant disease being detected. Among men with insignificant disease younger age and private insurance were associated with immediate treatment with curative intent. Unique sociodemographic variables are associated with the clinical risk of prostate cancer at diagnosis and they may influence treatment decisions and outcomes. Patients with insignificant disease may be susceptible to overtreatment due to the indolent nature of the disease. Intermediate and high risk groups, which are associated with poorer outcomes, may be further endangered by late detection of the disease.

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INSURANCE STATUS AND PROSTATE CANCER RISK CATEGORY AT PRESENTATION

You have accessJournal of Urology1 Apr 2008THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INSURANCE STATUS AND PROSTATE CANCER RISK CATEGORY AT PRESENTATION Marc A Dall'Era, Badrinath R Konety, Natalia Sadetsky, and Peter R Carroll Marc A Dall'EraMarc A Dall'Era More articles by this author , Badrinath R KonetyBadrinath R Konety More articles by this author , Natalia SadetskyNatalia Sadetsky More articles by this author , and Peter R CarrollPeter R Carroll More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(08)60598-4AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INSURANCE STATUS AND PROSTATE CANCER RISK CATEGORY AT PRESENTATION." The Journal of Urology, 179(4S), p. 207 © 2008 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 179Issue 4SApril 2008Page: 207 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2008 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Marc A Dall'Era More articles by this author Badrinath R Konety More articles by this author Natalia Sadetsky More articles by this author Peter R Carroll More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Contemporary Evaluation of the D’Amico Risk Classification of Prostate Cancer

In 1998, D'Amico et al. suggested a model stratifying patients with prostate cancer into those with low, intermediate, or high-risk of biochemical recurrence after surgery according to the clinical TNM stage, biopsy Gleason score, and preoperative prostate-specific antigen level. We studied the performance and clinical relevance of this classification system over time, in the context of the stage migration seen in the contemporary era, using data from a high-volume, tertiary referral center. From 1984 to 2005, 6652 men underwent radical prostatectomy at our institution for clinically localized prostate cancer (clinical Stage T1c-T2c) with follow-up information available and no neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy before biochemical recurrence. Biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the BRFS rates between the D'Amico risk groups and by era were compared using the log-rank statistic. Finally, the distribution of patients among the three groups was compared over time. The 5-year BRFS rate was 84.6% overall and 94.5%, 76.6%, and 54.6% for the low, intermediate, and high-risk groups, respectively (P <0.0001). In the contemporary era, a very small fraction (4.9%) of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy at our institution were in the high-risk group, with most (67.7%) in the low-risk group (P <0.001). The D'Amico classification system continues to stratify men into risk groups with statistically significant differences in BRFS. However, the major shift in the distribution of patients among the three risk groups over time suggests that the clinical relevance of this classification scheme may be limited and diminishing in the contemporary era.

850: Contemporary Evaluation of the D'amico Risk Classification of Prostate Cancer (PCA)

850: Contemporary Evaluation of the D'amico Risk Classification of Prostate Cancer (PCA)

Increasing radiation dose affects risk classification for prostate cancer

Increasing radiation dose affects risk classification for prostate cancer

Increasing radiation dose affects risk classification for prostate cancer

Increasing radiation dose affects risk classification for prostate cancer